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Distribution of Personal Income

These statistics take one of BEA's primary economic indicators—U.S. personal income—and measure how it is distributed across households. This provides a way to assess how households share in the nation's economic growth. The statistics build on more than a decade of BEA research by bringing in new sources of data, including demographic surveys, aggregated tax records, and administrative records. The first prototype statistics were published in March 2020. Since then, BEA has continued publishing new data and making improvements:

• Distribution of disposable personal income added in 2020.
• Supplemental internationally comparable data added in 2022.
• State distribution of personal income added in October 2023.
• Interactive data tables for the national statistics added in December 2023.

2023 Update

The December 2023 distribution of personal income release adds full data for 2021 and provisional data for 2022. Estimates for 2021 are available as a separate file, consistent with previous releases. Full estimates for 2000-2021 are available in a pooled summary file. Given the importance of providing timely data, extrapolations were made for several income sources with unavailable data to provide distributional estimates for 2022 (provisional summary file). Because the top 1% and top 5% income shares are substantially influenced by not-yet-available Statistics of Income source data for 2022, interval ranges are provided for these estimates.

Distribution of State Personal Income

BEA's first prototype statistics on the distribution of personal income across households within each state and the District of Columbia were released in October 2023. These statistics build on BEA's methodology used to estimate the national distribution of personal income. They are consistent with and complement existing BEA data on state personal income totals. Data users are invited to provide feedback on these prototype state statistics as we continue to research and make improvements.

Internationally Comparable Statistics

An updated series of internationally comparable inequality research statistics has been provided for the same years (2000-2021 + provisional 2022) that follow the guidance of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Expert Group on Disparities in a National Accounts framework (EG DNA). Following the same structure as the BEA distribution of personal income tables, this release includes separate file estimates for 2021 and 2022, and summary table for 2000-2020. These tables (and accompanying methodology document) are provided in Supplemental Information below.

Distribution of Personal Consumption Expenditures

To provide a fuller picture of the well-being of households, BEA and the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) have collaborated to develop a distribution of personal consumption expenditures (PCE) that is based on the Consumer Expenditure Survey. This is an ongoing research project, with the latest estimates and methodology available on the Distribution of Personal Consumption Expenditures BLS page.

 National Data & Documentation

• Includes distribution of personal income by decile, quintile, top 1%, and top 5%, 2000–2022 .
• Download the full dataset of all available years and metrics   CSV
• Data for 2021   XLSX
• Provisional Data for 2022   XLSX
• Interactive Tables: Table 2.10. Distributions of Personal and Disposable Income for Households
• Technical Document: An Updated Methodology for Distributing Personal Income   PDF December 13, 2023 This document details BEA's methodology for the prototype estimates.
• Read-me for Summary File   PDF
• Summary of Methodological Updates and New Features PDF December 13, 2023
• Measuring Inequality in the National Accounts December 15, 2020 This paper provides context around the prototype estimates released in December 2020, including discussions of measurement issues and the concept of income.
• Infographic: Measuring the Distribution of Personal Income   PDF and Image   PNG

 State Data & Documentation

• Includes distribution of state personal income by quintile and top/bottom 10%, 2012–2021.
• Download a summary file of state inequality metrics for 2012-2021   XLSX
• Select a state to view... Alabama (AL) Alaska (AK) Arizona (AZ) Arkansas (AR) California (CA) Colorado (CO) Connecticut (CT) Delaware (DE) District of Columbia (DC) Florida (FL) Georgia (GA) Hawaii (HI) Idaho (ID) Illinois (IL) Indiana (IN) Iowa (IA) Kansas (KS) Kentucky (KY) Louisiana (LA) Maine (ME) Maryland (MD) Massachusetts (MA) Michigan (MI) Minnesota (MN) Mississippi (MS) Missouri (MO) Montana (MT) Nebraska (NE) Nevada (NV) New Hampshire (NH) New Jersey (NJ) New Mexico (NM) New York (NY) North Carolina (NC) North Dakota (ND) Ohio (OH) Oklahoma (OK) Oregon (OR) Pennsylvania (PA) Rhode Island (RI) South Carolina (SC) South Dakota (SD) Tennessee (TN) Texas (TX) Utah (UT) Vermont (VT) Virginia (VA) Washington (WA) West Virginia (WV) Wisconsin (WI) Wyoming (WY)
• Download detailed files for all states.   ZIP(XLSX)
• State Rankings   XLSX State rankings for mean and median personal income, before and after adjusting for inflation and regional price differences.
• Technical Document   PDF October 24, 2023 This document details BEA's methodology for the prototype estimates.
• Developing Statistics on the Distribution of State Personal Income: Methodology and Preliminary Results   PDF By Dirk van Duym and Christian Awuku-Budu | U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, May 2022

 Supplemental Info & Additional Data

• This dataset follows the guidance of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Expert Group on Disparities in a National Accounts framework.
• Download the full OECD dataset of all available years and metrics   CSV
• OECD Technical Document: An Internationally Comparable Methodology   PDF December 13, 2023
• Read-me for OECD Summary File PDF December 13, 2023

 Blog Articles

• New Statistics Show Distribution of Personal Income Within States October 24, 2023
• New Statistics Measure How Personal Income Is Distributed March 6, 2020
• How households share in an economy's growth By Dennis J. Fixler | Economic Statistics Centre of Excellence, August 2019

Research Publications and Working Papers

• Do transfers lower inequality between households? Demographic evidence from Distributional National Accounts By Marina Gindelsky | Economic Inquiry. Volume 60, Issue 3. July 2022. Pages 1233-1257
• Developing Statistics on the Distribution of State Personal Income: Methodology and Preliminary Results By Dirk van Duym and Christian Awuku-Budu | U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, May 2022
• The Feasibility of a Quarterly Distribution of Personal Income By Dennis Fixler, Marina Gindelsky, and Robert Kornfeld | U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, December 2021
• Distributing Personal Income: Trends Over Time By Dennis Fixler, Marina Gindelsky, and David Johnson | National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2020
• Improving the Measure of the Distribution of Personal Income By Dennis J. Fixler, Marina Gindelsky, and David S. Johnson | BEA Paper, February 2019. Published in AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2019 .
• Towards a Distribution of Household Income: Linking Survey Data to Administrative Data   PDF by Dennis J. Fixler, Marina Gindelsky, and David S. Johnson | 35th IARIW General Conference, August 2018
• A Consistent Data Series to Evaluate Growth and Inequality in the National Accounts by Dennis J. Fixler, David S. Johnson, Andrew Craig, and Kevin Furlong | Review of Income and Wealth, November 2017
• Improving the Measure of the Distribution of Personal Income by Dennis J. Fixler, Marina Gindelsky, and David Johnson | BEA Paper, February 2019
• Improving the Measure of the Distribution of Personal Income   PDF by Dennis J. Fixler, Marina Gindelsky, and David S. Johnson | 35th IARIW General Conference, August 2018
• Toward National and Regional Distributions of Personal Income   PDF by Dennis J. Fixler, David S. Johnson, Andrew Craig, and Kevin J. Furlong | SCB, March 2017
• Accounting for the Distribution of Income in the U.S. National Accounts by Dennis J. Fixler and David S. Johnson | Measuring Economic Sustainability and Progress, 2014

What is Distribution of Personal Income?

Measures how households are sharing in the U.S. economy's growth. Shows how total personal income in the United States is distributed across households.

Contact Personnel

• Technical Marina Gindelsky 301-278-9220 [email protected]
• State Data Dirk van Duym 301-278-9560 [email protected]
• News Media Connie O'Connell 301-278-9003 [email protected]
• Congressional Thomas Dail 301-278-9003 [email protected]