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13 Popular YouTube Channels for Smart Researchers!

A growing sensation, streamed educational programs are quickly finding their place among students, professionals, researchers, and teachers. Science e-learning has grown by nearly 900% over the last 20 years with almost 1 billion people taking advantage of all that online learning and training has to offer. Free e-learning via YouTube videos is becoming a popular way for researchers and teachers to reach audiences around the world. Webinars from prominent researchers, videos with science lessons, and even lessons from Ivy League institutions have their own channels with millions of followers. With hundreds of different options, there are YouTube science channels for everyone that can be accessed in a comfortable environment.

What are the Advantages?

E-learning crosses diversity borders and can reach larger audiences. There are several science channels that cater to graduate students, professionals, and researchers. More teachers and professors are using science channels as supplementary materials in their classrooms, especially for online-learning environments. These channels are easily accessible, and link to videos and channels with similar content.

Top YouTube Science Channels

Out of the thousands of channels these stand out because of their quality content, number of subscribers, and number of Twitter followers.

Veritasium: A little more formal, this channel delivers lectures, interviews, and experiments. Two of their top videos are “ Can Silence Actually Drive You Crazy ?” with 15 million views, and “ Anti-Gravity Wheel? ” with 19.4 million views.

Vsauce: Divided into seasons called Mind Field, creators tackle difficult scientific questions with the latest discoveries/inventions. Slowly growing in popularity, fun graphics and humor accompany videos such as “ The Greater Good ,” talking about self-driving cars or “ The Psychedelic Experience ” discussing drug effect on the brain.

ASAP Science: Creators of this channel are devoted musicians as much as scientists and find ways to infuse music into their segments. Relying heavily on humorous science subjects, one of the most famous clips includes “ Are you smarter than average .”

Smarter Every Day: Focusing more on the scientific method and proving scientific experiments as true or false, this channel has nearly 17 million viewers. Known also as SED, the creators describe how the brain reacts to simple tasks, like riding a bicycle after a brain injury in “ The Backwards Brain Bicycle .”

Sci Show: At nearly 5.4 million followers, the SciShow brags that they “hate not knowing things.” The channel offers the latest SciShow News such as “ The Trouble with This Year’s Flu Season ,” or quick questions like “ What Do Dogs See When They Watch TV ?”

Ted Talks on Science: Ted Talks has been one of the most popular supplemental tools for teachers. A creative take on lecture-based learning, Ted Talks brings in experts from around the world to discuss some of the most current research such as the tech breakthrough series.

Life Noggin: An animated channel, Life Noggin discusses a variety of topics such as “ What If You Never Ate Fruits and Vegetables ?”

Yale Courses: Making its famous Ivy League education free, Yale Courses offers several online lectures by faculty members. The science channel has over 33k views for single episodes and covers a variety of topics from biology and chemistry to life and medical sciences.

Stanford Online: Similar to Yale’s channel but with a more personal context, Stanford Online delivers lectures on various scientific subjects. The videos often feature lecture-style episodes by graduate students such as “ Stanford Seminar-Combining Physical and Statistical Models in Projected Global Warming .”

Scientific American: With some of the latest and most up-to-date information, this channel is similar to the television program and explores themes such as “ New Volcano Survey for Materials Ejected from a Volcano .”

Mental Floss: Taken from a popular magazine, these videos combine popular culture and science to deliver facts in animated and live videos such as “50 Science Misconceptions.”

Brusspup: This channel specializes in visual science and illusions. Videos feature episodes set to music, paced in fast-forwarded action such as “ Ultimate Illusions and Science Compilation .”

Minute Earth: Living up to its name, Minute Earth focuses on biology and earth sciences and delivers segments that are short and concise. Fun cartoon-like graphics and sound effects make this channel a favorite for younger audiences, such as “ A Disease’s Guide to World Domination .”

One of the things that make online video learning so effective in Science is its viewer-centered approach. This creates an accommodating atmosphere that engages modern learners from all backgrounds.

In what ways do these Science YouTube channels help you? Do you have any of your favourite YouTube channels that you follow for fun-learning? Do share with us in the comments section below!

Itsoktobesmart is a great one too 🙂

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Inside User Research at YouTube

By Sasha Lubomirsky

User Experience Researcher

To make matters more complicated, not everyone fits nicely into one of the two aforementioned categories -- for instance, there are users who like to watch videos, but they might also occasionally comment or favorite. Their ideal experience likely looks like something in-between the two examples pictured above. It's not always easy to know what the best balance is for everyone, but we are committed to working towards figuring it out. One thing we know for sure is that at the end of the day, we need to build a product that is easy to use and understand. If it becomes too complicated or cluttered, we'll all need to step back and think again.

If you have any thoughts on this, you can let us know here and see what a user research survey looks like if you haven't encountered one yet. In addition, if you'd like to participate in any upcoming research we have, please fill out this form .

Understand research insights

If you’re reaching out about loading issues with YouTube & Shorts, we're aware & working on a fix. Follow along for updates here .

To explore what your audience and viewers across YouTube are searching for, you can use the Research tab in YouTube Analytics. The insights from the Research tab can help you think of video ideas that viewers may want to watch.

View the research tab

From the top menu, tap the Research tab .

After you enter or tap a search term, you can view viewer activity related to that topic:

Recent audience activity : Shows how popular the topic is with your audience.
Searched on YouTube : Shows popular searches made by viewers across YouTube for the topic.
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Note : For now, insights are limited to search queries in English from viewers in the United States, United Kingdom, India, Australia, and Canada.

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Content gaps for Shorts

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A content gap happens when viewers can't find enough quality search results on YouTube for a specific search. You can use content gaps as inspiration to create content that doesn't exist or could be improved.

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Fifteen years of YouTube scholarly research: knowledge structure, collaborative networks, and trending topics

Published: 19 September 2022
Volume 82 , pages 12423–12443, ( 2023 )

Cite this article

Mohamed M. Mostafa 1 ,
Ali Feizollah 2 &
Nor Badrul Anuar 2

3613 Accesses

2 Citations

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Since its inception, YouTube has been a source of entertainment and education. Everyday millions of videos are uploaded to this platform. Researchers have been using YouTube as a source of information in their research. However, there is a lack of bibliometric reports on research carried out on this platform and the pattern in the published works. This study aims at providing a bibliometric analysis on YouTube as a source of information to fill this gap. Specifically, this paper analyzes 1781 articles collected from the Scopus database spanning fifteen years. The analysis revealed that 2006-2007 were initial stage in YouTube research followed by 2008 -2017 which is the decade of rapid growth in YouTube research. The 2017 -2021 is considered the stage of consolidation and stabilization of this research topic. We also discovered that most relevant papers were published in small number of journals such as New Media and Society, Convergence, Journal of Medical Internet Research, Computers in Human Behaviour and the Physics Teacher, which proves the Bradford’s law. USA, Turkey, and UK are the countries with the highest number of publications. We also present network analysis between countries, sources, and authors. Analyzing the keywords resulted in finding the trend in research such as “video sharing” (2010-2018), “web -based learning” (2012-2014), and “COVID -19” (2020 onward). Finally, we used Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) to find the conceptual clusters of research on YouTube. The first cluster is related to user -generated content. The second cluster is about health and medical issues, and the final cluster is on the topic of information quality.

Quantitative Analysis of Scholarly References on YouTube

Science and Medicine on YouTube

Foundations and knowledge clusters in TikTok (Douyin) research: evidence from bibliometric and topic modelling analyses

Abderahman Rejeb, Karim Rejeb, … Horst Treiblmaier

Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

1 Introduction

Since its acquisition by Google in 2005, YouTube has been a video -sharing social media and a search engine with over 2 billion views per month [ 41 ]. It allows users to upload videos and share their content. It is a preferred search engine for contents like cooking recipes because of its audio and visual medium of communication. In addition to watching the videos, users can leave their comments and feedbacks for each video. The combination of audio, video, and comments make YouTube a valuable source of data. Researchers have been using this source of data to analyze various topics across wide range of research domains. One of the research domains that utilizes YouTube is health and healthcare. Educational videos and users’ feedback towards them have been a common research topic. For example, Li et al. [ 41 ] examined YouTube as a source of information on COVID -19 pandemic. Khatri et al. [ 34 ] also researched YouTube as a source of information on COVID -19 on English and Mandarin content. Hussein et al. [ 30 ] evaluated YouTube as a source of information by measuring the information on this platform and by auditing misinformation in videos. Indirectly, some research works developed methods that can be used in YouTube video analysis [ 42 , 56 , 57 , 45 ]. Analyzing research trends in YouTube papers requires the use of the bibliometric method.

Bibliometric is a quantitative analysis of papers published in a specific research domain [ 46 ]. The bibliometric study analyzes the authors’ activities, publication trends, and collaborations among institutions and countries. The bibliometric analysis evaluates impact of published papers and reveals the potential gaps and future directions in a research area, which increases interest and attention of researchers and funding bodies. The bibliometric study has been used in many research areas like COVID -19 pandemic [ 26 ], agricultural [ 47 ], accounting [ 50 ], and economic [ 8 ]. The advantages of using a bibliometric study are: 1) reveals important research works in a research domain; 2) helps to discover the gaps need to be addressed by researchers; 3) gives young researchers a holistic view of a research area.

To scrutinize research trends and direction on YouTube, this study aims at performing a bibliometric analysis on research works focused on YouTube published between 2006 and 2021. We propose the following research questions to fulfill the aim of this study: 1) what are the trends and directions in YouTube research? And 2) what information can be discovered related to YouTube research? The contributions of this study are as following:

we found only one published paper on YouTube bibliometric study, which presents number of papers, citations, and countries that published research works related to YouTube [ 56 ]. However, our work presents a more comprehensive analysis of the YouTube papers by providing network analysis, research structure, and thematic mapping.

we present a comprehensive network analysis like co -citation network, co -cited sources network, authors’ collaboration network, institutions’ collaboration network, nations’ network, as well as keywords and co -occurrence network.

We analyze the trending research and provide a structured research trends as well as thematic and historiographic mapping.

we adopt dominance factor, Bradford’s law, and Lotka’s law to analyze the published works using scientific methods.

This article is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the methodology used to carry out the analysis. Section 3 deals with research findings. Section 4 discusses the research findings. The last section deals with research limitations and explores potential avenues for future research.

This study is guided by the following four steps:

Selecting the database and defining the search terms.

Conducting the preliminary statistical analysis.

Performing the bibliometric network analysis.

Performing the conceptual structure, thematic and historiographic mapping.

To conduct the analysis, the R version 4.1 software [ 58 ] was used along with several libraries such as the bibliometrix, wordcloud and ggplot2 . For network visualization, we used the VOSviewer software [ 61 ]. We discuss here the steps outlined above in some detail.

2.1 Database and documents’ extraction

Following Sigala et al. (2021), the Scopus database was selected to conduct the analysis. As the largest database for peer -reviewed journals (Norris & Oppenheim, 2007), Scopus is frequently used by researchers to conduct bibliometric analysis (Cunill et al., 2019; Hassan et al., 2021). Having selected the database, we extracted bibliographic records related to the selected documents, including relevant information about documents’ titles, authors, and keywords. Retrieved documents were then transformed to a plain text format for further filtering and analysis. Choosing a particular type of document for bibliometric analysis has long been the subject of debate [ 51 , 52 ]. For instance, journal articles only have been selected in prior studies (e.g., [ 20 ]), whereas some authors have focused on both books and journal articles (e.g., [ 4 ]), yet others excluded only meeting abstracts, corrections, and editorial material, (e.g., [ 2 ]). Here, we opted for peer -reviewed articles only because such articles “usually undergo a meticulous peer -review process and are generally of high quality” ([ 16 ], p. 206). To avoid false -positive results, only article titles, abstracts and keywords were searched using the terms “YouTube.” Figure 1 plots the search procedure followed to extract the articles used in this analysis. We limited the selection to documents written in English and we chose 2006 as the date of reference because YouTube was launched in 2006.

Schematic flowchart of data acquisition and methodology (Adapted from [ 15 ])

Having selected the database, we extracted bibliographic records related to the selected documents, including relevant information about documents’ titles, authors, and keywords. Retrieved documents were then transformed to a plain text format for further filtering and analysis. Choosing a particular type of document for analysis has long been the subject of debate [ 51 , 52 ]. For instance, journal articles only have been selected in prior studies (e.g., [ 20 ]), whereas some authors have focused on both books and journal articles (e.g., [ 4 ]), yet others excluded only meeting abstracts, corrections, and editorial material, (e.g., [ 2 ]). Here, we opted for peer -reviewed articles only because such articles “usually undergo a meticulous peer -review process and are generally of high quality” ([ 16 ], p. 206).

Table 1 shows the main information about the YouTube research data.

The table reveals that 1781 research articles were extracted. The articles were written by 4699 authors, and they include 65,677 references. 417 articles were written by single authors, whereas 567 were written by multi -authors, with a collaboration index of 3.26. This index is calculated by dividing the total authors of multi -authored articles by total multi -authored articles [ 23 , 36 ]. Our result indicates that the average YouTube research team falls between 3 and 4.

2.2 Bibliometric network analysis

A network can be regarded as “a structure composed of a set of actors, some of whose members are connected by a set of one or more relationships” ([ 35 ], p. 8). In social network analysis (SNA), an edge connecting two nodes represents a relationship. Khan and Wood [ 32 ] noted that “when used to synthesize the existing literature from a network perspective, the SNA technique can reveal valuable invisible patterns that can certainly facilitate theory development and uncover areas for future research.” There has been extensive prior research using network analysis in areas as diverse as exploring individual scientific collaboration networks [ 11 , 27 , 66 ], collaboration among research institutions [ 21 ] and keywords co -occurrence networks [ 7 ].

2.3 Thematic and conceptual structure maps

Thematic maps or strategic diagrams were suggested by Law et al. [ 39 ]. The map is usually employed to reveal the clusters’ dynamics based on analyzing the keywords or co -word occurrences [ 29 ]. The Callon et al. [ 10 ] density and centrality metrics are generally used to construct the map. The map also draws heavily on the financial portfolio analysis and concepts based on co -word networks [ 5 ]. Due to its usefulness, the map has been used in a plethora of research articles [ 33 , 40 , 65 ]. On the other hand, conceptual structure maps can be employed to investigate the conceptual structure of a research area by breaking down a research domain into clear “knowledge clusters” [ 63 ].

3.1 Scientific output, core journals and impactful authors

We extracted 1781 Scopus documents related to YouTube. The documents were written by 4699 authors representing 70 nations. Timewise, the documents covered almost fifteen years (2006-2021). Figure 2 plots the scientific output trends in the field. Although the figure reveals an exponential annual growth rate, this rate is not evenly distributed. For instance, in the first two years there was a paucity in YouTube research with only a handful of papers per year. These two years might be referred to as “the initial stage in the YouTube research.” However, the next decade (2008-2017) appears to witness a tremendous increase in research dealing with YouTube. This decade might be called “the rapid growth stage.” Indeed, this period represents the highest growth rate. The final stage (2018-2021) might be called the “consolidation and stabilization stage” because the YouTube research reached the “saturation/maturity” stage. This result is in line with several bibliometric studies conducted in several research areas [ 53 , 66 ].

YouTube research annual scientific production (2006–2021)

Table 2 shows the most important Scopus -indexed journals publishing YouTube research. The table reveals that the most relevant sources publishing YouTube research include journals such as New Media and Society, Convergence, Journal of Medical Internet Research, Computers in Human Behavior and the Physics Teacher . Another way to examine the journals’ influence is known as the Bradford’s law [ 37 ]. This law was first proposed by Bradford [ 9 ], who noted that “if scientific journals are arranged in order of decreasing productivity of articles on a given subject, they may be divided into a nucleus of periodicals more particularly devoted to the subject and several groups or zones containing the same number of articles as the nucleus.” Fig. 3 plots the Bradford’s law in YouTube research. From the graph, we see that the “core zone” is dominated by just few journals, including New Media and Society, Convergence, Journal of Medical Internet Research, etc. Such journals are considered the outlets publishing the “core” YouTube research.

Bradford’s law in YouTube scholarly research

The YouTube research growth is also evident from the corresponding author’s country involved (Fig. 4 ).

YouTube research by corresponding author’s country. Note: SCP = Single Country Production; MCP = Multiple Country Production

Table 3 shows the most cited articles in YouTube research. The table shows that Smith et al. (2012) paper in the Journal of Interactive Marketing is the most cited paper as it was cited 457 times. In this article, the authors compared brand -related user -generated content between three social media platforms, namely Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube. Results provide a general theoretical framework demonstrating how consumer -generated brand communications are influenced by a particular social media channel. The second most cited paper (443 citations) is Lang (2007) paper published in the Journal of Computer - Mediated Communication. In this paper, the author employed ethnographic methodology to analyze how YouTube participants develop and maintain social networks related to video sharing activities. With 333 citations, Susarla et al. (2011) article is the third most cited paper. In this article published in Information Systems Research , the authors analyzed the networked structure of interactions on YouTube. Results revealed that “social interactions are influential not only in determining which videos become successful but also on the magnitude of the impact.” (p. 23). Halpern and Gibbs (2013) paper published in Computers in Human Behavior was cited 298 times. In this paper the authors used two social media platforms, namely YouTube and Facebook to examine how social media can be used to foster democratic deliberations. Results showed that the “Facebook expands the flow of information to other networks and enables more symmetrical conversations among users, whereas politeness is lower in the more anonymous and deindividuated YouTube” (p. 1159). Khan’s (2017) paper published in Computers in Human Behavior was cited 291 times. In this paper the author investigated motives behind YouTube users’ engagement. Results revealed that YouTube participation is driven mainly by the relaxing/entertainment motive. However, passive content viewing was mainly driven by reading comments posted on the platform. Table 4 .

The dominance factor is a bibliometric measure that calculates authors dominance by dividing the number of multi -authored articles in which the author is the first author by the total number of multi -authored articles [ 38 ]. This metric has been used widely in the literature [ 23 , 25 ]. Figure 5 shows the dominating authors over time. From the figure, we see that the most dominating authors were C Basch from 2015 till 2021, Riendeau from 2009 till 2012 and S Azer from 2012 to 2021. Newcomers to the field have also achieved some dominance. Examples include J Yin (2017-2019) and J Park (2016-2021).

YouTube authors dominance over the time

In bibliometric studies, “Evenness/concentration of authors’ contribution” is a widely used metric [ 49 ]. This metric can be quantified using Lotka’s law (Lotka, 1926). Based on the well -known Zipf’s law, Lotka’s law implies that “the number of authors producing a certain number of articles is a fixed ratio, 2, to single -article authors.” Results suggests that the Lotka’s law seems to hold in YouTube research ( K - S two sample test p > 0.05).

3.2 Network analysis

3.2.1 co -citation networks.

A co -citation network is formed when two authors are cited together in a third reference. Figure 6 displays the YouTube research co -cited authors’ network. Based on the color used, the graph reveals four distinct clusters. The red cluster includes authors such as J Burgess, M Thelwall and J Green. The size of the node indicates which author occupies a central position in the cluster. Such author(s) might be regarded as influential as they have disproportionate impact on the information diffusion on the network [ 6 ]. From the graph, we also see that some nodes are quite close to each other, whereas others drift further away. McPherson et al. [ 48 ] argued that closeness signifies a strong “homophily effect,” which occurs when authors in a virtual -room -like environment discuss common topics [ 24 ]. In bibliometrics, homophily is an indicator of “disciplinary or thematic similarity” [ 31 ]. For example, the nodes representing both R Schatz and A Finamore are very close to each other, indicating possible “homophily effect.”

YouTube authors co-citation network (> = 30 articles)

The green cluster includes authors such as C Basch, J Keelan, A Pandy and S Sarangi. The blue cluster includes sixty -two authors such as J Baker, D Charnock, A Rapp and J Lee. The yellow cluster is the smallest and it includes ten authors such as A Finamore, R Schatz and J Wang. The centrally located authors in each cluster might be regarded as influential authors as they “tend to anchor each community and they have a large impact on other communities as they control and stimulate information diffusion [in the network] through research activities” ([ 53 ], p. 664).

Figure 7 displays the YouTube research co -cited sources’ network. The graph reveals five distinct clusters. For example, the Journal of Clinical Rheumatology, Epilepsy Behavior and the Journal of Cancer Education are co -cited together as they belong to the same cluster. The American Sociological Review is co -cited with Discourse and Society, and Feminist Media Studies . The Journal of Advertising is co -cited with the Journal of Business Research and the Journal of Consumer Research , whereas Body Image is co -cited with the Journal of Pragmatics and Sex Roles . Interestingly, “core” journals occupy central position in the network with a minimal interaction among the distinct clusters, confirming what Glotzl and Aigner [ 28 ] term “the orthodox core -heterodox periphery” phenomenon within the field of YouTube research. Dobusch and Kapeller [ 22 ] found that “orthodox journals” tend to be heavily cited, whereas “heterodox journals” tend to be drifted towards the periphery.

YouTube source co-citation network (> = 30 articles)

3.2.2 Collaboration networks

The collaboration network among authors is depicted in Fig. 8 . The thickness of the link in this graph is proportionate to articles coauthored, whereas the node size is formed based on the author’s publications. A glance at the graph reveals that the sparse network is formed by seven distinct communities, signifying a limited cooperation among authors. The sparse network implies that impactful researchers in the field work in isolated “silos” [ 62 ].

YouTube authors’ collaboration network (documents > = 2 articles)

Figure 9 depicts the collaboration network at the institutional level. The thickness of the link is proportional to the institution’s collaboration, whereas the node size is formed based on each institution’s publications. From the graph, we see that there are seven distinct clusters. For example, there is a strong collaboration between Columbia University, the New York University and the William Paterson University in the US. Zou et al. [ 66 ] argued that this type of sparse collaboration reflects a “locally -centralized -globally -discrete” cooperation. It also reflects a “North -South” divide, with a clear lack of cooperation between developed/developing world institutions.

Collaboration network among institutions producing YouTube research (documents > = 1 article)

Figure 10 shows the collaboration at the nations’ level, with a total of 62 nations collaborating in the scientific production of YouTube research. The figure shows that US tops the world in terms of the total collaboration links, followed by the UK and Australia. A closer look at the graph reveals that some clusters are formed based on geographic distance or linguistic similarity. For example, Spain cooperates with Colombia, Ecuador and Mexico. The cluster that includes Egypt also includes Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. Figure 11 plots the “geographic atlas” of the countries producing the YouTube research.

Collaboration network among nations producing YouTube scholarly research (documents > = 2 articles)

Geographic atlas of collaboration among nations producing YouTube scholarly research

3.2.3 Keywords and co -occurrence network analysis

Due to their abstract nature [ 12 ], keywords can be used to reveal the content of a paper. Figure 12 shows a simple wordcloud constructed based on the author -provided keywords. A wordcloud plot is an appealing visual tool that can be used to summarize textual data. The size of each word and its closeness to the cloud center determine its significance [ 42 , 43 ]. From the figure we see that the most relevant/frequent keywords used are “Youtube”, “social media” and “Internet.”

Keyword-based wordcloud of the most frequent YouTube terms

To further scrutinize how frequently keywords co -occur in the same document, we also used the author -provided keywords to construct the YouTube keyword co -occurrence network because “authors of a paper should be the ones that have the best feel as to what areas are spoken to by the paper” [ 19 ]. Figure 13 displays the resulting co -occurrence network. The graph reveals eight main clusters. For example, the first cluster in blue deals with medical/health use of the YouTube and includes words such as “health communication”, “health education” and “health information”. The second cluster (green -colored) deals with consumer comments and includes words such as “user -generated content”, “social network” and “Web 2.0”. The third cluster (yellow -colored) deals mainly with the educational use of the YouTube and includes words such as “e -learning”, “medical education” and “online videos”.

Co-occurrence network for author-provided YouTube keywords

A three -field plot, also known as a Sankey diagram, was also used to contextualize the flow trend linking keywords (left), authors (middle) and sources (right). In this diagram the size of the boxes is proportional to the related quantity (keyword, author, or source). Figure 14 displays the YouTube research Sankey diagram. Not surprisingly, edge widths flowing from keywords as “YouTube”, “social media”, and “Internet” are the largest, signifying that such keywords were used by several authors in their publications. We see also see that while some authors have used an extensive list of the keywords reflecting the diversity of their research (C Basch), others used a unique keyword (J Kim).

Sankey diagram for YouTube research flow (kewword-author-reference)

3.2.4 Trending topics and thematic evolution

Figure 15 plots the major YouTube research trending topics. From the graph we see that there is a move from established YouTube topics such as “video sharing” (2010-2018) and “web -based learning” (2012-2014) to new topics such as “COVID -19” (2020 onwards) and “misinformation” (2020 onwards). Such topics might be regarded as “trending topics/hotspots” in the scholarly publications dealing with YouTube because it has been argued that trending topics usually represent hotspots or evolving themes in a specific research domain [ 13 , 14 , 54 , 60 ]. Abrupt burst or surge in keywords might be also an indicator of “potential fronts” [ 57 ] as “the body of knowledge in a certain discipline can be seen as a sequence of topics that appear, grow in importance for a particular period and then disappear” [ 18 ].

YouTube research trending topics

3.3 Conceptual structure and thematic maps

We applied the Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) method on the author -provided keywords. The MCA is an extension of correspondence analysis, akin to the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), that helps to analyze the pattern of relationships of categorical data [ 1 ]. It was selected since the results of this method is proved to be better on categorical data compared to other methods [ 1 ]. Figure 16 depicts the resulting YouTube research conceptual structure over four decades. From the graph, we see that the best dimension reduction achieved for the first two dimensions of the MCA account for roughly 72% of the total variability. In this graph, the closer the dots, the similar the profile they represent, whereas each cluster of dots represents discriminating profiles [ 64 ].

Conceptual structure map for YouTube scholarly research (MCA method)

An inspection of the graph reveals the depth and breadth of the domain. For instance, the largest red cluster comprises keywords emphasizing the consumer -generated content such as “user -generated content”, “web 2.0” and “online video.” The second cluster (in green) appears to deal with health and medical issues and includes keywords such as “health communication”, “health information” and “misinformation.” The third cluster in blue appears to deal with YouTube research within the context of information quality and includes keywords such as “internet”, “information” and “quality.”

A thematic/strategic map is also shown in Fig. 17 . In this graph, average values of both axes are represented by a dotted line dividing the map into four quadrants. Each quadrant in this graph represents a different theme, whereas the bubble size is drawn in proportion to the frequency of documents in which the keywords is used. The first quadrant represents “motor themes” that are well -developed both internally and externally as it is characterized by high density and centrality. [ 17 ]. Within the YouTube research, such themes include “user -generated content”, “new media”, “influencers”, and “gender.” The second one is usually labeled the “highly -developed -and -isolated themes” quadrant as it deals with niche themes. With high -density -low -centrality structure, this quadrant highlights the fact that while the themes it comprises are well -developed internally, they are marginally important externally. Within the YouTube research, such themes include “education,” “medical education”, and “technology.” The low -density -low -centrality third quadrant is termed the “emerging -or -declining themes” quadrant. This implies that the themes in this quadrant are characterized by weak ties at the internal and external levels. Such themes might indicate potential hotspots in YouTube research. Examples include “COVID -19”, “health communication” and “Twitter.” Finally, the “basic -and -transversal themes” quadrant (low density -high -centrality) comprises themes that are weakly developed in terms of internal ties. Nevertheless, they are characterized by important external ties. Within the YouTube research, such themes include “Social media” and “internet.”

YouTube research thematic/strategic map

4 Discussion

This study examined published research works related to YouTube between 2006 and 2021. At this point, we can answer the research questions. To answer the first research question about trends and directions, we found that between 2006 and 2008, there was a slow growth in publications since the YouTube platform was new. Then from 2008 to 2017, there was a rapid growth in research on YouTube. Afterwards, the trend is still upward with a slower pace. We also found that the trending topic changes over time. While “gaming” and “video sharing” were trending topics in some time period, the trend shifted towards topics like “COVID -19” and “misinformation”.

The second research question is related to the information discovered from YouTube research. We discovered the most cited papers, authors, and countries with highest number of publications. We also discovered the network between the published works. Specifically, the authors’ collaboration network, collaboration between institutions, and collaboration between countries. We also analyzed the collected works regarding the Bradford’s law and Lotka’s law. It was proved that large number of papers were published in a small group of journals, which followed the Bradford’s law. Also, it was proved that the frequency indexes of author productivity distribution followed Lotka’s law. Additionally, the MCA algorithm was used to find the conceptual structure map related to YouTube papers. The output shows three clusters, consumer -generated content, health and medical issues, and information quality.

Based on this paper’s results, large number of works are related to health and medical issues. Among the institutions, department of public health appeared more than other institutions. Additionally, the journal of medical internet research is in the third spot of the most relevant sources. The MCA algorithm dedicated one cluster for health and medical issues. Furthermore, “medical education” topic started trending in 2014 and is still trending, based on Fig. 15 , which is one of the longest trending topics. It is clear that researchers are interested in analyzing YouTube about health -related issues. These points coincide with studies on effectiveness of YouTube videos as a health educational platform. Allgaier mentioned that many people use YouTube as a source of information on science, technology, and health [ 3 ]. It is also assumed that because of the sensitivity of health and medical related issues, researchers focused more on the health aspect of the YouTube to find information and misinformation in videos. They analyzed videos and comments to understand users’ feedback on the health -related videos [ 59 ].

5 Limitations and future research

Despite the major contributions of this study, it suffers from some limitations. First, we relied only on the Scopus database to conduct our bibliometric analysis. Thus, we unavoidably commit a selection bias. Subsequently, we believe that future research should test the robustness of our finding by merging several databases such as WoS and Google Scholar. However, it has been argued that the Google Scholar database is less stringent as it comprises citations from unpublished manuscripts, blogs, etc. (Gavel & Iselid, 2008; [ 55 ]). Second, we limited the selection of documents to articles published in English. Thus, our results might be limited in terms of coverage [ 57 ]. Future research might add other languages to test the generalizability of our findings. Finally, although we conducted a comprehensive study on the whole domain of YouTube research, future research might focus on specific journals publishing YouTube research such as New Media and Society, Convergence, Journal of Medical Internet Research, Computers in Human Behaviour, and the Physics Teacher, among others.

6 Conclusion

This work conducted a bibliometric study on YouTube, as a research topic, in the literature between 2006 and 2021. The search in Scopus database resulted in 1781 research works, which were collected along their meta data such as authors name, keywork, etc. The collected data were analyzed, and the results were presented in the form of network of collaborations between authors, institutions, and countries. We also show the results of networks of keywords. We then created a thematic map based on the keywords to find the trending topic in research related to YouTube. The analysis revealed that 2006 -2007 were initial stage in YouTube research followed by 2008 -2017 which is the decade of rapid growth in YouTube research. The 2017 -2021 is considered the stage of consolidation and stabilization of this research topic. We also found that the trending topic changes over time. While “gaming” and “video sharing” were initially trending, the trend shifted towards topics like “COVID -19” and “misinformation”.

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Mostafa, M.M., Feizollah, A. & Anuar, N.B. Fifteen years of YouTube scholarly research: knowledge structure, collaborative networks, and trending topics. Multimed Tools Appl 82 , 12423–12443 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13908-7

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What We Discovered on ‘Deep YouTube’

The video site isn’t just a platform. It’s infrastructure.

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Produced by ElevenLabs and News Over Audio (NOA) using AI narration.

Until last month, nobody outside of YouTube had a solid estimate for just how many videos are currently on the site. Eight hundred million ? One billion ? It turns out that the figure is more like 14 billion—more than one and a half videos for every person on the planet—and that’s counting strictly those that are publicly visible.

I have that number not because YouTube maintains a public counter and not because the company issued a press release announcing it. I’m able to share it with you now only because I’m part of a small team of researchers at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst who spent a year figuring out how to calculate it. Our team’s paper, which was published last month , provides what we believe is the most comprehensive analysis of the world’s most important video-sharing platform to date. The viral videos and popular conspiracy theorists are, of course, important. But the reality is that the number and perhaps even importance of those videos are dwarfed by hours-long church services, condo-board meetings, and other miscellaneous clips that you’ll probably never see.

Unlike stereotypical YouTube videos—personality-driven and edited to engage the broadest possible audience—these videos aren’t uploaded with profit in mind. Instead, they illustrate some of the ways that people rely on YouTube for a much wider range of activities than you would find while casually scrolling through its algorithmically driven recommendations. YouTube may have started as a video platform, but it has since become the backbone of one of the 21st century’s core forms of communication.

Despite its global popularity, YouTube (which is owned by Google) veils its inner workings. When someone studies, for example, the proliferation of extreme speech on YouTube, they can tell us about a specific sample of videos—their content, view count, what other videos they link to, and so on. But that information exists in isolation; they cannot tell us how popular those videos are relative to the rest of YouTube. To make claims about YouTube in its entirety, we either need key information from YouTube’s databases, which isn’t realistic, or the ability to produce a big-enough, random sample of videos to represent the website.

That is what we did. We used a complicated process that boils down to making billions upon billions of random guesses at YouTube IDs (the identifiers you see in the URL when watching videos). We call it “dialing for videos,” inspired by the “random digit dialing” used in polling. It took a sophisticated cluster of powerful computers at the University of Massachusetts months to collect a representative sample; we then spent another few months analyzing those videos to paint what we think is the best portrait to date of YouTube as a whole. (We use a related, slightly faster method at this website to keep regularly updated data.)

So much of YouTube is effectively dark matter. Videos with 10,000 or more views account for nearly 94 percent of the site’s traffic overall but less than 4 percent of total uploads. Just under 5 percent of videos have no views at all, nearly three-quarters have no comments, and even more have no likes. Popularity is almost entirely algorithmic: We found little correlation between subscribers and views, reflecting how YouTube recommendations, and not subscriptions, are the primary drivers of traffic on the site. In other words, people tend to watch just a sliver of what YouTube has to offer, and, on the whole, they follow what the algorithm serves to them.

The much larger proportion of videos, not uplifted by the algorithm, is from what I call “Deep YouTube.” These videos sometimes resemble their more professional counterparts, but many—family slideshows, homework assignments—are apparently not intended for the “creator economy.” This is YouTube put to a different purpose and a different audience—an archive for friends and family, a public record, a tertiary channel for some other type of media.

Read: Nobody knows what’s happening online anymore

Deep YouTube is almost impossible to fully grasp. Our paper sought to remedy that: It does not offer a single powerful takeaway but is instead meant to help researchers, journalists, and legislators contextualize other studies about YouTube. Gathering, analyzing, and publishing these data took us a year; if YouTube decided to share this kind of information, it may have taken us an afternoon. But YouTube, like Facebook and Instagram and X (formerly Twitter), has no mandate and little incentive to do so—we’ve come to accept that the most basic information about the platforms organizing our lives is unavailable. (Reached for comment about the issues raised by our research, a spokesperson for YouTube said, in part, “We’re always looking for new avenues to deepen transparency and expand collaborations with the research community, while ensuring the necessary privacy and security protection of our systems.”)

The word platform has become the most common way to reference YouTube and other popular websites, though it is flawed. Tarleton Gillespie, a media scholar, has argued that the term serves as strategic branding for tech companies to describe their products as egalitarian places where anyone with the inclination can speak. Even now, YouTube’s stated mission is “to give everyone a voice and show them the world.” The term also offers these companies some protection: Merely providing a platform implies that companies aren’t culpable for how people use it.

The framing has been broadly successful—YouTube brings in tens of billions of dollars in revenue each year and enjoys a legal status, under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act , that distinguishes “providers” from “publishers” and effectively insulates sites from liability for the content their users upload. It took a wave of reporting and outrage about YouTube recommendations leading users toward extremist content to pressure YouTube to change those algorithms in 2019. We don’t know exactly what those changes were, but they appear to have been at least somewhat effective. Most of the time, though, companies give no indication that they’ve updated their recommendation algorithms.

Platforms present opportunities; they’re something you can choose to use in order to communicate. But for many people, YouTube is now less an opportunity than a requirement—something you have to use, because basic elements of society have organized around it. The terms with which YouTube’s trillion-dollar owner defines its product should no longer be our default. The website is infrastructure.

Changing the language we use to talk about YouTube allows a discussion based on its real place in the world. Perhaps when we talk about YouTube, instead of referencing MrBeast and Cocomelon, we should think about the December 18 meeting of the Amherst Board of Education. It provides a good example of YouTube used for recordkeeping, not for virality, with roughly 50 views at the time of writing. Those may be exactly the views it was intended to get. Indeed, if such a video goes viral, there’s a good chance something is terribly wrong.

When a platform becomes natural, transparent, and essential because of the ways people use it, it becomes infrastructure. Similarly, if large parts of society organize themselves around something such that a breakdown would have profound economic, social, and operational effects, it probably makes sense to use that term. Infrastructures are, after all, most visible when they stop working properly. Talking about YouTube as infrastructure doesn’t automatically mean, as many pundits recommend, treating it the same way we do public utilities such as gas and water, and doesn’t mean we must repeal Section 230. Rather, we have to think about a new set of principles for the site, free of partisan outrage.

Read: Very, very few people are falling down the YouTube rabbit hole

An excellent example of YouTube as infrastructure, as my colleague Ethan Zuckerman has written about, comes from local journalists and activists: Because their personal sites are sometimes subject to hacking or takedown requests, they rely on YouTube to host video evidence of various human-rights violations. Google is a massive company with a global presence, extraordinary technical investiture, and a large legal team—it can resist takedown attacks that a personal website cannot.

YouTube is no less essential for viewers. Last year, the Washington Post editorial board published an opinion piece titled “ YouTube Must Hold the Line in Russia ,” which highlights how YouTube has become “the surest way for Russian citizens to keep abreast of what’s happening in the world.” Even after YouTube blocked Russian state-funded media and stopped selling ads in the country, even as other state censorship increased significantly and Google was issued fines for not complying with takedown requests, even after the late Yevgeny Prigozhin publicly asked for the site to be restricted, YouTube remains accessible in Russia. Perhaps it survives because too many citizens use YouTube every day for it to be banned entirely. Or maybe it survives because there is no suitable alternative in Russia for video hosting. When something becomes the last hope for obtaining information without a government filter, we are no longer talking about platforms where you might choose to speak. We are talking about fundamental infrastructure of human communication.

Up to now, in the absence of robust laws governing privacy, accountability, and reliability when it comes to internet-based infrastructure, we have relied on the tech industry to self-regulate. X, under Elon Musk, provides a timely cautionary tale about the abject failure of industry self-regulation. Since Musk’s takeover, overhauled content-moderation policies, reduced transparency, and hostility to researchers have degraded the website’s former function as a source of information and informed opinion. Self-regulation works, until someone in power simply decides to stop doing it.

The same might apply to YouTube. One of the tools researchers have used to study the site’s recommendations, “Related Videos,” was removed from the application programming interface in August . Although imperfect, the tool was one of the only ways for researchers to study connections between videos at scale. With large platforms restricting APIs, this is yet another impediment to studying the internet’s basic infrastructure, and yet another sign that we may be entering a dark age of internet research.

How to move forward from here? Recent laws in Europe provide one way, creating new vocabularies while implementing new rules. Although there’s still plenty of uncertainty about their implementation, the European Union’s Digital Services Act and Digital Markets Act provide an ambitious framework that will be worth watching. Google has already rolled out researcher programs applicable to YouTube, in part to comply with DSA requirements, but they are currently limited and have a lot of up-front restrictions. Still, these laws have the potential to spread regulatory responsibility around, bringing a range of expertise to our digital infrastructure for the good of the public—and of the sites themselves, which effectively receive free, independent quality assurance.

We expect the companies that manage our infrastructure to be reliable and subject to independent scrutiny. We might expect something similar from the default video arm of the internet: robust access for researchers, who should not fear lawsuits for doing their job; regular audits of recommendation algorithms; reports sharing information about systems we rely on every day. If we think about YouTube as essential infrastructure rather than as a platform, and shift our expectations accordingly, maybe we won’t have to spend the better part of a year figuring out how many videos it hosts. Maybe we’ll be able to spend our time working to ensure that this digital infrastructure serves the public interest for the next 14 billion videos to come.

This article was adapted from a blog post by Ryan McGrady that was previously published by the Media Ecosystems Analysis Group .

Project 2025 partners celebrate Arizona court ruling that almost totally bans abortion in the state

Anti-abortion groups that could hold significant sway under a potential second Donald Trump administration applauded the decision

Special Programs Abortion Rights & Reproductive Health

Written by John Knefel

Research contributions from Sophie Lawton

Published 04/10/24 3:56 PM EDT

Top figures and organizations associated with Project 2025, a sweeping initiative to provide policy and staffing proposals for a second Trump administration, have endorsed or supported a ruling issued Tuesday by the Arizona State Supreme Court that all but bans abortion in the state.

The April 9 decision determined that an 1864 law that predates Arizona statehood is enforceable, although it is currently on hold pending further review from a lower court. The law makes abortion a felony offense punishable by two to five years in prison for physicians who perform an abortion or those who assist in the process. The only exception is when the procedure is necessary to save the pregnant person’s life.

Project 2025 is an extreme right-wing plan to drastically reshape the federal government organized by The Heritage Foundation and a coalition of over 100 conservative organizations — many of which explicitly advocate for severe restrictions on abortion rights and reproductive autonomy more broadly, including in vitro fertilization and surrogacy .

Following the Arizona ruling, several groups associated with Project 2025 celebrated the possible near-total elimination of abortion access in the state.

The Alliance Defending Freedom, an extreme anti-LGBTQ and anti-abortion organization that is a member of Project 2025’s advisory board, argued for the reinstatement of the 1864 law before the court.

“We celebrate the Arizona Supreme Court’s decision that allows the state’s pro-life law to again protect the lives of countless, innocent unborn children,” said ADF senior counsel Jake Warner, who argued the case.

The ADF’s official account on X (formerly Twitter) celebrated the ruling using nearly identical language and reposted an article from LifeNews.com with the headline “BREAKING: Arizona Supreme Court Rules State Can Enforce Abortion Ban, Protect Babies From Abortions.”

Breaking: The AZ Supreme Court just ruled to uphold the state's pro-life law. This is a significant ruling that will protect the lives of countless, innocent unborn children.

Citation From the official X account of the Alliance Defending Freedom, accessed April 10, 2024

ADF president and CEO Kristen Waggoner responded to Biden administration spokesperson Karine Jean-Pierre’s criticism of the ruling,” writing :“The Biden admin has made it clear: it will pursue abortion even at the cost of protecting women and children. AZ’s law upholds a perpetual truth: life is a human right. States have a right and duty to protect it. That’s exactly what today’s ruling affirms.”

Anti-abortion group Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America, another member of Project 2025’s advisory board, also released a statement endorsing the Arizona ruling.

“We celebrate this enormous victory for unborn children and their mothers,” said SBA President Marjorie Dannenfelser, adding, “Today’s state Supreme Court decision is a major advancement in the fight for life in Arizona.”

Kristan Hawkins, president of Project 2025 member group Students for Life, posted a link to her organization’s statement celebrating the ruling.

VICTORY: The Arizona Supreme Court CHOSE LIFE! This Pro-Life Ruling in Arizona Is Only the Beginning – Abortion WILL Be on The Ballot in November

Citation From the X account of Kristan Hawkins, accessed April 10, 2024

The decision was “a fantastic, but possibly temporary win for preborn babies and mothers – the real fight remains on the horizon in November when unlimited abortion will be on the ballot,” Students for Life Action Vice President of Political Affairs Chanel Prunier said in the statement .

Hawkins also criticized responses to the ruling from former President Donald Trump and Republican candidate Kari Lake , who is running for the Senate in Arizona, for being insufficiently anti-abortion. In her statement, Lake claimed she opposed the court’s ruling, despite previously referring to the near-total ban as a “great law.”

Other anti-abortion Project 2025 partners weighed in on social media as well.

Right-wing advocacy organization the California Family Council reposted a comment from anti-abortion activist David Daleiden, who wrote that pro-choice advocates “weaponize the law to promote killing babies delivered alive to sell their body parts.”

Penny Nance, the president and CEO of Concerned Women for America, reposted a comment about the Arizona ruling from a Daily Wire writer that read: “Major win for the most basic level of morality—thou shalt not kill.”

Charlie Kirk, the Arizona-based founder and CEO of right-wing activist organization Turning Point USA, appeared to hedge on the ruling during his daily podcast and in a post online. He said the decision “should have been met with celebration,” but added caveats elsewhere in his discussion of the subject.

“This ruling was likely the correct one, but it still puts us in a very tough spot,” Kirk said during his show on Wednesday.

“In some way, it's a proper ruling at an improper time,” Kirk added.

Those comments elaborated on his take from a day earlier, when he celebrated the decision while acknowledging that it likely goes against the will of most Arizonans.

“Getting rid of abortion is an irrefutable, necessary, moral good for society & Arizona,” Kirk posted on X. “Praise God we get to be in the fight for the unborn during such a time as this.”

“However, like all major moral fights in US history, they come with a potential political cost. It is likely that the majority of Arizonans wont like this decision,” he continued, adding that the “best path is likely for the AZ leg to throw this back to the voters in November.”

One of Kirk’s top lieutenants was much clearer in his endorsement of the ruling. Arizona state Rep. Austin Smith, who is also a senior director at Turning Point Action, posted a statement from the Arizona Freedom Caucus celebrating the decision. (Smith serves in a leadership role in the caucus.)

“I am pro-life from conception to natural death. Thankful for my @AZFreedomCaucus colleagues who feel the same,” Smith wrote, in addition to the official statement. “We will continue to lead the way and be unabashedly in favor of supporting both the mother and the unborn child."

Turning Point Action reposted Smith’s comment.

I am pro-life from conception to natural death. Thankful for my @AZFreedomCaucus colleagues who feel the same. We will continue to lead the way and be unabashedly in favor of supporting both the mother and the unborn child.

Citation From the official X account of Turning Point Action, accessed April 10, 2024

One day before the Arizona Supreme Court’s ruling, Trump continued to obfuscate his position on abortion, garnering headlines that downplayed the likelihood that he would sign a national abortion ban or other extreme federal legislation.

The Arizona ruling and the threat of a second Trump term have added extra urgency to an attempt by state abortion rights activists to get a measure on the ballot in November that would enshrine legal protections for the procedure at up to 24 weeks of pregnancy.

World Quantum Day 2024: The latest developments in quantum science and technology

April 12, 2024

April 14 is World Quantum Day, an annual event to celebrate how we use the science of atoms and particles—the building blocks of the universe—to advance science and technology.

Scientists and engineers already leverage the strange and interesting properties of quantum mechanics to advance our technology. Our understanding of quantum mechanics helps us design the semiconductors used in cars, phones, and other technology. GPS systems rely on the quantum mechanics of ultra-precise atomic clocks.

Many more advancements in quantum technology are yet to come. Secure communication through metropolitan-scale entangled quantum networks, quantum machine clusters for high-end computation, and quantum sensors that enhance intracellular sensing and mapping are just some of the predicted developments.

Learn more about the some of the latest quantum research and announcements coming from the UChicago Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering and its partners below.

Advancements in research

Scientists use novel technique to create new energy-efficient microelectronic device

Researchers at UChicago Pritzker Molecular Engineering and Argonne National Laboratory have achieved a breakthrough that could allow for a new kind of microelectronic material to consume only a fraction of the electricity of conventional electronics while still operating at peak performance. In a new study published in Advanced Materials , the Argonne team proposed a new kind of “redox gating” technique that can control the movement of electrons in and out of a semiconducting material.

Read more about increasing energy efficiency of our microelectronics

Researchers from startups, government labs, and academia develop new techniques for making qubits out of erbium

Two research groups—one at quantum startup memQ , founded by UChicago Pritzker Molecular Engineering alumnus Manish Singh, and one at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory—have used different host materials for erbium to advance quantum technology, demonstrating the versatility of this kind of quantum bit (qubit) and highlighting the importance of materials science to quantum computing and quantum communication.

Learn more about a new form of quantum bit

New research unites quantum engineering and artificial intelligence

Researchers at UChicago Pritzker Molecular Engineering, including Chicago Quantum Exchange IBM postdoctoral scholar Junyu Liu, and collaborators show in a new paper how incorporating quantum computing into the classical machine learning process can potentially help make machine learning more sustainable and efficient.

Learn how quantum computing will affect artificial intelligence

In novel quantum computer design, qubits use magnets to selectively communicate

An international team of researchers have begun to use magnets to entangle qubits, the building blocks of quantum computers; the simple technique could unlock complex capabilities.

Read more about the new quantum computer design

Advanced computational tool for understanding quantum materials

Researchers have developed a new computational tool to describe how the atoms within quantum materials behave when they absorb and emit light. The tool will be released as part of the open-source software package WEST , developed within the Midwest Integrated Center for Computational Materials (MICCoM).

Learn how the new tool will advance quantum research

Researchers invent new way to stretch diamond for better quantum bits

A team of UChicago Pritzker Molecular Engineering researchers announced a breakthrough in quantum network engineering: By “stretching” thin films of diamond, they created quantum bits that can operate with significantly reduced equipment and expense. The change also makes the bits easier to control.

Find out how diamonds can be "stretched"

Major milestone achieved in new quantum computing architecture

A team led by the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory has achieved a major milestone toward future quantum computing. They have extended the coherence time for their novel type of qubit to an impressive 0.1 milliseconds—nearly a thousand times better than the previous record.

Read more on how improving coherence times advances quantum science and technology

Researchers “split” phonons—or sound—in step toward new type of quantum computer

In two experiments—the first of their kinds—a team led by Prof. Andrew Cleland used a device called an acoustic beamsplitter to “split” phonons and thereby demonstrate their quantum properties. By showing that the beamsplitter can be used to both induce a special quantum superposition state for one phonon, and further create interference between two phonons, the research team took the first critical steps toward creating a new kind of quantum computer.

Learn more about what happens when you try to split a phonon

‘Noise-cancelling’ qubits developed at the Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering to minimize errors in quantum computers

In a paper in Scienc e, researchers in the lab of Asst. Prof. Hannes Bernien describe a method to constantly monitor the noise around a quantum system and adjust the qubits, in real-time, to minimize error.

Read how the new approach can robustly improve the quality of the data qubits

Simulations reveal the atomic-scale story of qubits

By using sophisticated computer simulations at the atomic scale, a new study predicts the formation process of spin defects useful for quantum technologies.

Learn how spin defects are useful for quantum technology

Quantum announcements

Chicago region designated U.S. Tech Hub for quantum technologies by Biden-Harris administration

The Chicago region has been named an official U.S. Regional and Innovation Technology Hub for quantum technologies by the Biden-Harris administration, a designation that opens the door to new federal funding and recognizes the growing strength of an ecosystem poised to become the heart of the nation’s quantum economy. The Bloch Tech Hub (pronounced “block”), a coalition of industry, academic, government, and nonprofit stakeholders led by the Chicago Quantum Exchange, was one of 31 designees from nearly 400 applications across the country.

Learn how the Bloch Tech Hub will impact Chicago

Gov. Pritzker celebrates quantum technology leadership with The Bloch Tech Hub

Governor JB Pritzker and Innovate Illinois announced a multi-year plan for The Bloch Tech Hub to develop quantum technology solutions for pressing issues such as fraud detection, grid resilience, and drug discovery by accelerating industry adoption to drive research commercialization—an initiative that is projected to generate $60 billion in economic impact for the Chicago metro area over the next decade.

Read more about Pritzker's plans for The Bloch Tech Hub

University of Chicago joins global partnerships to advance quantum computing

The University of Chicago formalized groundbreaking agreements with industry and university partners to transform the future of quantum technology. The first is a 10-year, $100 million plan with IBM, the University of Chicago and the University of Tokyo to develop the blueprints for building a quantum-centric supercomputer powered by 100,000 qubits. The second is a strategic partnership between the University of Chicago, the University of Tokyo and Google, with Google investing up to $50 million over 10 years, to accelerate the development of a fault-tolerant quantum computer and to help train the quantum workforce of the future.

Read more about the historic partnership

Illinois governor proposes $500M for quantum technologies in new budget

Illinois Governor JB Pritzker is asking state legislators for half a billion dollars for quantum technologies in a proposed budget—the latest show of support for a regional quantum ecosystem that has attracted millions of dollars in corporate and government investment in recent years and is emerging as a central driver of US leadership in the field.

Learn how the proposed budget could impact quantum technology

Trump says migrants are fueling violent crime. Here is what the research shows

Medium Text

Former U.S. President Donald Trump arrives at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport

WHAT IS TRUMP SAYING ABOUT IMMIGRANTS AND CRIME?

How has biden responded, do immigrants commit more crime than the native born.

The report, which used data from the Texas Department of Public Safety between 2012-2018, found a lower felony arrest rate for immigrants in the U.S. illegally compared to legal immigrants and native-born U.S. citizens and no evidence of increasing criminality among immigrants.
Light published a study New Tab , opens new tab in 2017 that found illegal immigration does not increase violent crime. The study used data from all 50 U.S. states and Washington, D.C., from 1990-2014. A separate study found New Tab , opens new tab no link between increased illegal immigration and drunk-driving deaths.
The libertarian think tank has published multiple New Tab , opens new tab reports New Tab , opens new tab that show immigrants in the country commit crimes at lower rates than the native-born. In a recent USA Today op-ed New Tab , opens new tab , Nowrasteh previewed new research that found immigrants in the U.S. illegally in Texas were about 26% less likely to be convicted of homicide than native-born Americans from 2013-2022.

DO ANY STUDIES FIND IMMIGRANTS MORE LIKELY TO COMMIT CRIMES?

Is it possible that trends have shifted recently.

Get weekly news and analysis on the U.S. elections and how it matters to the world with the newsletter On the Campaign Trail. Sign up here.

Reporting by Ted Hesson in Washington and Mica Rosenberg in New York; Editing by Mary Milliken and Aurora Ellis

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. New Tab , opens new tab

Thomson Reuters

Ted Hesson is an immigration reporter for Reuters, based in Washington, D.C. His work focuses on the policy and politics of immigration, asylum and border security. Prior to joining Reuters in 2019, Ted worked for the news outlet POLITICO, where he also covered immigration. His articles have appeared in POLITICO Magazine, The Atlantic and VICE News, among other publications. Ted holds a master's degree from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and bachelor's degree from Boston College.

Mica Rosenberg leads the immigration team at Reuters, reporting her own projects while helping edit and coordinate cross-border coverage. An investigation she published with colleagues into child labor in the United States – exposing migrant children manufacturing car parts and working in chicken processing in Alabama – was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and won a George Polk award among other honors. She was a foreign correspondent reporting from nearly a dozen countries across Latin America and also covered legal affairs and white-collar crime in New York. She completed a Knight Bagehot Fellowship in business journalism and earned a master’s from Columbia’s School of International and Public Affairs. She is originally from New Mexico and is based in Brooklyn.

Supporters of former U.S. President Trump gather at Trump Tower in New York

World Chevron

Trucks carrying copper and other goods are seen waiting to enter an area of the Shanghai Free Trade Zone, in Shanghai

Exclusive: Russia and China trade new copper disguised as scrap to skirt taxes, sanctions

Russian Copper Company (RCC) and Chinese firms have avoided taxes and skirted the impact of Western sanctions by trading in new copper wire rod disguised as scrap, three sources familiar with the matter told Reuters.

Egyptian, French and Jordanian Foreign Ministers hold a joint press conference in Cairo

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More From Forbes

How bitcoin miners are preparing for the halving.

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Technicians look at bitcoin mining at Bitfarms in Quebec in 2018.

Bitcoin miners are preparing for the halving , a key event in bitcoin's cycle that halves the reward for mining new blocks and occurs roughly every four years—or every 210,000 blocks. This upcoming halving will reduce the reward from 6.25 to 3.125 bitcoin per block, slashing the daily mining output from 900 to 450 bitcoin, impacting miners’ profitability.

Insights from leading figures in the mining sector, including Paolo Ardoino, CEO of Tether, Geoff Morphey, CEO of BitFarms, Drew Armstrong, president of Cathedra, and Thomas Pacchia, a seasoned bitcoin mining advisor, shed light on the sector’s preparedness and strategic shifts.

Understanding the relationship between bitcoin’s price, hash rate and mining profitability is essential. When the price of bitcoin goes up, mining becomes more profitable, encouraging miners to increase their operations and computing power. However, if the price falls, the hash rate may decrease because it’s less profitable. The halving doubles the cost of producing each bitcoin while the operational expenses remain constant.

BitFarms is proactively gearing up for the bitcoin halving with a strategy centered on sustainability and efficiency. Morphey shares, “Since 2020, we’ve focused on robust management and low operational costs to ensure our resilience through market cycles. Our commitment to green energy, demonstrated by our nearly complete reliance on renewable sources, positions us for sustained profitability post-halving.”

The company improves its renewable mining operations through advanced cooling technologies and strategic partnerships, such as its collaboration with Paraguay’s National Operator or Administración Nacional de Electricidad. “By utilizing natural resources for power and pioneering in cooling solutions, we aim to maintain our competitive edge while setting new industry standards for environmentally responsible mining,” Morphey concludes.

Tether has also ventured into bitcoin mining and aims to leverage its expertise to enhance the network's sustainability, marking a move towards eco-friendly mining practices. Ardoino highlights Tether’s commitment to sustainability: “We’re investing in renewable energy sources like wind, solar, and hydro to power our mining operations. This aligns with our environmental goals and ensures long-term profitability and resilience.” Tether’s initiative reflects a broader industry trend towards mining bitcoin using wasted or stranded energy.

The bitcoin halving occurs about every four years.

They have a proactive approach for the bitcoin halving, reinforcing its commitment to sustainable mining practices and long-term viability. Ardoino told me, “Our development of the Moria platform—an optimization tool for mining operations—exemplifies our approach. Moria enables us to efficiently manage and scale our operations by providing a unified interface for monitoring and predictive analysis, ensuring our mining endeavors remain profitable in the face of reduced block rewards. This strategic emphasis on sustainability and technological innovation underscores Tether’s preparation for the halving, aiming to maintain operational efficiency and profitability while fostering environmental responsibility.”

Armstrong of Cathedra brings a strategic operational focus to the conversation. “Bitcoin BTC mining is a brutal form of commodity production,” he remarked, emphasizing the necessity of operational excellence and efficiency. Cathedra’s strategy involves fine-tuning mining operations to remain profitable post-halving, leveraging cutting edge-tech to optimize energy consumption and cost.

Pacchia, with his expertise in both bitcoin mining and law, emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach. With his dual hats as a bitcoin mining advisor and a former derivatives lawyer, Pacchia stresses the importance of readiness for the halving. “It’s not just about technology but also about understanding the market dynamics and regulatory environment,” he notes.

Bitcoin memorabilia at Pubkey Bar in New York.

While mining is the main focus, PubKey —a bitcoin cultural center in New York’s Greenwich Village, co-founded by Pacchia—serves as a community hub. As a venue that hosts events and fosters discussions around bitcoin, PubKey serves as a bridge between the technological and cultural aspects of bitcoin. “Our mission is to make bitcoin accessible and fun, serving as a platform for education and community building,” Pacchia explains, highlighting the interconnectedness of mining practices and the broader ecosystem.

As the halving approaches, the strategies employed by these leaders illustrate the sector’s adaptive and forward-thinking nature. The emphasis on sustainability, efficiency and community engagement points to a maturing industry reacting to immediate challenges and shaping the future of bitcoin mining. While this event requires adjustments, it also offers opportunities for innovation and growth.

The industry demonstrates resilience and adaptability from BitFarms’ sustainable practices to Tether’s renewable energy investments, Cathedra’s operational strategies, and PubKey’s community and educational focus. As miners navigate the economic and operational shifts brought by the halving, their efforts underscore a commitment to sustainability, efficiency and community. This triad will define the next chapter in bitcoin’s ongoing evolution.

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The S&P 500 will soar another 26% by the end of next year as the Fed cuts rates more than expected, research firm says

Stocks will rally higher through the end of next year, according to Capital Economics.
Any ongoing stock bubble is nowhere near levels seen in 1929 and 2000, suggesting further upside ahead.
Meanwhile, the Fed could cut rates more than investors are anticipating, the firm said in a recent note.

The S&P 500 will keep soaring until at least 2026, as the rally in stocks doesn't look over and the Fed is poised to slash interest rates way more than expected, according to Capital Economics.

Economists at the research firm predicted the S&P 500 would soar to 6,500 by the end of 2025, implying a 26% increase from its current levels.

That's contrary to what more bearish commentators have said, with some market gurus warning of an imminent stock correction as the S&P 500 mirrors other historic bubbles.

But stocks just don't look as overvalued as they have in previous periods , Capital Economics said. Shiller's S&P 500 Excess CAPE yield, which shows the valuation of stocks relative to bonds, still isn't at levels seen during the 1929 and dot-com bubble , a sign that stocks could rise "quite a lot more."

"We expect 'risky' assets, especially equities, to continue to outperform 'safe' ones over the next couple of years, as a bubble continues to inflate in the stock market," economists said in a note on Thursday.

The Fed, meanwhile, is expected to cut interest rates soon — and cuts will likely run a lot deeper than markets are expecting , the firm said. The Fed could issue its first rate cut in June , and end up cutting interest rates 200 basis points by mid-2025, the firm estimated, more than what markets have already priced in.

"With the economy holding up well, there is a risk that they stand pat until July. That said, we are still expecting more rate cuts than investors do," economists added.

Markets have been waiting for rate cuts for more than a year, as lower interest rates loosen financial conditions and can boost risk assets like stocks. Fed officials have projected 75 basis points of rate cuts in 2024. Investors, meanwhile, are pricing in a 65% chance the first cut could come by June, according to the CME FedWatch tool .

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United States-Japan Joint Leaders’ Statement

Global Partners for the Future

Over the course of the last three years, the U.S.-Japan Alliance has reached unprecedented heights. We arrived at this historic moment because our nations, individually and together, took courageous steps to strengthen our collective capacity in ways that would have seemed impossible just a few years ago. Today, we, President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. and Prime Minister KISHIDA Fumio, celebrate this new era of U.S.-Japan strategic cooperation during the Prime Minister’s Official Visit and State Dinner in Washington, D.C.—and pledge that the United States and Japan will continue our tireless work, together and with other partners, to realize a free and open Indo-Pacific and world.

In this new era of U.S.-Japan cooperation, we recognize that global events affect the security and stability of the Indo-Pacific, and that developments in our shared region reverberate around the world. We are therefore working together, across all domains and at all levels, to build a global partnership that is fit for purpose to address the complex, interconnected challenges of today and tomorrow for the benefit of our two countries and the world. As our Alliance cooperation reaches new heights, we are expanding our engagement to reflect the global nature of our partnership.

At the core of our cooperation is a shared commitment to work with like-minded partners and multilateral institutions to address common challenges and to ensure a world that is free, open, connected, resilient, and secure. These joint efforts are based on our shared fundamental respect for international law, including the protection and promotion of human rights and dignity, the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all states, and the prohibition on acquisition of territory by force. Our purpose as partners is to uphold and bolster the free and open international order based on the rule of law that has allowed so many nations to develop and prosper, and to ensure our Alliance is equipped to tackle the challenges of the 21 st century.

To advance our global partnership, today we announce several new strategic initiatives to strengthen our defense and security cooperation; reach new frontiers in space; drive technology innovation; bolster economic security; accelerate climate action; partner on global diplomacy and development; and fortify the ties between our peoples. Through our global partnership, we are also synchronizing our strategies, and our two nations have never been more united as we work together to address the most pressing challenges and opportunities of the future.

Strengthening our Defense and Security Cooperation

The core of our global partnership is our bilateral defense and security cooperation under the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security, which is stronger than ever. We affirm that our Alliance remains the cornerstone of peace, security, and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific. President Biden reiterated the unwavering commitment of the United States to the defense of Japan under Article V of the Treaty, using its full range of capabilities, including nuclear capabilities. Prime Minister Kishida reaffirmed Japan’s unwavering commitment to fundamentally reinforce its own defense capabilities and roles, and to enhance its close coordination with the United States under the Treaty.President Biden also reaffirmed that Article V applies to the Senkaku Islands. We reiterated our strong opposition to any attempts by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to unilaterally change the status quo by force or coercion in the East China Sea, including through actions that seek to undermine Japan’s longstanding and peaceful administration of the Senkaku Islands. We welcome the progress in optimizing Alliance force posture in areas including the Southwestern Islands to strengthen U.S.-Japan deterrence and response capabilities, and we confirm the importance of further advancing this initiative.

The United States welcomes the steps Japan is taking to fundamentally enhance its defense capabilities, including its plans to increase the budget for its defense capabilities and complementary initiatives to two percent of GDP in Japanese Fiscal Year (JFY) 2027 in accordance with Japan’s National Security Strategy, its decision to possess counterstrike capabilities, and its plans to stand up the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) Joint Operations Command to enhance command and control of the JSDF. Together, these initiatives elevate our defense ties to unprecedented levels and launch a new era of U.S.-Japan security cooperation, strengthening our Alliance and contributing to stability in the Indo-Pacific.

Today, we announce several new strategic initiatives to further advance our Alliance. Recognizing the speed at which regional security challenges evolve and to ensure our bilateral Alliance structures meet these critical changes, we announce our intention to bilaterally upgrade our respective command and control frameworks to enable seamless integration of operations and capabilities and allow for greater interoperability and planning between U.S. and Japanese forces in peacetime and during contingencies. More effective U.S.-Japan Alliance command and control will strengthen deterrence and promote a free and open Indo-Pacific in the face of pressing regional security challenges. We call on our respective defense and foreign ministries to develop this new relationship through the Security Consultative Committee (our security “2+2”). In support of this vision, we also reaffirm our goal to deepen Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance cooperation and Alliance information sharing capabilities, including through the Bilateral Information Analysis Cell.

We will also continue to implement efforts to strengthen our Alliance force posture, build high-end base capabilities, and increase preparedness that are necessary to deter and defend against threats. We resolve to deepen bilateral cooperation toward the effective development and employment of Japan’s suite of counterstrike capabilities, including the provision of U.S. materiel and technological support to enhance Japan’s indigenous stand-off programs. The United States expressed its commitment to start the training pipeline and ship modifications for Japan to acquire operational capability of the Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) system. We also reaffirmed our pursuit of a Glide Phase Interceptor (GPI) cooperative development program to counter high-end, regional hypersonic threats.

As our countries strengthen our bilateral ties, we will continue to build our relationships with like-minded partners in the region. Today, we announce our vision to cooperate on a networked air defense architecture among the United States, Japan, and Australia to counter growing air and missile threats. Recognizing Japan’s strengths and the close bilateral defense partnerships with the AUKUS countries, AUKUS partners – Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States – are considering cooperation with Japan on AUKUS Pillar II advanced capability projects. Continuing the momentum from the Camp David Summit, we welcome progress on establishing an annual multidomain exercise between the United States, Japan, and the Republic of Korea (ROK). Recognizing the commitments made in the Atlantic Declaration and the Hiroshima Accord, and as the Indo-Pacific and Euro-Atlantic regions become ever more interlinked, we welcome the announcement of regular U.S.-Japan-UK trilateral exercises, beginning in 2025, as we enhance our shared and enduring security. Building on the announcement at the Australia Official Visit in October to pursue trilateral cooperation with Japan on unmanned aerial systems, we are exploring cooperative opportunities in the rapidly emerging field of collaborative combat aircraft and autonomy.

The United States welcomes Japan’s revision of the Three Principles on the Transfer of Defense Equipment and Technology and its Implementation Guidelines, which bolsters cooperation through joint development and production to enhance our deterrence capabilities in the region. To leverage our respective industrial bases to meet the demand for critical capabilities and maintain readiness over the long term, we will convene a Forum on Defense Industrial Cooperation, Acquisition and Sustainment (DICAS) co-led by the U.S. Department of Defense and Japan’s Ministry of Defense to identify priority areas for partnering U.S. and Japanese industry, including co-development and co-production of missiles and co-sustainment of forward-deployed U.S. Navy ships and U.S. Air Force aircraft, including fourth generation fighters, at Japanese commercial facilities, in coordination with relevant ministries. This forum, in conjunction with our existing Defense Science and Technology Cooperation Group, will better integrate and align our defense industrial policy, acquisition, and science and technology ecosystems. The DICAS will provide updates on progress to the foreign and defense ministers in the security “2+2.” We also commit to establishing a working group to explore opportunities for future fighter pilot training and readiness, including AI and advanced simulators, and co-development and co-production of cutting-edge technologies such as common jet trainers to maintain combat-ready next-generation fighter airpower.

We reaffirm the critical importance of continuing to enhance U.S. extended deterrence, bolstered by Japan’s defense capabilities, and will further strengthen bilateral cooperation. In this regard, we call on our respective foreign and defense ministers to hold in-depth discussions on extended deterrence on the occasion of the next security “2+2” meeting.

We continue to deepen our cooperation on information and cyber security to ensure that our Alliance stays ahead of growing cyber threats and builds resilience in the information and communication technology domain. We also plan on enhancing our cooperation on the protection of critical infrastructure.

Recognizing the importance of rapidly responding to frequent and severe climate change-related and other natural disasters, we plan to explore cooperation on the establishment of a humanitarian assistance and disaster relief hub in Japan.

In order to maintain deterrence and mitigate impact on local communities, we are firmly committed to the steady implementation of the realignment of U.S. forces in Japan in accordance with Okinawa Consolidation Plan, including the construction of the Futenma Replacement Facility at Henoko as the only solution that avoids the continued use of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma.

Reaching New Frontiers in Space

Our global partnership extends to space, where the United States and Japan are leading the way to explore our solar system and return to the Moon. Today, we welcome the signing of a Lunar Surface Exploration Implementing Arrangement, in which Japan plans to provide and sustain operation of a pressurized lunar rover while the United States plans to allocate two astronaut flight opportunities to the lunar surface for Japan on future Artemis missions. The leaders announced a shared goal for a Japanese national to be the first non-American astronaut to land on the Moon on a future Artemis mission, assuming important benchmarks are achieved. The United States and Japan plan to deepen cooperation on astronaut training to facilitate this goal while managing the risks of these challenging and inspiring lunar surface missions. We also announce bilateral collaboration on a Low Earth Orbit detection and tracking constellation for missiles such as hypersonic glide vehicles, including potential collaboration with U.S. industry.

Leading on Innovation , Economic Security, and Climate Action

The United States and Japan aim to maximally align our economic, technology, and related strategies to advance innovation, strengthen our industrial bases, promote resilient and reliable supply chains, and build the strategic emerging industries of the future while pursuing deep emissions reductions this decade. Building on our efforts in the U.S.-Japan Competitiveness and Resilience (CoRe) Partnership, including through the U.S.-Japan Economic Policy Consultative Committee (our economic “2+2”), we intend to sharpen our innovative edge and strengthen our economic security, including by promoting and protecting critical and emerging technologies.

The United States and Japan welcome our robust economic and commercial ties through mutual investment, including Microsoft’s $2.9 billion investment in Japan on AI and cloud infrastructure, workforce training, and a research lab; and Toyota’s recent additional $8 billion battery production investment for a cumulative $13.9 billion investment in North Carolina. Japan is the top foreign investor in the United States with nearly $800 billion in foreign direct investment, and Japanese companies employ nearly 1 million Americans across all 50 states. Similarly, as a top foreign investor in Japan for many years, the United States is supporting Japan’s economic growth, and as two of the world’s largest financial sectors, we commit to strengthening our partnership to bolster cross-border investment and support financial stability. As robust and creative economies, we also plan to accelerate investment in our respective start-up environments to foster innovation through the “Japan Innovation Campus” in Silicon Valley and the “Global Startup Campus” to be established in Tokyo, and in companies that take actions toward sustainable value creation (SX). We welcome our new Japan-U.S. personnel exchange programs on startups and venture capital firms under the Global Innovation through Science and Technology (GIST) initiative.

We are committed to strengthening our shared role as global leaders in the development and protection of next-generation critical and emerging technologies such as AI, quantum technology, semiconductors, and biotechnology through research exchange and private investment and capital finance, including with other like-minded partners. We welcome our collaboration on AI for Science between Riken and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) founded on the revised project arrangement.

We applaud the establishment of $110 million in new AI research partnerships – between the University of Washington and University of Tsukuba and between Carnegie Mellon University and Keio University – through funding from NVIDIA, Arm, Amazon, Microsoft, and a consortium of Japanese companies. We are committed to further advancing the Hiroshima AI Process and strengthening collaboration between the national AI Safety Institutes.

Building on our long history of semiconductor cooperation, we intend to establish a joint technology agenda for cooperation on issues such as research and development, design, and workforce development. We also welcome the robust cooperation between and with our private sectors, especially in next-generation semiconductors and advanced packaging. We also plan to work together along with like-minded countries to strengthen global semiconductor supply chains, particularly for mature node (“legacy”) semiconductors through information-sharing, coordination of policies, and addressing vulnerabilities stemming from non-market policies and practices. We also celebrate the signing of a Memorandum of Cooperation between Japan’s National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a first step in bilateral cooperation on quantum computing.

Building on the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) and our respective leadership of the G7 and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) last year, we continue to advance resilience, sustainability, inclusiveness, economic growth, fairness, and competitiveness for our economies . We applaud the recent entry into force of the IPEF Supply Chain Agreement. We will continue to seek cooperation on critical minerals projects, including those along the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment Lobito Corridor, and through the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) as well as the Partnership for Resilient and Inclusive Supply-chain Enhancement (RISE). We are cooperating to deter and address economic coercion, through our bilateral cooperation as well as through our work with like-minded partners including the G7 Coordination Platform on Economic Coercion. We are working to uphold a free, fair and rules-based economic order; address non-market policies and practices; build trusted, resilient, and sustainable supply chains; and promote open markets and fair competition under the U.S.-Japan economic “2+2” and the U.S.-Japan Commercial and Industrial Partnership. We will advance our commitment to operationalize data free flow with trust, including with respect to data security. We will also discuss the promotion of resilient and responsible seafood supply chains.

The United States and Japan recognize that the climate crisis is the existential challenge of our time and intend to be leaders in the global response. Towards our shared goal of accelerating the clean energy transition, we are launching a new high-level dialogue on how we implement our respective domestic measures and maximize their synergies and impacts, including the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act and Japan’s Green Transformation (GX) Promotion Strategy aimed at accelerating energy transition progress this decade, promoting complementary and innovative clean energy supply chains and improving industrial competitiveness. Today we announce Japan joins as the first international collaborator of the U.S. Floating Offshore Wind Shot. We intend to work together towards global ambition in line with the Wind Shot, taking into consideration national circumstances, through the Clean Energy and Energy Security Initiative (CEESI) to pursue innovative breakthroughs that drive down technology costs, accelerate decarbonization, and deliver benefits for coastal communities. The United States welcomes Japan’s newly-launched industry platform, the Floating Offshore Wind Technology Research Association (FLOWRA), aiming to reduce costs and achieve mass production of floating offshore wind through collaboration with academia.

We are further leading the way in developing and deploying next generation clean energy technology, including fusion energy development through the announcement of a U.S.-Japan Strategic Partnership to Accelerate Fusion Energy Demonstration and Commercialization.

The United States remains unwavering in its commitment to support the energy security of Japan and other allies, including its ability to predictably supply LNG while accelerating the global transition to zero-emissions energy and working with other fossil energy importers and producers to minimize methane emissions across the fossil energy value chain to the fullest extent practicable.

We intend to advance widespread adoption of innovative new clean energy technologies, and seek to increase the globally available supply of sustainable aviation fuel or feedstock, including those that are ethanol-based, that show promise in reducing emissions.

We are also working to align global health security and innovation, including in such areas as pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response and promoting more resilient, equitable, and sustainable health systems. Today, we announce that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Japan’s Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) intend to collaborate and exchange information on oncology drug products to help cancer patients receive earlier access to medications and to discuss future drug development and ways to prevent drug shortages. We welcome PMDA’s future representative office in Washington, D.C., to facilitate this cooperation.

Partnering on Global Diplomacy and Development

The challenges we face transcend geography. The United States and Japan are steadfast in our commitment to upholding international law, including the UN Charter, and call for all Member States to uphold the Charter’s purposes and principles, including refraining from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State. We remain committed to reforming the UN Security Council (UNSC), including through expansion in permanent and non-permanent categories of its membership. President Biden reiterated support for Japan’s permanent membership on a reformed UNSC.

We reaffirm our commitment made in Hiroshima last year and are determined to further promote our cooperation in the G7 and work together with partners beyond the G7.

We emphasize the importance of all parties promoting open channels of communication and practical measures to reduce the risk of misunderstanding and miscalculation and to prevent conflict in the Indo-Pacific. In particular, we underscore the importance of candid communication with the PRC, including at the leader level, and express the intent to work with the PRC where possible on areas of common interest.

We emphasize the importance of all States being able to exercise rights and freedoms in a manner consistent with international law as reflected in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), including freedom of navigation and overflight. We strongly oppose any unilateral attempts to change the status quo by force or coercion, including destabilizing actions in the South China Sea, such as unsafe encounters at sea and in the air as well as the militarization of disputed features and the dangerous use of coast guard vessels and maritime militia. The PRC’s recent dangerous and escalatory behavior supporting its unlawful maritime claims in the South China Sea as well as efforts to disrupt other countries’ offshore resource exploitation are inconsistent with international law as reflected in UNCLOS. We also emphasize that the 2016 South China Sea Arbitral Award is final and legally binding on the parties to that proceeding. We resolve to work with partners, particularly in ASEAN, to support regional maritime security and uphold international law.

We emphasize that our basic positions on Taiwan remain unchanged and reiterate the importance of maintaining peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait as an indispensable element of global security and prosperity. We encourage the peaceful resolution of cross-Strait issues.

We continue working together with partner countries to make concrete progress in strengthening the international financial architecture and fostering investment under the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment. We are committed to delivering better, bigger, more effective multilateral development banks including through our planned contributions that would enable more than $30 billion in new World Bank lending and securing ambitious International Development Association and Asian Development Fund replenishments. We also emphasize the importance of private sector investment in the Indo-Pacific. We welcome the announcement of Google’s $1 billion investment in digital connectivity for North Pacific Connect, which expands the Pacific Connect Initiative, with NEC, to improve digital communications infrastructure between the United States, Japan and Pacific Island Nations. Building on the U.S.-Australia joint funding commitment for subsea cables last October, the United States and Japan plan to collaborate with like-minded partners to build trusted and more resilient networks and intend to contribute funds to provide subsea cables in the Pacific region, including $16 million towards cable systems for the Federated States of Micronesia and Tuvalu.

We reaffirm our steadfast commitment to the Quad and its shared vision of a free and open Indo-Pacific that is stable, prosperous, and inclusive which continues to deliver results for the region. We reiterate the Quad’s unwavering support and respect for regional institutions, including ASEAN, the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF), and the Indian Ocean Rim Association. We also reaffirm our support for ASEAN centrality and unity as well as the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific. Southeast Asian countries are critical partners in the Indo-Pacific and the U.S.-Japan-Philippines trilateral aims to enhance trilateral defense and security cooperation while promoting economic security and resilience. Japan and the United States reaffirmed our intention to work to support the region’s priorities as articulated through the 2050 Strategy for the Blue Pacific Continent, including through the PIF as the Pacific’s preeminent institution as well as through the Partners in the Blue Pacific (PBP).

As we pursue our shared vision of a free and open Indo-Pacific, we continue to build strong ties between key, like-minded partners in the region. Building on the historic success of the Camp David Trilateral Summit, the United States, Japan and the Republic of Korea continue to collaborate on promoting regional security, strengthening deterrence, coordinating development and humanitarian assistance, countering North Korea’s illicit cyber activities, and deepening our cooperation including on economic, clean energy, and technological issues. The United States and Japan also remain committed to advancing trilateral cooperation with Australia to ensure a peaceful and stable region.

We reaffirm our commitment to the complete denuclearization of North Korea in accordance with relevant UNSC resolutions. We strongly condemn North Korea’s continued development of its ballistic missile program—including through launches of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) and space launch vehicles using ballistic missile technologies—which poses a grave threat to peace and security on the Korean Peninsula and beyond. We call on North Korea to respond to continued, genuine offers to return to diplomacy without preconditions. We call on all UN Member States to fully implement all relevant UNSC resolutions, especially in light of Russia’s recent veto. We urge North Korea to cease illicit activities that generate revenue for its unlawful ballistic missile and weapons of mass destruction programs, including malicious cyber activities. President Biden also reaffirms U.S. commitment to the immediate resolution of the abductions issue, and the two sides commit to continuing joint efforts to promote respect for human rights in North Korea.

We continue to stand together in firm opposition to Russia’s brutal war of aggression against Ukraine, its strikes against Ukraine’s infrastructure and the terror of Russian occupation. We are committed to continuing to impose severe sanctions on Russia and provide unwavering support for Ukraine. Together, we reiterate our call on Russia to immediately, completely, and unconditionally withdraw its forces from within the internationally recognized borders of Ukraine. Any threat or use of nuclear weapons in the context of its war of aggression against Ukraine by Russia is unacceptable. We also express serious concerns about growing North Korea-Russia military cooperation, which is supporting Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and threatens to undermine peace and stability in Northeast Asia as well as the global non-proliferation regime.

As the linkages between the Euro-Atlantic and the Indo-Pacific regions have become stronger than ever, our two countries look forward to continuing to work together to enhance Japan-North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and NATO-Indo-Pacific Four partnerships.

We once again unequivocally condemn the terror attacks by Hamas and others on October 7 of last year, and reaffirm Israel’s right to defend itself and its people consistent with international law. At the same time, we express our deep concern over the critical humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip. We affirm the imperative of securing the release of all hostages held by Hamas, and emphasize that the deal to release hostages would bring an immediate and prolonged ceasefire in Gaza. We affirm the imperative of realizing an immediate and sustained ceasefire in Gaza over a period of at least six weeks as part of a deal that would release hostages held by Hamas and allow for delivery of essential additional humanitarian assistance to Palestinians in need. We underscore the urgent need to significantly increase deliveries of life-saving humanitarian assistance throughout Gaza and the crucial need to prevent regional escalation. We reiterate the importance of complying with international law, including international humanitarian law, as applicable, including with regard to the protection of civilians. We remain committed to an independent Palestinian state with Israel’s security guaranteed as part of a two-state solution that enables both Israelis and Palestinians to live in a just, lasting, and secure peace.

We reaffirm the importance of supporting inclusive growth and sustainable development in Latin America and the Caribbean. We continue to enhance policy coordination in the region, in particular on Haiti and Venezuela. We also recognize that promoting the stability and security for Haiti is one of the most pressing challenges in the Western Hemisphere, and we continue to support Haiti in restoring democratic order.

We also support African aspirations for peace, stability, and prosperity based on the rule of law. We continue to work together to support the democratic process and economic growth through our respective efforts, including our cooperation with African countries, Regional Economic Communities, the African Union, and multilateral organizations.

The United States and Japan are resolved to achieve a world without nuclear weapons through realistic and pragmatic approaches. It is critical that the overall decline in global nuclear arsenals achieved since the end of the Cold War continues and not be reversed, and the PRC’s accelerating build-up of its nuclear arsenal without transparency nor meaningful dialogue poses a concern to global and regional stability. We reaffirm the importance of upholding the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) as the cornerstone of the global nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation regime and for the pursuit of peaceful uses of nuclear energy. In promoting this universal goal of achieving a world without nuclear weapons, Japan’s “Hiroshima Action Plan” and the “G7 Leaders’ Hiroshima Vision on Nuclear Disarmament” are welcome contributions. The two leaders also welcomed the U.S. announcement to join the Japan-led “Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty Friends” initiative. We reaffirm the indispensable role of the peaceful uses of nuclear technology, committing to fostering innovation and supporting the International Atomic Energy Agency’s efforts in upholding the highest standards of safety, security, and safeguards. President Biden commended Japan’s safe, responsible, and science-based discharge of Advanced Liquid Processing System treated water at Tokyo Electric Power Company’s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station into the sea. Our two countries plan to launch the Fukushima Daiichi Decommissioning Partnership focusing on research cooperation for fuel debris retrieval.

To effectively address the myriad challenges outlined above, our global partnership is launching a Deputy Secretary of State/Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs-level dialogue involving our respective aid agencies to align our diplomatic and development efforts globally.

Fortifying People-to-People Ties

People-to-people exchanges are the most effective way to develop the future stewards of the U.S.-Japan relationship. In this regard, we recognize the achievements of exchange programs between our two countries, including the Japan Exchange and Teaching (JET) Programme, KAKEHASHI Project, the Japan Foundation’s programs, and the U.S.-Japan Council’s TOMODACHI Initiative, and commit ourselves to providing more opportunities to meet today’s needs, including through enhanced subnational exchanges on critical issues such as climate and energy. We also recognize the important role civil society has played in strengthening the U.S.-Japan relationship over the past 170 years, including the 38 Japan-America Societies across the United States, the Asia Society, and the 29 America-Japan Societies across Japan.

Building on the Memorandum of Cooperation in Education signed between us on the sidelines of the G7 Leaders’ Summit in Hiroshima, today we announce our commitment to increase student mobility through the new $12 million “Mineta Ambassadors Program (MAP)” education exchange endowment administered by the U.S.-Japan Council for U.S. and Japanese high school and university students who will “map” the future of the relationship with support from Apple, the BlackRock Foundation, Toshizo Watanabe Foundation, and other founding donors. In this regard, we also welcome Japan’s new initiative to expand scholarship for Japanese students through the Japan Student Servicers Organization.

We recognize the significant contributions made by the binational Japan-U.S. Educational Commission (Fulbright Japan) over the past 72 years. We welcome recent changes to upgrade the program by reopening scholarships to Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) fields for the first time in 50 years, with the first STEM students on track to participate in academic year 2025-26, as well as removing the tuition cap for Japanese Fulbright participants to attract the highest quality students and researchers.

Celebrating the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the Mansfield Fellowship Program, we honor the legacy of Ambassador Mansfield’s contributions through the University of Montana Mansfield Center and Mansfield Foundation. The two leaders also welcome the creation of the Government of Japan endowed Mansfield Professor of Japanese and Indo-Pacific Affairs at the University of Montana.

Upon the 100 th anniversary of the birth of the late Senator Daniel K. Inouye, who made incredible contributions to our bilateral relationship, we praise the efforts of Japanese American leaders to build a bridge between the two countries and to address common community issues, including through support to the U.S.-Japan Council’s newly launched TOMODACHI Kibou for Maui project. We also share the recognition on the importance of exchanges between our legislatures. We acknowledge the importance of language study, particularly in person, to develop long-term ties and announce a new Memorandum of Cooperation to increase opportunities for the number of exchange visitors from Japan to share their specialized knowledge of Japanese language and culture in the United States, as well as welcome efforts to expand the Japanese Language Education Assistant Program (J-LEAP).

The two leaders also affirm that women in leadership remain their focus and reaffirm our pledge to achieving gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls in all their diversity. We welcome close cooperation on Women, Peace, and Security and Women’s Economic Empowerment initiatives and efforts to promote women and girls’ full, equal, and meaningful participation and leadership in public life.

Finally, we emphasize the need to build a diverse pipeline of future U.S.-Japan experts who understand and support the Alliance. Our peoples form the core of our Alliance, and we reaffirm our commitment to forge ever-closer bonds for generations to come.

Through our shared and steadfast commitment, we have taken bold and courageous steps to bring the U.S.-Japan Alliance to unprecedented heights. In so doing, we have equipped our partnership to protect and advance peace, security, prosperity, and the rule of law across the Indo-Pacific and the globe so that everyone benefits. Today, we celebrate the enduring friendship among our peoples—and among ourselves—and pledge to continue our relentless efforts to ensure that our global partnership drives future peace and prosperity for generations to come.

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Waiting for the solar flares to appear at Interior Alaska’s Poker Flat Research Center

Astrophysicists Lindsay Glesener, left, and Sabrina Savage enjoy the sunshine on an observation deck at the Neil Davis Science Center on a hilltop at Poker Flat Research Range north of Fairbanks. (Photo by Ned Rozell)

POKER FLAT RESEARCH RANGE — Under a bluebird sky and perched above a resilient winter snowpack, two sounding rockets point upward, ready to blast through the thickness of our atmosphere to gain a better look at the sun.

Inside a building on this sprawling complex within the Chatanika River valley north of Fairbanks are two women. Each will give a command to launch one of rockets, the second about a minute after the first.

Both astrophysicists — Lindsay Glesener from Minnesota and Sabrina Savage from Alabama — are trying to find out more about solar flares during the five minutes the rockets will arc above northern Alaska.

Their two daytime launches are a rare event here at Poker Flat, owned by the University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute. Most rockets have blasted off at night since the range began life in 1969.

Members of a rocket-launching team leave Poker Flat Research Range north of Fairbanks after a day when they did not launch the rockets, due to the lack of the desired conditions on the sun. (Photo by Ned Rozell)

Since then, more than 300 sounding rockets, most more than 20 feet tall, have flown over Alaska. Many have carried instruments that have allowed scientists to study the aurora and other phenomena of the upper atmosphere more than 50 miles above our heads.

Glesener’s and Savage’s separate rockets will each carry instruments designed to gather some of the best information ever obtained on solar flares. Solar flares are explosions on the sun that spew charged particles out into space. Sometimes they head toward Earth, causing brilliant auroras and — when they are powerful enough — disabling satellites and power grids.

On this second day that the rockets have been ready to launch, Glesener of the University of Minnesota and Savage of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center are watching live readings from satellites orbiting in the 93 million miles of space between the sun and Poker Flat.

Instruments aboard those satellites will show a dramatic uptick when a large solar flare is erupting. When Glesener and Savage determine the flare is large enough, they will begin a three-minute countdown to launch the two rockets.

Though it is a brilliantly sunny day here in Chatanika, the satellite data displayed on monitors show that no flares of the desired magnitude are exploding our way. But this day, early in the experiment and with no large solar flares predicted, has been devoted in part to solving problems and tweaking equipment.

“Today is like a dress rehearsal, one that could be real,” Glesener says outside her launch team’s room in the Neil Davis Science Operations Center on a hill at the 5,000-acre Poker Flat complex.

If not today, Glesener and Savage will one day soon make decisions to fire the rockets when the sun erupts with a flare. Flares may spew from the sun for about 10 minutes. Once launched, the rockets will carry their instruments out of the dense molecules of Earth’s atmosphere within two minutes.

When the rockets are above that 30-mile shell of gases, panels on the rockets will open, deploying telescopes optimized to see the energy emitted by solar flares. Their high-resolution view of the solar flares will last for just five minutes.

After the payloads within the rockets get their measurements, gravity will pull them back to the ground in northern Alaska. Workers for the range will recover the rocket stages and their parachutes by helicopter.

As the morning turns to afternoon, the satellites continue to show no remarkable solar flares. That does not seem to stress Glesener and Savage. Because of the predictable rotations of the sun and Earth, the scientists are optimistic that a flare of adequate size will point toward Earth in a few days.

There is time to wait, as the launch window for this experiment is open for another week.

Until then, a few dozen team members helping Glesener and Savage, as well as the Poker Flat staff, will show up here in Chatanika early every morning and get ready for countdown.

[ How the Cold War inspired the Poker Flat rocket range’s first launches ]

A person whose amplified voice has counted down those seconds many times is Kathe Rich, the director of the range. She is now two miles down the hill, closer to the Chatanika River, in a building called the blockhouse.

Rich is with a few dozen other people in a squat building with walls 2 feet thick. They sit just 300 feet from the closest of the two rockets.

Two sounding rockets, lower left, point toward the sky at Poker Flat Research Range north of Fairbanks. (Photo by Ned Rozell)

The blockhouse has been Rich’s place since she was present at her first Poker Flat rocket launch in 1991. She has bunkered in that windowless, somewhat subterranean control room for 154 launches since then, most of them on dark days with subzero temperatures.

Though she has been very close to all those detonations that rang through this forested valley, Rich has never seen a rocket launch through anything but a video monitor. Having worked with dozens of scientists with experiments embedded in rockets and students who are dependent upon the information gathered during launches, Rich says the stakes are high.

“This payload has taken four years to get from the design-and-build process to the point of being on the rail,” she says. “If we have a failure a lot of students won’t get the data they need for their degrees. There’s a lot of years and tears that went into these payloads.”

In contrast to Rich’s insulated vantage point, Glesener and Savage and the other people stationed up here at the Davis Science Center will have a sublime view of the launches, with the backdrop of nearby Pedro and Wickersham domes and the snow-white peaks within the White Mountains National Recreation Area.

As the sun arcs to the west and the clock strikes 4 p.m. with no solar flares detected, the researchers decide to call it for the day. After a debrief with the team, they hop into their rental cars and head back to their hotels in Fairbanks.

Tomorrow, they will be here again in the silent Chatanika River valley, hoping to send those rockets skyward and get the data for which they traveled so far.

[ What researchers hope to learn from a Siberian tiger taking its final rest at Alaska’s Museum of the North ]

Ned Rozell | Alaska Science

Ned Rozell is a science writer with the Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.

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Mizzou Engineering

Show me success: students showcase work during show me research week.

April 12, 2024

Judging from the innovative projects and research they presented this week, it’s evident that engineering students at Mizzou are getting ready to change the world.

Show Me Research Week , held in April, gives students an opportunity to present the work that they conduct throughout the year in front of judges and other interested students and members of the Mizzou community. This year, more than 60 engineering students chose to present work as part of the Research and Creative Achievements Symposium.

One presenter, mechanical engineering student Sarah Muller, has been working on research with Associate Professor Roger Fales for the last four years to create a device (currently in clinical trials) that monitors and automatically adjusts oxygen levels for pre-mature babies. Over the years she’s become a regular presenter at Mizzou’s undergraduate research forums.

“I’m an engineer. I never thought I would want to do something in a hospital, but I’ve always wanted to do something that helps people and impacts the world in a positive way,” Muller said. “I’ve worked on this project for four years and presented work at research forums for the last four semesters. It’s a cool way to network with people and showcase my work.”

Since last year’s inaugural event, the symposium grew by more than 120 students across academic units and expanded to span over three days of poster and oral presentations in Memorial Union.

For engineering undergraduates, the opportunity to present research is a great way to prepare for life as a graduate student. Olivia Heyne, originally from North English, Iowa, is now a biomedical engineering sophomore at Mizzou planning to continue her education.

“I wasn’t initially thinking about graduate school, but I am now,” she said. “I love the lab environment. I love being able to do all this hands-on research. I also work at the hospital and have been able to meet with patients and being able to see the impacts of research like mine—even though I’m not a frontline health care worker—has been really rewarding.”

And even if one isn’t planning on continuing their education, biomedical engineering senior Nate Forck recommends other students get involved.

“You should get into a lab,” he said. “If you’re in STEM, you should be looking for that lab experience. I definitely recommend it. You will meet a lot of people and learn a lot of stuff, just about every day.”

For sophomore Brady Danek, the in-lab work he’s done has prepared him for becoming a scientist in addition to his engineering coursework.

“I enjoyed the hand on experience, actually being in the lab, feeling like a real scientist,” he said. “I’m not just sitting at a desk taking in information, or reading off a whiteboard. I’m finding things out for myself.”

Exercise your creativity and fuel your passion for discovery by engaging in research as an undergraduate. Choose Mizzou Engineering !

Missouri Compacts - Research and Creative Works
Missouri Compacts - Student Success
Undergraduate Research

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Astrophysicists Lindsay Glesener, left, and Sabrina Savage enjoy the sunshine on an observation deck at the Neil Davis Science Center on a hilltop at Poker Flat Research Range north of Fairbanks.
Show me success: Students showcase work during Show Me Research Week
Show Me Research Week, held in April, gives students an opportunity to present the work that they conduct throughout the year in front of judges and other interested students and members of the Mizzou community. This year, more than 60 engineering students chose to present work as part of the Research and Creative Achievements Symposium.

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3.2 Network analysis

3.2.2 Collaboration networks

3.2.3 Keywords and co -occurrence network analysis

3.2.4 Trending topics and thematic evolution

3.3 Conceptual structure and thematic maps

4 Discussion

5 Limitations and future research

6 Conclusion

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