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ACUTE AND CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA

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Presentation on theme: "ACUTE AND CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA"— Presentation transcript:

By : wala’ mosa Presented to: Dr. Ayham Abu Lila.

Otology Dave Pothier St Mary’s 2003.

DRUGS DO NOT DO DRUGS !!! Hearing disorders in children/ Hala AlOmari.

Hearing disorders of the middle ear

به نام خدا.

Chronic otitis media Chunfu Dai M.D & Ph. D Otolaryngology Department

Otitis Media.

Department of Otorhinolaryngology

Daekeun Joo Resident Lecture Series 11/18/09

CAUSES OF HEARING IMPAIRMENT

Otitis Media and Eustachian Tube Dysfunction

The complications of acute and chronic otitis media

Cholesteatoma and chronic suppurative otitis media

Objectives Upon completion of the lecture, students should be able to:  Define middle ear infection  Know the classification of otitis media (OM). 

Definitions  Middle ear is the area between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear including the Eustachian tube.  Otitis media (OM) is inflammation.

Treatment Antibiotics Antibiotics Surgery Surgery Myringotomy and suction Myringotomy and suction Mastoidectomy (if infection has spread to mastoid region)

Otitis media.

Babak Saedi Imam Khomeini Hospital

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم.

King Abdulaziz University Hospital

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StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.

StatPearls [Internet].

Acute otitis media.

Amina Danishyar ; John V. Ashurst .

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Last Update: April 15, 2023 .

• Continuing Education Activity

Acute otitis media (AOM) is defined as an infection of the middle ear and is the second most common pediatric diagnosis in the emergency department following upper respiratory infections. Although acute otitis media can occur at any age, it is most commonly seen between the ages of 6 to 24 months. Approximately 80% of all children will experience a case of otitis media during their lifetime, and between 80% and 90% of all children will have otitis media with an effusion before school age. This activity reviews the etiology, epidemiology, evaluation, and management of acute otitis media and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in managing this condition.

• Describe a patient presentation consistent with acute otitis media and the subsequent evaluation that should be performed.
• Explain when imaging studies should be done for a patient with acute otitis media.
• Outline the treatment strategy for otitis media.
• Employ an interprofessional team approach when caring for patients with acute otitis media.
• Introduction

Acute otitis media is defined as an infection of the middle ear space. It is a spectrum of diseases that includes acute otitis media (AOM), chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), and otitis media with effusion (OME). Acute otitis media is the second most common pediatric diagnosis in the emergency department, following upper respiratory infections. Although otitis media can occur at any age, it is most commonly seen between the ages of 6 to 24 months. [1]

Infection of the middle ear can be viral, bacterial, or coinfection. The most common bacterial organisms causing otitis media are Streptococcus pneumoniae , followed by non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Moraxella catarrhalis . Following the introduction of the conjugate pneumococcal vaccines, the pneumococcal organisms have evolved to non-vaccine serotypes. The most common viral pathogens of otitis media include the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), coronaviruses, influenza viruses, adenoviruses, human metapneumovirus, and picornaviruses. [2] [3] [4]

Otitis media is diagnosed clinically via objective findings on physical exam (otoscopy) combined with the patient's history and presenting signs and symptoms. Several diagnostic tools are available such as a pneumatic otoscope, tympanometry, and acoustic reflectometry, to aid in the diagnosis of otitis media. Pneumatic otoscopy is the most reliable and has a higher sensitivity and specificity as compared to plain otoscopy, though tympanometry and other modalities can facilitate diagnosis if pneumatic otoscopy is unavailable.

Treatment of otitis media with antibiotics is controversial and directly related to the subtype of otitis media in question. Without proper treatment, suppurative fluid from the middle ear can extend to the adjacent anatomical locations and result in complications such as tympanic membrane (TM) perforation, mastoiditis, labyrinthitis, petrositis, meningitis, brain abscess, hearing loss, lateral and cavernous sinus thrombosis, and others. [5] This has led to the development of specific guidelines for the treatment of OM.  In the United States, the mainstay of treatment for an established diagnosis of AOM is high-dose amoxicillin, and this has been found to be most effective in children under two years of age. Treatment in countries like the Netherlands is initially watchful waiting, and if unresolved, antibiotics are warranted [6] . However, the concept of watchful waiting has not gained full acceptance in the United States and other countries due to the risk of prolonged middle ear fluid and its effect on hearing and speech, as well as the risks of complications discussed earlier. Analgesics such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen can be used alone or in combination to achieve effective pain control in patients with otitis media.

Otitis media is a multifactorial disease. Infectious, allergic, and environmental factors contribute to otitis media. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]

These causes and risk factors include:

• Decreased immunity due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), diabetes, and other immuno-deficiencies
• Genetic predisposition
• Mucins that include abnormalities of this gene expression, especially upregulation of MUC5B
• Anatomic abnormalities of the palate and tensor veli palatini
• Ciliary dysfunction
• Cochlear implants
• Vitamin A deficiency
• Bacterial pathogens,  Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenza, and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis  are responsible for more than 95%
• Viral pathogens such as respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus
• Lack of breastfeeding
• Passive smoke exposure
• Daycare attendance
• Lower socioeconomic status
• Family history of recurrent AOM in parents or siblings
• Epidemiology

Otitis media is a global problem and is found to be slightly more common in males than in females. The specific number of cases per year is difficult to determine due to the lack of reporting and different incidences across many different geographical regions. The peak incidence of otitis media occurs between six and twelve months of life and declines after age five. Approximately 80% of all children will experience a case of otitis media during their lifetime, and between 80% and 90% of all children will experience otitis media with an effusion before school age. Otitis media is less common in adults than in children, though it is more common in specific sub-populations such as those with a childhood history of recurrent OM, cleft palate, immunodeficiency or immunocompromised status, and others. [13] [14]

• Pathophysiology

Otitis media begins as an inflammatory process following a viral upper respiratory tract infection involving the mucosa of the nose, nasopharynx, middle ear mucosa, and Eustachian tubes. Due to the constricted anatomical space of the middle ear, the edema caused by the inflammatory process obstructs the narrowest part of the Eustachian tube leading to a decrease in ventilation. This leads to a cascade of events resulting in an increase in negative pressure in the middle ear, increasing exudate from the inflamed mucosa, and buildup of mucosal secretions, which allows for the colonization of bacterial and viral organisms in the middle ear. The growth of these microbes in the middle ear then leads to suppuration and, eventually, frank purulence in the middle ear space. This is demonstrated clinically by a bulging or erythematous tympanic membrane and purulent middle ear fluid. This must be differentiated from chronic serous otitis media (CSOM), which presents with thick, amber-colored fluid in the middle ear space and a retracted tympanic membrane on otoscopic examination. Both will yield decreased TM mobility on tympanometry or pneumatic otoscopy.

Several risk factors can predispose children to develop acute otitis media. The most common risk factor is a preceding upper respiratory tract infection. Other risk factors include male gender, adenoid hypertrophy (obstructing), allergy, daycare attendance, environmental smoke exposure, pacifier use, immunodeficiency, gastroesophageal reflux, parental history of recurrent childhood OM, and other genetic predispositions. [15] [16] [17]

• Histopathology

Histopathology varies according to disease severity. Acute purulent otitis media (APOM) is characterized by edema and hyperemia of the subepithelial space, which is followed by the infiltration of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes. As the inflammatory process progresses, there is mucosal metaplasia and the formation of granulation tissue. After five days, the epithelium changes from flat cuboidal to pseudostratified columnar with the presence of goblet cells.

In serous acute otitis media (SAOM), inflammation of the middle ear and the eustachian tube has been identified as the major precipitating factor. Venous or lymphatic stasis in the nasopharynx or the eustachian tube plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of AOM. Inflammatory cytokines attract plasma cells, leukocytes, and macrophages to the site of inflammation. The epithelium changes to pseudostratified, columnar, or cuboidal. Hyperplasia of basal cells results in an increased number of goblet cells in the new epithelium. [18]

In practice, biopsy for histology is not performed for OM outside of research settings.

• History and Physical

Although one of the best indicators for otitis media is otalgia, many children with otitis media can present with non-specific signs and symptoms, which can make the diagnosis challenging. These symptoms include pulling or tugging at the ears, irritability, headache, disturbed or restless sleep, poor feeding, anorexia, vomiting, or diarrhea. Approximately two-thirds of the patients present with fever, which is typically low-grade.

The diagnosis of otitis media is primarily based on clinical findings combined with supporting signs and symptoms as described above. No lab test or imaging is needed. According to guidelines set forth by the American Academy of Pediatrics, evidence of moderate to severe bulging of the tympanic membrane or new onset of otorrhea not caused by otitis externa or mild tympanic membrane (TM) bulging with recent onset of ear pain or erythema is required for the diagnosis of acute otitis media. These criteria are intended only to aid primary care clinicians in the diagnosis and proper clinical decision-making but not to replace clinical judgment. [19]

Otoscopic examination should be the first and most convenient way of examining the ear and will yield the diagnosis to the experienced eye. In AOM, the TM may be erythematous or normal, and there may be fluid in the middle ear space. In suppurative OM, there will be obvious purulent fluid visible and a bulging TM. The external ear canal (EAC) may be somewhat edematous, though significant edema should alert the clinician to suspect otitis externa (outer ear infection, AOE), which may be treated differently. In the presence of EAC edema, it is paramount to visualize the TM to ensure it is intact. If there is an intact TM and a painful, erythematous EAC, ototopical drops should be added to treat AOE. This can exist in conjunction with AOM or independent of it, so visualization of the middle ear is paramount. If there is a perforation of the TM, then the EAC edema can be assumed to be reactive, and ototopical medication should be used, but an agent approved for use in the middle ear, such as ofloxacin, must be used, as other agents can be ototoxic. [20] [21] [22]

The diagnosis of otitis media should always begin with a physical exam and the use of an otoscope, ideally a pneumatic otoscope. [23] [24]

Laboratory Studies

Laboratory evaluation is rarely necessary. A full sepsis workup in infants younger than 12 weeks with fever and no obvious source other than associated acute otitis media may be necessary. Laboratory studies may be needed to confirm or exclude possible related systemic or congenital diseases.

Imaging Studies

Imaging studies are not indicated unless intra-temporal or intracranial complications are a concern. [25] [26]

• When an otitis media complication is suspected, computed tomography of the temporal bones may identify mastoiditis, epidural abscess, sigmoid sinus thrombophlebitis, meningitis, brain abscess, subdural abscess, ossicular disease, and cholesteatoma.
• Magnetic resonance imaging may identify fluid collections, especially in the middle ear collections.

Tympanocentesis

Tympanocentesis may be used to determine the presence of middle ear fluid, followed by culture to identify pathogens.

Tympanocentesis can improve diagnostic accuracy and guide treatment decisions but is reserved for extreme or refractory cases. [27] [28]

Other Tests

Tympanometry and acoustic reflectometry may also be used to evaluate for middle ear effusion. [29]

• Treatment / Management

Once the diagnosis of acute otitis media is established, the goal of treatment is to control pain and treat the infectious process with antibiotics. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or acetaminophen can be used to achieve pain control. There are controversies about prescribing antibiotics in early otitis media, and the guidelines may vary by country, as discussed above. Watchful waiting is practiced in European countries with no reported increased incidence of complications. However, watchful waiting has not gained wide acceptance in the United States. If there is clinical evidence of suppurative AOM, however, oral antibiotics are indicated to treat this bacterial infection, and high-dose amoxicillin or a second-generation cephalosporin are first-line agents. If there is a TM perforation, treatment should proceed with ototopical antibiotics safe for middle-ear use, such as ofloxacin, rather than systemic antibiotics, as this delivers much higher concentrations of antibiotics without any systemic side effects. [23]

When a bacterial etiology is suspected, the antibiotic of choice is high-dose amoxicillin for ten days in both children and adult patients who are not allergic to penicillin. Amoxicillin has good efficacy in the treatment of otitis media due to its high concentration in the middle ear. In cases of penicillin allergy, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends azithromycin as a single dose of 10 mg/kg or clarithromycin (15 mg/kg per day in 2 divided doses). Other options for penicillin-allergic patients are cefdinir (14 mg/kg per day in 1 or 2 doses), cefpodoxime (10 mg/kg per day, once daily), or cefuroxime (30 mg/kg per day in 2 divided doses).

For those patients whose symptoms do not improve after treatment with high-dose amoxicillin, high-dose amoxicillin-clavulanate (90 mg/kg per day of amoxicillin component, with 6.4 mg/kg per day of clavulanate in 2 divided doses) should be given. In children who are vomiting or if there are situations in which oral antibiotics cannot be administered, ceftriaxone (50 mg/kg per day) for three consecutive days, either intravenously or intramuscularly, is an alternative option. Systemic steroids and antihistamines have not been shown to have any significant benefits. [30] [31] [19] [32] [33] [34]

Patients who have experienced four or more episodes of AOM in the past twelve months should be considered candidates for myringotomy with tube (grommet) placement, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines. Recurrent infections requiring antibiotics are clinical evidence of Eustachian tube dysfunction, and placement of the tympanostomy tube allows ventilation of the middle ear space and maintenance of normal hearing. Furthermore, should the patient acquire otitis media while a functioning tube is in place, they can be treated with ototopical antibiotic drops rather than systemic antibiotics. [35]

• Differential Diagnosis

The following conditions come under the differential diagnosis of otitis media [36] [37] [38]

• Cholesteatoma
• Fever in the infant and toddler
• Fever without a focus
• Hearing impairment
• Pediatric nasal polyps
• Nasopharyngeal cancer
• Otitis externa
• Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) and other parainfluenza viruses
• Passive smoking and lung disease
• Pediatric allergic rhinitis
• Pediatric bacterial meningitis
• Pediatric gastroesophageal reflux
• Pediatric Haemophilus influenzae infection
• Pediatric HIV infection
• Pediatric mastoiditis
• Pediatric pneumococcal infections
• Primary ciliary dyskinesia
• Respiratory syncytial virus infection
• Rhinovirus (RV) infection (common cold)

The prognosis for most of the patients with otitis media is excellent. [39] Mortality from AOM is a rare occurrence in modern times. Due to better access to healthcare in developed countries, early diagnosis and treatment have resulted in a better prognosis for this disease. Effective antibiotic therapy is the mainstay of treatment. Multiple prognostic factors affect the disease course. Children presenting with less than three episodes of AOM are three times more likely to have their symptoms resolved with a single course of antibiotics as compared to children who develop this condition in seasons apart from winter. [40]

Children who develop complications can be difficult to treat and tend to have high rates of recurrence. Intratemporal and intracranial complications, while very rare, have significant mortality rates. [41]

Children with a history of prelingual otitis media are at risk for mild-to-moderate conductive hearing loss. Children with otitis media in the first 24 months of life often have difficulty perceiving strident or high-frequency consonants, such as sibilants.

• Complications

Due to the complex arrangement of structures in and around the middle ear, complications, once developed, are challenging to treat. Complications can be divided into intratemporal and intracranial complications. [41] [42] [43] [42]

The following are the intratemporal complications;

• Hearing loss (conductive and sensorineural)
• TM perforation (acute and chronic)
• Chronic suppurative otitis media (with or without cholesteatoma)
• Tympanosclerosis
• Mastoiditis
• Labyrinthitis
• Facial paralysis
• Cholesterol granuloma
• Infectious eczematoid dermatitis

Additionally, it is important to discuss the effect of OM on hearing, particularly in the 6-24 month age range, as this is an important time for language development, which is related to hearing. The conductive hearing loss resulting from chronic or recurrent OM can adversely affect language development and result in prolonged speech problems requiring speech therapy. This is one reason the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery recommend aggressive early treatment of recurrent AOM.

The following are the intracranial complications;

• Subdural empyema
• Brain abscess
• Extradural abscess
• Lateral sinus thrombosis
• Otitic hydrocephalus
• Consultations

Patients with uncomplicated AOM are usually treated by their primary care providers. However, primary care physicians may refer the patient to an otolaryngologist for surgical procedures, most likely tympanostomy tubes, in the case of recurrent AOM or CSOM. An audiologist is involved if children present with subjective evidence of hearing loss or failure to meet language development marks. Young children with CSOM may have speech and language delays owing to the hearing loss created by recurrent ear infections, which are managed by a speech therapist. [44]

• Deterrence and Patient Education

Pneumococcal and influenza vaccines prevent upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in children. Apart from this, the avoidance of tobacco smoke can decrease the risk of URTI. Tobacco smoke is a respiratory stimulant that increases the risk of pneumonia in children. Infants with otitis media should be breastfed whenever possible, as breast milk contains immunoglobulins that protect infants from foreign pathogens in key phases of early extra-uterine life. [45]

• Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

Acute otitis media can often be managed in the outpatient/clinical setting. However, it can best be served via interprofessional management through an interprofessional team approach, including physicians, family, audiologists, nurses, pharmacists, and/or speech pathologists. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment decrease the risk of complications resulting in better patient outcomes. Nurses instruct the family about medication administration, supportive care, and analgesics. They review follow-up instructions. Pharmacists instruct patients about the potential adverse effects of medication and review for drug interactions.

• Review Questions
• Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.
• Comment on this article.

Acute Otitis Media Contributed by Wikimedia Commons, B. Welleschik (CC by 2.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

Acute Otitis Media Purchased from Shutterstock

Disclosure: Amina Danishyar declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: John Ashurst declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ), which permits others to distribute the work, provided that the article is not altered or used commercially. You are not required to obtain permission to distribute this article, provided that you credit the author and journal.

• Cite this Page Danishyar A, Ashurst JV. Acute Otitis Media. [Updated 2023 Apr 15]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.

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• Review Otitis media. [Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016] Review Otitis media. Schilder AG, Chonmaitree T, Cripps AW, Rosenfeld RM, Casselbrant ML, Haggard MP, Venekamp RP. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016 Sep 8; 2(1):16063. Epub 2016 Sep 8.
• General health, otitis media, nasopharyngeal carriage and middle ear microbiology in Northern Territory Aboriginal children vaccinated during consecutive periods of 10-valent or 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. [Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol...] General health, otitis media, nasopharyngeal carriage and middle ear microbiology in Northern Territory Aboriginal children vaccinated during consecutive periods of 10-valent or 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Leach AJ, Wigger C, Beissbarth J, Woltring D, Andrews R, Chatfield MD, Smith-Vaughan H, Morris PS. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016 Jul; 86:224-32. Epub 2016 May 11.
• Review What is new in otitis media? [Eur J Pediatr. 2007] Review What is new in otitis media? Corbeel L. Eur J Pediatr. 2007 Jun; 166(6):511-9. Epub 2007 Mar 16.
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• Microbiology of bacteria causing recurrent acute otitis media (AOM) and AOM treatment failure in young children in Spain: shifting pathogens in the post-pneumococcal conjugate vaccination era. [Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol...] Microbiology of bacteria causing recurrent acute otitis media (AOM) and AOM treatment failure in young children in Spain: shifting pathogens in the post-pneumococcal conjugate vaccination era. Pumarola F, Marès J, Losada I, Minguella I, Moraga F, Tarragó D, Aguilera U, Casanovas JM, Gadea G, Trías E, et al. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2013 Aug; 77(8):1231-6. Epub 2013 Jun 6.

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• Second Opinion

Otitis Media (Middle Ear Infection)

What is otitis media (om).

Otitis media is inflammation located in the middle ear. Otitis media can occur as a result of a cold, sore throat, or respiratory infection.

Facts about otitis media

More than 80 percent of children have at least one episode of otitis media by the time they are 3 years of age.

Otitis media can also affect adults, although it is primarily a condition that occurs in children.

Who is at risk for getting ear infections?

While any child may develop an ear infection, the following are some of the factors that may increase your child's risk of developing ear infections:

Being around someone who smokes

Family history of ear infections

A poor immune system

Spends time in a daycare setting

Absence of breastfeeding

Having a cold

Bottle-fed while laying on his or her back

What causes otitis media?

Middle ear infections are usually a result of a malfunction of the eustachian tube, a canal that links the middle ear with the throat area. The eustachian tube helps to equalize the pressure between the outer ear and the middle ear. When this tube is not working properly, it prevents normal drainage of fluid from the middle ear, causing a build up of fluid behind the eardrum. When this fluid cannot drain, it allows for the growth of bacteria and viruses in the ear that can lead to acute otitis media. The following are some of the reasons that the eustachian tube may not work properly:

A cold or allergy which can lead to swelling and congestion of the lining of the nose, throat, and eustachian tube (this swelling prevents the normal flow of fluids)

A malformation of the eustachian tube

What are the different types of otitis media?

Different types of otitis media include the following:

Acute otitis media (AOM). The middle ear infection occurs abruptly causing swelling and redness. Fluid and mucus become trapped inside the ear, causing the child to have a fever, ear pain, and hearing loss.

Otitis media with effusion (OME.) Fluid (effusion) and mucus continue to accumulate in the middle ear after an initial infection subsides. The child may experience a feeling of fullness in the ear and hearing loss.

Chronic otitis media with effusion (COME). Fluid remains in the middle ear for a prolonged period or returns again and again, even though there is no infection. May result in difficulty fighting new infection and hearing loss.

What are the symptoms of otitis media?

The following are the most common symptoms of otitis media. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:

Unusual irritability

Difficulty sleeping or staying asleep

Tugging or pulling at one or both ears

Fluid draining from ear(s)

Loss of balance

Hearing difficulties

The symptoms of otitis media may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child's physician for a diagnosis.

How is otitis media diagnosed?

In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, your child's physician will inspect the outer ear(s) and eardrum(s) using an otoscope. The otoscope is a lighted instrument that allows the physician to see inside the ear. A pneumatic otoscope blows a puff of air into the ear to test eardrum movement.

Tympanometry, is a test that can be performed in most physicians' offices to help determine how the middle ear is functioning. It does not tell if the child is hearing or not, but helps to detect any changes in pressure in the middle ear. This is a difficult test to perform in younger children because the child needs to remain still and not cry, talk, or move.

A hearing test may be performed for children who have frequent ear infections.

Treatment for otitis media

Specific treatment for otitis media will be determined by your child's physician based on the following:

Your child's age, overall health, and medical history

Extent of the condition

Your child's tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies

Expectations for the course of the condition

Your opinion or preference

Treatment may include:

Antibiotic medication by mouth or ear drops

Medication (for pain)

If fluid remains in the ear(s) for longer than three months, your child's physician may suggest that small tubes be placed in the ear(s). This surgical procedure, called myringotomy, involves making a small opening in the eardrum to drain the fluid and relieve the pressure from the middle ear. A small tube is placed in the opening of the eardrum to ventilate the middle ear and to prevent fluid from accumulating. The child's hearing is restored after the fluid is drained. The tubes usually fall out on their own after six to 12 months.

Your child's surgeon may also recommend the removal of the adenoids (lymph tissue located in the space above the soft roof of the mouth, also called the nasopharynx) if they are infected. Removal of the adenoids has shown to help some children with otitis media.

Treatment will depend upon the type of otitis media. Consult your child's physician regarding treatment options.

What are the effects of otitis media?

In addition to the symptoms of otitis media listed above, untreated otitis media can result in any/all of the following:

Infection in other parts of the head

Permanent hearing loss

Problems with speech and language development

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Otitis Media PPT Free Download

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Otitis Media PPT Download Info

Otitis Media ppt – ideas, Otitis Media Is A Middle Ear Infection Or Inflammation. Otitis Media May Be Brought On By A Respiratory Illness, Sore Throat, Or Cold.

Otitis Media PPT

Creating a PowerPoint presentation on otitis media (middle ear infection) can help educate your audience about this common medical condition. Here are some ideas for your otitis media presentation:

Slide 1: Title Slide

• Title: “Understanding Otitis Media: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment”
• Subtitle: “A Comprehensive Overview of Middle Ear Infections”

Slide 2: Introduction

• Brief overview of the ear’s anatomy
• Definition of otitis media
• Importance of addressing ear infections

Slide 3: Types of Otitis Media

• Acute otitis media (AOM)
• Otitis media with effusion (OME)
• Chronic otitis media (COM)

Slide 4: Causes and Risk Factors

• Bacterial and viral causes
• Factors contributing to ear infections (e.g., age, season)
• The role of Eustachian tube dysfunction

Slide 5: Symptoms of Otitis Media

• Hearing loss
• Fluid drainage from the ear
• Irritability in children
• Fever and other associated symptoms

Slide 6: Diagnosis

• Clinical examination by a healthcare professional
• Otoscope examination
• Other diagnostic tools (e.g., tympanometry, audiometry)

Slide 7: Complications of Untreated Otitis Media

• Speech and language development issues in children
• Spread of infection to other parts of the ear

Slide 8: Treatment Options

• Antibiotics for bacterial infections
• Pain management
• Surgical interventions (e.g., tympanostomy tubes for recurrent infections)

Slide 9: Prevention

• Importance of vaccinations
• Good hygiene practices
• Avoidance of common risk factors

Slide 10: Impact on Children

• Educational implications
• Strategies for managing otitis media in school settings
• Importance of communication between parents, educators, and healthcare providers

Slide 11: Impact on Adults

• Effects on work and daily life
• Coping strategies for adults with chronic otitis media

Slide 12: Home Care and Remedies

• Warm compresses
• Pain relief methods
• When to seek medical attention

Slide 13: Public Health Considerations

• Prevalence of otitis media globally
• The economic impact of ear infections on healthcare systems

Slide 14: Myths and Facts about Otitis Media

• Address common misconceptions
• Provide accurate information to dispel myths

Slide 15: Complications and When to See a Doctor

• Indicators of severe infection
• Red flags that require immediate medical attention

Slide 16: Conclusion

• Recap key points
• Emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate treatment

Slide 17: Q&A

• Open the floor for questions and discussion

Slide 18: Resources

• List of reputable resources, websites, and healthcare organizations
• Contact information for ear, nose, and throat specialists

Use visuals, such as diagrams and illustrations, to explain the anatomy of the ear and the progression of otitis media. Additionally, consider incorporating real-life case studies or patient testimonials to make the information relatable to your audience.

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Otitis Media

Mar 16, 2012

170 likes | 1.06k Views

What is Otitis Media". Otitis Media" means inflammation of the middle earDifferent types:Acute: presence of fluid, pus, redness of eardrum and possible feverChronic: fluid lasting 6 weeks or moreMay or may not be infectedDifferent types = different treatmentTypically when a physician says ear infection, actually means acute otitis media".

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1. Otitis Media Kirsten M. Marconi, Au.D., CCC-A Educational Audiologist Louisville, Marlington, Minerva, Plain Local, Sandy Valley

2. What is �Otitis Media� �Otitis Media� means inflammation of the middle ear Different types: Acute: presence of fluid, pus, redness of eardrum and possible fever Chronic: fluid lasting 6 weeks or more May or may not be infected Different types = different treatment Typically when a physician says ear infection, actually means �acute otitis media�

3. Facts about Otitis Media One of the most commonly diagnosed childhood illnesses in US By age of 3, 4 out of 5 children will have at least 1 episode of otitis media Most likely to occur in first 2-4 years of life

4. Causes Young children: Eustachian tube is shorter and somewhat flat Direct route for bacteria and viruses Eustachian tube is narrow and stiff Easier to get blocked Adenoids Gland-like structure at back/top of throat near opening of eustachian tube. If enlarged, can interfere with eustachian tube functioning. Immune system not fully developed Age 7

5. Middle Ear Space

6. Other causes Exposure to cigarette smoke Bottle feeding (bottle at night, nap time) Day care (kid-to-kid) Ear infections aren�t contagious Cold/virus that developed into an ear infection is contagious

7. Signs and symptoms Earache Tugging at ears Loss of appetite Trouble sleeping Fever Drainage (rupture) Nausea Vomiting Dizziness

8. Why worry about it? Hearing difficulties Speech delays Children speak what they hear

9. Hearing loss Temporary Conductive Signs Asks for repetition Turns up tv, radio Not responding Appear inattentive at school Nothing Note from SLP, Ed Aud regarding a �flat tympanogram� or failed hearing screening.

10. Tympanograms �Normal� �Flat�

11. What next? Referral to physician If chronic, referral to specialist ENT Ear, Nose, and Throat physician

12. Treatment options Different depending on physician �Wait and see� Antibiotics (IF infected) PE tubes Slit in eardrum Drain fluid in ear Place tube in ear (usually bilaterally) Tube ventilates and equalizes pressure in middle ear, and subsequently will normalize hearing (IF hearing was normal in the first place) In place anywhere from 6-18 months, usually fall out on their own.

13. Pressure Equalization Tubes

14. FOLLOW UP! Tubes won�t work if they aren�t open!

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