phd thesis in construction management

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PhD in Construction Management 

Apply using the online application process .

Program of Study Form Download .

The Ph.D in Construction Management prepares students for extensive research and careers in academia, industry, and government while providing a broad knowledge of construction­related disciplines. The Ph.D in Construction Management deals with developing new methods and technologies that allow for efficient and cost-effective construction. Construction managers and engineers are critical to the planning, execution, and closeout of construction projects at all levels and across industries. The CM graduate student will have an in-depth education in state-of-the-art construction specializations, including sustainable construction, hazard management construction, building information modeling, decision-making, and advanced productivity, explored through three primary focus areas: Facilities Management, Construction Engineering, and Construction Management.

The Ph.D in Construction requires a minimum of 54 credit hours beyond the bachelor's degree and a dissertation acceptable to the advisory committee and the Graduate School. Students must complete at least 42 credit hours of required and elective non-research coursework and at least 12 credit hours of dissertation research. All courses are selected with a faculty advisor and approved by the dissertation research committee. The doctoral advisor (dissertation advisory committee chair) must be a graduate faculty from the Department of Construction Management. The committee will include the student's doctoral advisor and at least two additional graduate faculty members such that the LSU Graduate School's requirements for graduate committees are satisfied. 

An individualized program of study that meets the minimum curricular requirements will be developed for each student in consultation with their doctoral advisor and approved by the dissertation advisory committee. Ph.D. students must pass a departmental qualifying exam and a general exam per graduate school requirements. The qualifying exam is an oral exam designed to assess a graduate student's knowledge competency in their chosen field of study and their ability to conduct original research resulting in a dissertation. Following the qualifying exam, the student and advisory committee formalize the plan of study. The general exam may include oral and written components at the discretion of the committee. The advisory committee will evaluate the dissertation proposal developed by the student during the general exam. A dissertation must be produced by the student and approved by the committee. The final examination is an oral defense of the dissertation. 

Ph.D in Construction Management (CM) courses include:

Required courses (6 credit hours).

• CM 7010 - Research Methods in Construction Management (3 credit hours), or equivalent
• A course in statistical inference or experimental statistics or statistical techniques, or equivalent (3 credit hours)

Construction Elective Courses (12 credit hours)

Four (4) CM courses eligible for graduate credit.

Other Elective Courses (24 credit hours minimum)

These courses may be additional Construction courses and/or courses from other university programs to satisfy the needs of research goals or career objectives. Selected courses must be approved by the student's committee.

Dissertation Research Hours (12 credit hours minimum): 

CM 9000 Dissertation 

The curricular requirements include: 

• At least half of the coursework must be at the 7000-level.
• A minimum core requirement of 6 credit hours in research design and statistics.
• A minimum of 12 credit hours in construction management (CM) elective courses.

School of Planning, Design and Construction

Phd concentration in construction management.

Graduates of this program will possess the knowledge and skills necessary to conduct scholarly research and understand the effects of plans, regulations, design, materials, project management techniques and construction systems on the economic, environmental and social concerns of stakeholders and society.

What Diverse Specializations Are Offered?

• Sustainable and Energy Efficient Design and Construction.
• Integrative Project Delivery Practices and Methods.
• Building Information Modeling and Other Computer Applications.
• Construction Management Information Systems.
• Lean Construction.
• International Project Management.
• Construction Safety and Economics.
• Estimating, Scheduling and Project Controls.
• Construction Contracts and Legal Aspects.
• Domicology.
• Construction Education

Why Should You Apply?

• High-quality education and unique experiences to prepare you for both academic and industry careers in construction management.
• Opportunities to work on cutting-edge research with established faculty members that are recognized scholars in their fields.
• Accelerated professional advancement.

Who Can Apply?

Preferred backgrounds include:

• Construction management.
• Architecture.
• Engineering.
• Urban planning.
• Business management.
• Real estate.

Degree Requirements

The PhD Curriculum culminates in a dissertation that represents state-of-the-art analysis combined with practical applications. This is a 45-credit program that can start in fall or spring semesters.

Degree Requirements and PhD Student Handbook

Download the degree requirements and the PhD Graduate Student Handbook .

How to Apply

Admissions requirements.

This document outlines the details for admission to our PhD programs.

Contact the PhD Program Director, for academic, research and program-related inquiries.

Dong Zhao LEED®AP

Director, Planning, Design and Construction Doctorate Program [email protected]

Graduate Program Coordinator

For application, admission and administrative inquiries.

Jordan Kenyon

Graduate Program Coordinator [email protected]

Advisory Faculty for PhD Concentration in Construction Management

Tariq Abdelhamid

Associate Professor, Construction Management [email protected] 517-432-6188

George Berghorn, LEED AP BD+C, CGP

Assistant Professor, Construction Management and Research Director for Mass Timber at MSU [email protected] 517-353-8756

Mohamed El-Gafy, PE

Associate Professor, Construction Management [email protected] 517-432-6512

Sinem Mollaoglu, LEED®AP, CGP

Professor, Construction Management [email protected] 517-353-3252

Matt Syal, LEED©AP, CPC, CGP

Professor, Construction Management; Adjunct Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [email protected] 517-432-2951

Armin Yeganeh

Assistant Professor, Construction Management [email protected] 517-432-3288

Dong Zhao, LEED®AP

PhD Program Director; Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [email protected] 517-432-3242

Ph.D. in Planning, Design and Construction

PhD of Architecture–Engineering–Construction Management

The PhD of Architecture–Engineering–Construction Management (PhD-AECM) focuses on the integration of design and technology, particularly advanced information systems, as a means of both improving building performance and enhancing environmental sustainability.

Joshua D. Lee

Assistant Professor, MS AECM Track Chair, PhD AECM Track Chair

Program Overview

The PhD of Architecture–Engineering–Construction Management (PhD-AECM) Program is  jointly offered by the School of Architecture and the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering . 

The PhD-AECM degree program is intended for practitioners, researchers and educators in engineering, architecture, construction management fields, and other professionals in the building industry who wish to be pioneers and advanced leaders in management technologies and their application to the built environment. The nominal length of the program is five years. Advanced standing during the admissions process can alter the expected time period.

Please feel free to contact Track Chair Joshua Lee with questions about the PhD-AECM program.

Program Curriculum

The first two years are intended for the tooling up of candidates to undertake research in an academic setting and their intended areas of research, by taking classes, participating in research projects, selecting their advisory committee members, completing their “game plan” and taking the qualifier exam. This exam is administered by the candidate’s advisory committee and has two parts: written and oral. Candidates take courses tailored to their direction of research and background knowledge, as determined through conversations with their principal advisor. See the curriculum below for a checklist of subjects to be covered. For additional and up-to-date information on these and other course offerings (course descriptions, schedules, instructors, etc.) please visit the University’s Schedule of Classes (SOC) webpage .

The third year of the PhD program is devoted to the development of the PhD dissertation proposal based on the work completed in the first two years. In the fourth year, the proposal is publicly defended and work on the dissertation commences. In the fifth year, the dissertation work is completed and publicly defended. Approvals of these milestones are judged by the candidate’s advisory committee and approved by the Carnegie Mellon Architecture Graduate Committee.

For details and regulations about the Game Plan, Qualification, Proposal and Dissertation processes, as well as additional details and regulations, please see the PhD Student Handbook .

The PhD-AECM curriculum is customized based on the experience and needs of individual students. Please contact Track Chair Joshua Lee with questions about the PhD curriculum.

View the PhD-AECM Curriculum

PhD-AECM Curriculum 2021 & Earlier

PhD-AECM Dissertation Topics

Current students.

Nester, Yael (Expected December 2026). Mass Customization of Affordable Modular Housing through AI-enabled design and manufacturing . Committee: Pingbo Tang (Chair), Joshua Lee.

Ken-Opurum, Waku. (Expected May 2026). Using AI to facilitate health care in the global south .

Murray, Joseph (Expected May 2026). Developing a Continuum of Knowledge Transfer: Architectural User Interfaces in Adaptable Buildings . Committee: Joshua Lee (Chair).

Afshar Bakeshloo, Tannaz (Expected December 2025). The Stakeholder Experience of Deconstructing Condemned Buildings in Pittsburgh . Committee: Joshua Lee (Chair).

Pathak, Nihar. (Expected May 2025). Lifecycle Analysis of Emergent Bio-based Materials for Hospitality Environments . Committee: Erica Cochran Hameen (Co-Chair), Joshua Lee (Co-Chair).

Priyadarshini, Shalini. (Expected May 2024).  Health, Safety and Comfort of On-site Workers in Construction . Committee: Erica Cochran Hameen (Chair), Burcu Akinci, John Mendeloff, Shailendra Singh.

Saadatifar, Sanaz. (Expected May 2024). Occupant-Centric Digital-Twin: An interactive real-time display, influencing human perception factor in thermal satisfaction decisions . Committee: Azadeh O. Sawyer (Chair), Daragh Byrne, Pingbo Tang.

Varma, Kushagra. (Expected May 2024). A 4-D interactive online tool to visualize urban building environmental assessment with an integrated retrofit recommendation generator . Committee: Erica Cochran Hameen (Chair), Kristen Kurland, Peter Scupelli, Ellyn A. Lester.

Completed Dissertations

Swarup, Lipika. (2023).  Combined Affects of Project Priority and Efficiency Factors on Project Outcomes in a Group of Multiple Projects . Committee: Erica Cochran Hameen (Chair), Matthew Mehalik, Peerasit Patanakul, Sinem Mollaoglu.

Ken-Opurum, Bobuchi. (2022).  Re-HOUSED Decision Support Toolkit: Promoting Flood and Heat Stress Resilience in Self-build Housing - A Coastal Nigeria Case Study . Committee: Erica Cochran Hameen (Chair), Joshua Lee, Jared Cohon.

Muñoz Muñoz, Alejandra. (2021).  A Tool for Sustainable Residential Water Management . Committee: Ramesh Krishnamurti (Chair), Ömer Akin, David Dzombak, Jared Cohon.

Ben-Alon, Rachel "Lola". (2020).  Natural Buildings: Integrating Earthen Building Materials and Methods Into Mainstream Construction . Committee: Vivian Loftness (Chair), Kent Harries, Erica Cochran Hameen.

Eldaher, Nizar. (2019).  Green Storm-water Infrastructure Strategy Generation and Assessment Tool For Site Scale and Urban Planning . Committee: Erica Cochran Hameen, Jared Cohon, Chris T. Hendrickson, Ömer Akin.

Awomolo, Olaitan. (2017). Exploring Communication in Multidisciplinary Building Design Teams . Committee: Ramesh Krishnamurti, Ömer Akin, Molly Wright Steenson, Erica Cochran Hameen.

Biswas, Tajin N. A. (2015).  Towards a Framework for Supporting Sustainable Building Design: A case study of two credits over evolving rating standards . Committee: Ramesh Krishnamurti, Burcu Akinci, Cliff Davidson.

Bello, Mustapha A. (2012).  Minimizing Impediments to Design for Construction Safety (DFCS) Implementation on Capital Projects .  Committee: Ömer Akin, Burcu Akinci, Chimay Anumba.

Program Faculty

The Architecture–Engineering–Construction Management faculty is comprised of experienced educators from the School of Architecture, the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering and the Heinz College of Public Policy & Management. This interdisciplinary faculty provides a strong foundation for gaining both breadth and depth of knowledge in this multifaceted program.

For more information about CMU's PhD-AECM program, please contact Joshua Lee , PhD-AECM Track Chair.

Burcu Akinci

Affiliated Faculty, Professor & CEE Department Head

William Bates

Adjunct Faculty

Daragh Byrne

Associate Teaching Professor

Erica Cochran Hameen

Assistant Professor, DEI Director & DDes Track Chair

Donald Coffelt

Affiliated Faculty, AVP Facilities Management & CEE Adjunct Professor

Susan Finger

Affiliated Faculty, CEE Professor & IDeATe Associate Dean

Najeeb Hameen

Kristen Kurland

Teaching Professor

T. David Fitz-Gibbon Assistant Professor of Architecture

Destenie Nock

Affiliated Faculty & CEE Assistant Professor

Stephen Quick

Azadeh O. Sawyer

Assistant Professor in Building Technology

Nathan Sawyer

Special Faculty & Facilities Director

Pingbo Tang

Affiliated Faculty & CEE Associate Professor

Valentina Vavasis

Special Faculty

Admissions Resources

Are you a current student looking for resources? Handbooks, procedures and other information can be found on the Student Resources page .

• Frontiers in Built Environment
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Doctoral Research in Construction Management

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It can be widely recognized that doctoral research into construction management has achieved numerous admirable works in research and development, for practical enhancements in the built environment. With regard to fundamental management theories – including the scientific management theory, the ...

Keywords : Construction Management, Doctoral research, Convergence, Discovery, Innovation

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• Faculty & Staff

PhD in Construction Science and Management

• Bachelor of Science in Construction Science and Management
• CRP Minor - Community Development and City Planning
• Master of City and Regional Planning
• Master of Construction Science and Management
• Master of Real Estate Development

The Construction Science and Management PhD degree prepares students for scholarly research to advance the body of knowledge in construction science and management and prepare them for careers in academia, the construction industry, and government. The program is built to provide a sound body of knowledge but provide flexibility for students to customize the curriculum to fit their research needs’

Clemson Graduate School

Click here to apply if you are seeking a master’s degree or Ph.D.

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The mission of the Nieri Department of Construction, Development and Planning is to offer a comprehensive program of education, service, and research activities consistent with the mission of Clemson University and Strategic Plan of the College of Architecture, Arts, and Humanities for the purpose of improving the quality of the construction industry and thus the built environment.

To realize the mission, the department has the following major goals as it relates to its  PhD in Construction Science and Management  degree program:

• Excel in the education of Construction Science and Management graduate students through a vigorous program of academic learning designed to produce motivated, well-educated, and responsible citizens with the management and technical skills requisite for advanced leadership positions in the construction industry.
• Foster Clemson University's service mission by providing outreach activities for the construction industry and public both nationally and internationally.
• Assist in attaining Clemson University's funded research goal by conducting and disseminating the results of research and development, and/or conducting educational courses for the construction industry.
• Admission Requirements https://www.clemson.edu/ graduate/academics/policies- and-procedures.html
• Degree Requirements https://catalog.clemson.edu/ preview_program.php?catoid=40& poid=10394&returnto=1264

CSM 8900 allows students to conduct an in-depth study of a specific topic related to the construction program. It is not intended to take the place of any required course or to serve as a substitute for a series of major or free electives. Students may take this course for a maximum of six semester credit hours.

Students must have formal approval to enroll in CSM 8900 the semester before they wish to take it. Students cannot preregister or register for the course until they have obtained this approval. To receive approval, students must submit a written request to the graduate coordinator. The report must include the following:

• Topic to be studied
• Product of the study (if a written report, it must be typed in accordance with the faculty member's instructions)
• List of activities to complete the product and a date by which each will be accomplished
• The name of the faculty member who will work with the student and evaluate the end product
• Student's signature and date

The request must be submitted in triplicate to the graduate coordinator. If the request is approved, one copy will be sent to the designated faculty member, one copy will be returned to the student, and the remaining copy will be retained in the student's file. During the semester, the student is responsible for adhering to the schedule outlined in the original request. Changes cannot be made without prior approval of the designated faculty member. The final product must be turned in to that faculty member no later than the last day of classes for the semester.

Clemson University and the Nieri Department of Construction, Development and Planning expect all graduate students to maintain a minimum cumulative grade point average of 3.0 out of a possible 4.0. Because of their previous academic qualifications, some students may be admitted to the construction science and management master's degree program in a probationary status. The terms of this conditional admittance will be included in the letter of acceptance to the respective students. In most cases, the condition(s) include attaining a minimum 3.0 average in all coursework for the first semester in the department. In addition, if currently enrolled students fall below the minimum cumulative 3.0 grade point average for any one semester, they will be placed on probation for one semester. In either case, it is the student's responsibility to remove the conditional acceptance or probationary status in the time frame outlined in University and/or department communications. If a student does not fulfill the conditions of continuance in the program, the student must present a formal request to the Department graduate program coordinator as to why he/she should be allowed to continue enrollment. The request will be reviewed and a decision will be made based on the student's academic history in the department. The decision will be final with no further appeal possible. In addition, if the student's request is granted, it will be for only one additional semester. In fulfilling their academic requirements, graduate students are expected to adhere to all department and faculty course requirements, including those contained in the Nieri Department of Construction, Development and Planning Department Expected Student Behaviors, which is made available to all students at the beginning of each semester with their course syllabus. Students who fail to follow requirements may be dropped from courses and the master's degree program. It is also critical that students follow acceptable standards in developing or presenting research reports for courses and projects. This includes properly citing references and including bibliographies, formatting documents correctly, and utilizing correct English grammar and spelling. Resources for properly citing references and formatting documents include the American Psychological Association, Associated Schools of Construction Author Guidelines, and the American Institute of Constructors Author Guidelines.

The Nieri Department of Construction, Development and Planning awards assistantships to graduate students, which result in a substantial reduction in tuition. The current assistantship amount per semester will vary as well as the number of hours the student will work for that department if an assistantship is awarded. To qualify for an assistantship award, students must meet and maintain the conditions noted below and be enrolled for no fewer than nine credit hours each academic semester and, when assistantships are available in the summer, for three credit hours each session.

An assistantship award is considered an honor made on the basis of available funds, previous academic performance, performance on entrance examinations, and the decision of the graduate program coordinator. Students who are admitted in a conditional status and are required to achieve a minimum academic performance are not considered as candidates for assistantships until they have met the stipulated condition(s). To retain an assistantship award, all students must maintain a cumulative grade point average of 3.0 and must receive satisfactory performance assessments from their immediate supervisor.

If students are placed on probation, their assistantships are removed so they can devote the needed time to their studies and regain the minimum cumulative grade point average. There are no exceptions since students' first priority should be academic work. When students do not receive satisfactory assessment from their assigned supervisor each semester, the assistantship is removed. 

Graduate Assistant Responsibilities

The Department expects graduate students to work a designated number of hours per week. The duties may include, but are not be limited to, the following:


• Provide support to faculty on their instructional assignments. This includes such tasks as proctoring examinations, grading papers, and developing instructional materials.

• Provide assistance to the department chair and/or faculty on research projects. Specific tasks will vary depending on the need.

• Provide assistance to the administrative staff. Duties will vary with need.

Graduate students on assistantships work on the same calendar as faculty with a nine-month appointment. Unless prior permission has been obtained for a different schedule, graduate assistants must be available as of the Monday of the first week of classes until the end of final examination week for the fall semester, and Monday of the first week of classes until the end of final examination week for the spring semester. Not adhering to these dates is grounds for removal of the assistantship. At the beginning of each semester, the graduate assistant meets with his/her assigned faculty or staff member (supervisor), and together they develop a work schedule. A copy of the graduate assistant's class schedule should be given to the assigned supervisor, along with any other information that may impact work performance. It is the graduate students' responsibility to report to his/her assigned supervisor at the times agreed upon, whether or not work has been given. In addition, extenuating circumstances may require graduate assistants to work at times other than those scheduled. These times will not conflict with scheduled class times. In the event that a supervisor does not have sufficient assignments for the graduate assistant to work the required number of hours, it is the student's responsibility to report to the department administrative assistant for work assignments. In the event the administrative assistant does not have any work, the graduate assistant must report to the graduate program coordinator for further assignments. Graduate assistants who do not demonstrate an effort to maintain the required number of hours may lose their assistantships. Paychecks are automatically deposited into the graduate assistant's bank account. Unsatisfactory performance, as described here, may result in a stop payment on the biweekly deposits. If the graduate assistant has paid work assignments other than the department assistantship, the Department work must take precedence. If this is not possible, then the assistantship will be removed. Graduate assistants are responsible for completing the graduate assistant time sheet every week via Time Capture. Time Capture requires students to indicate how many hours they worked and what duties were performed; the immediate supervisor's signature is required. Time Capture submission is due on the Monday following the end of the previous week. Failure to comply with this requirement may result in the immediate loss of the assistantship.

The Department expects all graduate students to perform satisfactory work to retain assistantships. This includes not only working a designated number of hours per week but also obtaining satisfactory assessment from the assigned supervisor(s). Unsatisfactory job performance will be managed as follows:


• Graduate assistants who are not performing satisfactorily will first be given a verbal warning from their assigned supervisor.
• Upon the second incidence of unsatisfactory performance, the assigned supervisor will give the graduate assistant a second verbal warning and notify the graduate coordinator of the incident in writing or by email.
• If the unsatisfactory performance continues, the assigned supervisor will notify the graduate program coordinator, who will initiate action to immediately remove the assistantship.

If a graduate assistant disagrees with an unsatisfactory assessment, he or she can submit a written appeal to the graduate coordinator within five days of the unsatisfactory performance notification. The graduate program coordinator will investigate the appeal and take the appropriate action, which will be final.

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PhD Construction Management and Innovation

Research and Knowledge Exchange Support Team (EGIS)

+44 (0)131 451 3130

[email protected]

The overarching aim of our research in this area is to help construction professionals improve both the efficiency of the delivery process and the quality and sustainability of the built environment.

The built environment is fundamental to shaping our cities and regions and plays a pivotal role in achieving a wealthier, fairer, healthier and safer society. The provision of well-designed, functional and energy-efficient buildings is now an essential pre-requisite within today’s society. The construction process is complex, as it requires collaboration of multiple organisations and specialists over the whole life cycle of the built asset. It is influenced by client requirements and expectations, government policies and regulations, the development of new technologies, economic and social trends, as well as the demands of sustainable development. The aim of Construction Management and Innovation research is to come up with new solutions to address these challenges facing the construction sector.

The expertise of our research team spans a wide range of areas, including management, procurement, ICT applications, sustainability, training and skills, construction materials, and building technology. They carry out industry relevant research in the following six themes:

• Construction Project Management
• ICT in Construction
• People and Organisation
• Procurement
• Sustainability, Building Resilience & Climate Change
• Megaproject Management

Entry requirements

• Fees and funding

Research projects

Controlled and Immersive Environment (CIE) to support construction training.

(ConstructionSkills)

Apprenticeships are at the heart of the government skills policy and are regarded as a plausible route for youth employment particularly in the construction industry which is a key contributor to the economy. Training in construction trades such as painting and decorating, roofing, and bricklaying, has not yet benefited from the latest developments in information and communication technologies.

This project thus aims to develop a ‘Controlled Immersive Environment’ (CIE) for supporting construction trade apprenticeship training. The CIE is both a controlled and immersive environment which uses state-of-the-art sensing and information technologies in the context of training for construction trade occupations. Within the CIE, trainees perform actual tasks like they currently do in college laboratories, but the environment enables the objective and comprehensive control of both the delivery and output of the apprentice’s work. Simultaneously, the CIE immerses the apprentice within virtual and varying environments, enabling simulation of work conditions closed to those experienced in real construction sites.

The CIE has the potential to enhance the training experience of construction workers, thereby contributing to better performance in terms of health and safety practice, and productivity. The CIE, which is unique in Europe and beyond, is developed as a pilot project in collaboration with ConstructionSkills.

Additional information

Staff contributing to this research area include:

• Professor Stephen Ogunlana
• Dr Mohamed Abdel-Wahab
• Dr Graeme Bowles
• Dr Zhen Chen
• Dr Bilge Erdogan
• Dr Roshani Palliyaguru
• Dr Adekunle Oyegoke
• Dr Alan Forster

We welcome applications from suitably qualified candidates. Please visit our How to apply page .

Fees for this course can be found on the tuition fees page.

Scholarships and bursaries

We aim to encourage well-qualified, ambitious students to study with us and we offer a wide variety of scholarships and bursaries to achieve this. Over £6 million worth of opportunities are available in fee and stipend scholarships, and more than 400 students benefit from this support.

View our full range of research scholarships .

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Lean Construction Patrick DUPIN PhD thesis

Related Papers

Glenn Ballard

ABSTRACT Stuart Green proposes that researchers have ignored the ���Dark Side��� of lean construction, taking for granted it is a good thing. He charges that these academics are ignoring the debate about the transferability of Japanese automobile manufacturing to other settings, and that lean leads to the repression of trade unions and to regressive human resource management.

Oliver Kaste

Iris Tommelein

Koskela, LJ, Ballard, G, Howell, G and Tommelein, I 2002, 'The foundations of lean construction' , in: Design and construction: building in value , Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, UK, pp. 211-226. ... Full text not available from this repository. ... Official URL: http://www.thenbs.com/PublicationIndex/DocumentSum... ... Looks at a broad range of topics related to the processes of design and construction. Its overall aim is to look at ways that clients can improve the value for money outcomes of their decisions to construct buildings.

Of the new production philosophy of Lean Construction (LC), Koskela (1992) has argued “The conceptual basis of construction management and engineering is obsolete. Formalization of the scientific foundations of construction management and engineering is a primary goal for the research community. […] The practical application of the new philosophy has commenced and diffused without any scientific, formalised basis […] The theoretical and conceptual understanding of the new production approach is still limited. […] [T]here is yet no unified, coherent and consistent theory. […] An explicit, preferably formalized theoretical basis is necessary for transfer of the new philosophy to new settings and for effective education.” Before successful efforts at development of this theoretical and conceptual understanding can be made, there is an a priori need to achieve a sound understanding of the philosophical underpinnings of what ‘Lean Construction Theory’ might consist of. We will argue that LC theorising is a form of social enquiry and hence empirical studies of the social interaction of managers involved in projects must be the starting point, the focus, the culmination and the ultimate and only basis of all theoretical activity in LC. We examine the nature of the phenomena LC theorists are investigating and as a result dispute that LC theory will necessarily have a scientific foundation. We therefore undertake a preliminary attempt to sketch out some ground rules for a consistent and coherent approach to LC Theory. We suggest that just as construction management is the practical accomplishment of the situated social action of managers, so management theorising is the practical accomplishment of the situated social action of management theorists. Drawing throughout on the respecification of sociology offered by ethnomethodology (Garfinkel, 1984), we will highlight the nature of theorising as an exercise in practical reasoning. Just as Lean Construction has respecified the construction process, ethnomethodology has respecified the process of social research and theorising. This approach highlights the similarity between the entirely practical exercise of theory-building and those activities the theory is about.

Lauri Koskela

Hernando Vargas

Institutional analysis of organizations have developed a rich framework and empirical insights about how new practices become established via diffusion. Nevertheless, lean construction literature has paid scant attention to organizational practices dissemination and it is important to improve the understanding of how lean construction philosophy diffusion effectively occurs. Drawing on institutional and lean construction literature and interviews with leading construction companies’ directors, this study seeks to understand the case of lean construction dissemination over the Colombian construction housing sector. As a result, the study provides an analysis of the relevance and effectiveness of lean construction diffusion strategies, thus helping construction sector leaders to review and improve current approaches.

Alan Mossman

Even though there is now recognition that the Venice Arsenal with its floating flow production line for boats (1500s) and Henry Ford (Model T production line 1920s) both did it, the idea of lean production didn’t become popular until the publication of The Machine that Changed the World in 1990. Six years later the more general idea of lean thinking received considerable publicity. In 1998 the Egan committee commended the UK construction industry to study and learn from colleagues in other sectors who were already applying lean. In parallel Lauri Koskela coined the term lean construction in 1992 and from 1993 the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC) has met annually to discuss applications of lean to the end-to-end construction process (see www.iglc.net). Following a brief review of the definition of lean construction, this essay explores some of the reasons why there has not been more implementation of lean in UK construction over the decade since Egan and includes reference to experience elsewhere. Drawing extensively on anecdote, this essay is the start of a research process that I’d love others with the time & the resources to complete to pick up. It concludes with a preliminary hypothesis and suggestions for rigorous research.

Lauri Koskela (1992) identified the first task for academics 'is to explain the new philosophy in the context of construction'and this is first objective here. The second is to provide a foundation to understand the contributions of Glenn Ballard which follow. The chapter first discusses changes in the construction industry to suggest why a new (or for that matter any) production theory is required. The extent of the uncertainty experienced on projects leads to yet another comparison between manufacturing and construction.

Søren Wandahl

Since the introduction of Lean Construction, implementation of Lean Construction method, tools, and thinking has been a challenge. The success of Lean Construction is evident, but still implementation challenges emerge, among others, culture, training, leadership, but also partial implementation of Lean Construction. Some reports indicate that the major implementation challenges are related to misconceptualization of lean construction tools, and case studies have found that often Lean Construction was either partially or incorrectly applied. Denmark is one of the pioneer countries in the Lean Construction journey, with the driving force of Sven Bertelsen and MT Højgaard among others. It is considered a country with a widespread and deep implementation of Lean Construction. But how disseminated is Lean Construction in reality? And do those who claim to apply lean construction actually do lean construction? On the basis of these questions this research contributes with a survey with a magnitude of 500 practitioners from the Danish construction industry. Results of this survey are compared with recent IGLC research on implantation challenges of lean construction. This research itself does not put forward any improved guide on how to implement lean construction. Instead it brings light to how lean construction is actually applied. In itself this is very interesting, and is valuable knowledge that can be used in further research on lean construction theory and on implementation of lean in the industry.

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