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• How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

Published on January 11, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on August 15, 2023 by Eoghan Ryan.

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . It usually comes near the end of your introduction .

Your thesis will look a bit different depending on the type of essay you’re writing. But the thesis statement should always clearly state the main idea you want to get across. Everything else in your essay should relate back to this idea.

You can write your thesis statement by following four simple steps:

• Start with a question
• Write your initial answer
• Develop your answer
• Refine your thesis statement

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Table of contents

What is a thesis statement, placement of the thesis statement, step 1: start with a question, step 2: write your initial answer, step 3: develop your answer, step 4: refine your thesis statement, types of thesis statements, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about thesis statements.

A thesis statement summarizes the central points of your essay. It is a signpost telling the reader what the essay will argue and why.

The best thesis statements are:

• Concise: A good thesis statement is short and sweet—don’t use more words than necessary. State your point clearly and directly in one or two sentences.
• Contentious: Your thesis shouldn’t be a simple statement of fact that everyone already knows. A good thesis statement is a claim that requires further evidence or analysis to back it up.
• Coherent: Everything mentioned in your thesis statement must be supported and explained in the rest of your paper.

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The thesis statement generally appears at the end of your essay introduction or research paper introduction .

The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts and among young people more generally is hotly debated. For many who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education: the internet facilitates easier access to information, exposure to different perspectives, and a flexible learning environment for both students and teachers.

You should come up with an initial thesis, sometimes called a working thesis , early in the writing process . As soon as you’ve decided on your essay topic , you need to work out what you want to say about it—a clear thesis will give your essay direction and structure.

You might already have a question in your assignment, but if not, try to come up with your own. What would you like to find out or decide about your topic?

For example, you might ask:

After some initial research, you can formulate a tentative answer to this question. At this stage it can be simple, and it should guide the research process and writing process .

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Now you need to consider why this is your answer and how you will convince your reader to agree with you. As you read more about your topic and begin writing, your answer should get more detailed.

In your essay about the internet and education, the thesis states your position and sketches out the key arguments you’ll use to support it.

The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education because it facilitates easier access to information.

In your essay about braille, the thesis statement summarizes the key historical development that you’ll explain.

The invention of braille in the 19th century transformed the lives of blind people, allowing them to participate more actively in public life.

A strong thesis statement should tell the reader:

• Why you hold this position
• What they’ll learn from your essay
• The key points of your argument or narrative

The final thesis statement doesn’t just state your position, but summarizes your overall argument or the entire topic you’re going to explain. To strengthen a weak thesis statement, it can help to consider the broader context of your topic.

These examples are more specific and show that you’ll explore your topic in depth.

Your thesis statement should match the goals of your essay, which vary depending on the type of essay you’re writing:

• In an argumentative essay , your thesis statement should take a strong position. Your aim in the essay is to convince your reader of this thesis based on evidence and logical reasoning.
• In an expository essay , you’ll aim to explain the facts of a topic or process. Your thesis statement doesn’t have to include a strong opinion in this case, but it should clearly state the central point you want to make, and mention the key elements you’ll explain.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:

• It gives your writing direction and focus.
• It gives the reader a concise summary of your main point.

Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.

Follow these four steps to come up with a thesis statement :

• Ask a question about your topic .
• Write your initial answer.
• Develop your answer by including reasons.
• Refine your answer, adding more detail and nuance.

The thesis statement should be placed at the end of your essay introduction .

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Thesis Format – Templates and Samples

Table of contents.

Thesis Format

Thesis format refers to the structure and layout of a research thesis or dissertation. It typically includes several chapters, each of which focuses on a particular aspect of the research topic .

The exact format of a thesis can vary depending on the academic discipline and the institution, but some common elements include:

Introduction

Literature review, methodology.

The title page is the first page of a thesis that provides essential information about the document, such as the title, author’s name, degree program, university, and the date of submission. It is considered as an important component of a thesis as it gives the reader an initial impression of the document’s content and quality.

The typical contents of a title page in a thesis include:

• The title of the thesis: It should be concise, informative, and accurately represent the main topic of the research.
• Author’s name: This should be written in full and should be the same as it appears on official university records.
• Degree program and department: This should specify the type of degree (e.g., Bachelor’s, Master’s, or Doctoral) and the field of study (e.g., Computer Science, Psychology, etc.).
• University: The name of the university where the thesis is being submitted.
• Date of submission : The month and year of submission of the thesis.
• Other details that can be included on the title page include the name of the advisor, the name of the committee members, and any acknowledgments.

In terms of formatting, the title page should be centered horizontally and vertically on the page, with a consistent font size and style. The page margin for the title page should be at least 1 inch (2.54 cm) on all sides. Additionally, it is common practice to include the university logo or crest on the title page, and this should be placed appropriately.

Title of the Thesis in Title Case by Author’s Full Name in Title Case

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Department Name at the University Name

Month Year of Submission

An abstract is a brief summary of a thesis or research paper that provides an overview of the main points, methodology, and findings of the study. It is typically placed at the beginning of the document, after the title page and before the introduction.

The purpose of an abstract is to provide readers with a quick and concise overview of the research paper or thesis. It should be written in a clear and concise language, and should not contain any jargon or technical terms that are not easily understood by the general public.

Here’s an example of an abstract for a thesis:

Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health among Adolescents

This study examines the impact of social media on mental health among adolescents. The research utilized a survey methodology and collected data from a sample of 500 adolescents aged between 13 and 18 years. The findings reveal that social media has a significant impact on mental health among adolescents, with frequent use of social media associated with higher levels of anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. The study concludes that there is a need for increased awareness and education on the risks associated with excessive use of social media, and recommends strategies for promoting healthy social media habits among adolescents.

In this example, the abstract provides a concise summary of the thesis by highlighting the main points, methodology, and findings of the study. It also provides a clear indication of the significance of the study and its implications for future research and practice.

A table of contents is an essential part of a thesis as it provides the reader with an overview of the entire document’s structure and organization.

Here’s an example of how a table of contents might look in a thesis:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………..1

A. Background of the Study………………………………………..1

B. Statement of the Problem……………………………………….2

C. Objectives of the Study………………………………………..3

D. Research Questions…………………………………………….4

E. Significance of the Study………………………………………5

F. Scope and Limitations………………………………………….6

G. Definition of Terms……………………………………………7

II. LITERATURE REVIEW. ………………………………………………8

A. Overview of the Literature……………………………………..8

B. Key Themes and Concepts………………………………………..9

C. Gaps in the Literature………………………………………..10

D. Theoretical Framework………………………………………….11

III. METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………12

A. Research Design………………………………………………12

B. Participants and Sampling……………………………………..13

C. Data Collection Procedures…………………………………….14

D. Data Analysis Procedures………………………………………15

IV. RESULTS …………………………………………………………16

A. Descriptive Statistics…………………………………………16

B. Inferential Statistics…………………………………………17

V. DISCUSSION ………………………………………………………18

A. Interpretation of Results………………………………………18

B. Discussion of Finding s …………………………………………19

C. Implications of the Study………………………………………20

VI. CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………21

A. Summary of the Study…………………………………………..21

B. Limitations of the Study……………………………………….22

C. Recommendations for Future Research……………………………..23

REFERENCES …………………………………………………………….24

APPENDICES …………………………………………………………….26

As you can see, the table of contents is organized by chapters and sections. Each chapter and section is listed with its corresponding page number, making it easy for the reader to navigate the thesis.

The introduction is a critical part of a thesis as it provides an overview of the research problem, sets the context for the study, and outlines the research objectives and questions. The introduction is typically the first chapter of a thesis and serves as a roadmap for the reader.

Here’s an example of how an introduction in a thesis might look:

Introduction:

The prevalence of obesity has increased rapidly in recent decades, with more than one-third of adults in the United States being classified as obese. Obesity is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. Despite significant efforts to address this issue, the rates of obesity continue to rise. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between lifestyle behaviors and obesity in young adults.

The study will be conducted using a mixed-methods approach, with both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The research objectives are to:

• Examine the relationship between lifestyle behaviors and obesity in young adults.
• Identify the key lifestyle factors that contribute to obesity in young adults.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of current interventions aimed at preventing and reducing obesity in young adults.

The research questions that will guide this study are:

• What is the relationship between lifestyle behaviors and obesity in young adults?
• Which lifestyle factors are most strongly associated with obesity in young adults?
• How effective are current interventions aimed at preventing and reducing obesity in young adults?

By addressing these research questions, this study aims to contribute to the understanding of the factors that contribute to obesity in young adults and to inform the development of effective interventions to prevent and reduce obesity in this population.

A literature review is a critical analysis and evaluation of existing literature on a specific topic or research question. It is an essential part of any thesis, as it provides a comprehensive overview of the existing research on the topic and helps to establish the theoretical framework for the study. The literature review allows the researcher to identify gaps in the current research, highlight areas that need further exploration, and demonstrate the importance of their research question.

April 9, 2023:

A search on Google Scholar for “Effectiveness of Online Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic” yielded 1,540 results. Upon reviewing the first few pages of results, it is evident that there is a significant amount of literature on the topic. A majority of the studies focus on the experiences and perspectives of students and educators during the transition to online learning due to the pandemic.

One recent study published in the Journal of Educational Technology & Society (Liu et al., 2023) found that students who were already familiar with online learning tools and platforms had an easier time adapting to online learning than those who were not. However, the study also found that students who were not familiar with online learning tools were able to adapt with proper support from their teachers and institutions.

Another study published in Computers & Education (Tang et al., 2023) compared the academic performance of students in online and traditional classroom settings during the pandemic. The study found that while there were no significant differences in the grades of students in the two settings, students in online classes reported higher levels of stress and lower levels of satisfaction with their learning experience.

Methodology in a thesis refers to the overall approach and systematic process that a researcher follows to collect and analyze data in order to answer their research question(s) or achieve their research objectives. It includes the research design, data collection methods, sampling techniques, data analysis procedures, and any other relevant procedures that the researcher uses to conduct their research.

For example, let’s consider a thesis on the impact of social media on mental health among teenagers. The methodology for this thesis might involve the following steps:

Research Design:

The researcher may choose to conduct a quantitative study using a survey questionnaire to collect data on social media usage and mental health among teenagers. Alternatively, they may conduct a qualitative study using focus group discussions or interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the experiences and perspectives of teenagers regarding social media and mental health.

Sampling Techniques:

The researcher may use random sampling to select a representative sample of teenagers from a specific geographic location or demographic group, or they may use purposive sampling to select participants who meet specific criteria such as age, gender, or mental health status.

Data Collection Methods:

The researcher may use an online survey tool to collect data on social media usage and mental health, or they may conduct face-to-face interviews or focus group discussions to gather qualitative data. They may also use existing data sources such as medical records or social media posts.

Data Analysis Procedures:

The researcher may use statistical analysis techniques such as regression analysis to examine the relationship between social media usage and mental health, or they may use thematic analysis to identify key themes and patterns in the qualitative data.

Ethical Considerations: The researcher must ensure that their research is conducted in an ethical manner, which may involve obtaining informed consent from participants, protecting their confidentiality, and ensuring that their rights and welfare are respected.

In a thesis, the “Results” section typically presents the findings of the research conducted by the author. This section typically includes both quantitative and qualitative data, such as statistical analyses, tables, figures, and other relevant data.

Here are some examples of how the “Results” section of a thesis might look:

Example 1: A quantitative study on the effects of exercise on cardiovascular health

In this study, the author conducts a randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of exercise on cardiovascular health in a group of sedentary adults. The “Results” section might include tables showing the changes in blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and other relevant indicators in the exercise and control groups over the course of the study. The section might also include statistical analyses, such as t-tests or ANOVA, to demonstrate the significance of the results.

Example 2: A qualitative study on the experiences of immigrant families in a new country

In this study, the author conducts in-depth interviews with immigrant families to explore their experiences of adapting to a new country. The “Results” section might include quotes from the interviews that illustrate the participants’ experiences, as well as a thematic analysis that identifies common themes and patterns in the data. The section might also include a discussion of the implications of the findings for policy and practice.

A thesis discussion section is an opportunity for the author to present their interpretation and analysis of the research results. In this section, the author can provide their opinion on the findings, compare them with other literature, and suggest future research directions.

For example, let’s say the thesis topic is about the impact of social media on mental health. The author has conducted a survey among 500 individuals and has found that there is a significant correlation between excessive social media use and poor mental health.

In the discussion section, the author can start by summarizing the main findings and stating their interpretation of the results. For instance, the author may argue that excessive social media use is likely to cause mental health problems due to the pressure of constantly comparing oneself to others, fear of missing out, and cyberbullying.

Next, the author can compare their results with other studies and point out similarities and differences. They can also identify any limitations in their research design and suggest future directions for research.

For example, the author may point out that their study only measured social media use and mental health at one point in time, and it is unclear whether one caused the other or whether there are other confounding factors. Therefore, they may suggest longitudinal studies that follow individuals over time to better understand the causal relationship.

Writing a conclusion for a thesis is an essential part of the overall writing process. The conclusion should summarize the main points of the thesis and provide a sense of closure to the reader. It is also an opportunity to reflect on the research process and offer suggestions for further study.

Here is an example of a conclusion for a thesis:

After an extensive analysis of the data collected, it is evident that the implementation of a new curriculum has had a significant impact on student achievement. The findings suggest that the new curriculum has improved student performance in all subject areas, and this improvement is particularly notable in math and science. The results of this study provide empirical evidence to support the notion that curriculum reform can positively impact student learning outcomes.

In addition to the positive results, this study has also identified areas for future research. One limitation of the current study is that it only examines the short-term effects of the new curriculum. Future studies should explore the long-term effects of the new curriculum on student performance, as well as investigate the impact of the curriculum on students with different learning styles and abilities.

Overall, the findings of this study have important implications for educators and policymakers who are interested in improving student outcomes. The results of this study suggest that the implementation of a new curriculum can have a positive impact on student achievement, and it is recommended that schools and districts consider curriculum reform as a means of improving student learning outcomes.

References in a thesis typically follow a specific format depending on the citation style required by your academic institution or publisher.

Below are some examples of different citation styles and how to reference different types of sources in your thesis:

In-text citation format: (Author, Year)

Reference list format for a book: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher.

Example: In-text citation: (Smith, 2010) Reference list entry: Smith, J. D. (2010). The art of writing a thesis. Cambridge University Press.

Reference list format for a journal article: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page range.

Example: In-text citation: (Brown, 2015) Reference list entry: Brown, E., Smith, J., & Johnson, L. (2015). The impact of social media on academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 108(3), 393-407.

In-text citation format: (Author page number)

Works Cited list format for a book: Author. Title of Book. Publisher, Year of publication.

Example: In-text citation: (Smith 75) Works Cited entry: Smith, John D. The Art of Writing a Thesis. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Works Cited list format for a journal article: Author(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Journal, volume number, issue number, date, pages.

Example: In-text citation: (Brown 394) Works Cited entry: Brown, Elizabeth, et al. “The Impact of Social Media on Academic Performance.” Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 108, no. 3, 2015, pp. 393-407.

Chicago Style

In-text citation format: (Author year, page number)

Bibliography list format for a book: Author. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Example: In-text citation: (Smith 2010, 75) Bibliography entry: Smith, John D. The Art of Writing a Thesis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Bibliography list format for a journal article: Author. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (date): page numbers.

Example: In-text citation: (Brown 2015, 394) Bibliography entry: Brown, Elizabeth, John Smith, and Laura Johnson. “The Impact of Social Media on Academic Performance.” Journal of Educational Psychology 108, no. 3 (2015): 393-407.

Reference list format for a book: [1] A. A. Author, Title of Book. City of Publisher, Abbrev. of State: Publisher, year.

Example: In-text citation: [1] Reference list entry: A. J. Smith, The Art of Writing a Thesis. New York, NY: Academic Press, 2010.

Reference list format for a journal article: [1] A. A. Author, “Title of Article,” Title of Journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Month year.

Example: In-text citation: [1] Reference list entry: E. Brown, J. D. Smith, and L. Johnson, “The Impact of Social Media on Academic Performance,” Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 393-407, Mar. 2015.

An appendix in a thesis is a section that contains additional information that is not included in the main body of the document but is still relevant to the topic being discussed. It can include figures, tables, graphs, data sets, sample questionnaires, or any other supplementary material that supports your thesis.

Here is an example of how you can format appendices in your thesis:

• Title page: The appendix should have a separate title page that lists the title, author’s name, the date, and the document type (i.e., thesis or dissertation). The title page should be numbered as the first page of the appendix section.
• Table of contents: If you have more than one appendix, you should include a separate table of contents that lists each appendix and its page number. The table of contents should come after the title page.
• Appendix sections: Each appendix should have its own section with a clear and concise title that describes the contents of the appendix. Each section should be numbered with Arabic numerals (e.g., Appendix 1, Appendix 2, etc.). The sections should be listed in the table of contents.
• Formatting: The formatting of the appendices should be consistent with the rest of the thesis. This includes font size, font style, line spacing, and margins.
• Example: Here is an example of what an appendix might look like in a thesis on the topic of climate change:

Appendix 1: Data Sources

This appendix includes a list of the primary data sources used in this thesis, including their URLs and a brief description of the data they provide.

Appendix 2: Survey Questionnaire

This appendix includes the survey questionnaire used to collect data from participants in the study.

Appendix 3: Additional Figures

This appendix includes additional figures that were not included in the main body of the thesis due to space limitations. These figures provide additional support for the findings presented in the thesis.

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Theses and Dissertations

To facilitate the research productivity of master's and doctoral candidates, the following format rules were adopted by NJIT for theses and dissertations. The following provides detailed examples of abstract pages, title pages, proper document format, etc. These format standards have been developed to ensure a degree of consistency in the written presentation of research and should be followed by all students.

The Graduate Faculty at NJIT  guidelines are followed for the composition of M.S. thesis and Ph.D. dissertation committees.

Students must submit their MS thesis or PhD dissertation document, that includes their advisor's final changes, to the thesis/dissertation committee members about three weeks before your defense. The committee members must be given at least two weeks to review the document before the defense. Also, the  public defense announcement  must be submitted to GSO after GSO's second review of the document which must occur at least two weeks before the defense date. The second review of the thesis or dissertation with GSO cannot be scheduled if the embargo form hasn't been submitted to GSO.

• Process for Thesis and Dissertation Document Approval ( .PDF )
• MS Thesis - Timetable for Document Approval ( .PDF )
• PhD Dissertation - Timetable for Document Approval ( .PDF )

Note: Thesis and Dissertation review for format by the Office of Graduate Studies must occur prior to defense and final submission .

• Avoiding Format Problems in the Document ( .PDF )
• Proper Order of Thesis and Dissertation Pages ( .PDF )
• Steps for Page Numbering for Thesis and Dissertation Document ( .PDF for 2013 )
• Steps for Creating a Table of Contents ( .PDF ) | ( .DOC )
• List of Correct Combinations of Graduate Degrees and Departments or Interdisciplinary Programs at NJIT: Title Page Documentation

Approval Page Signature Process

1. The student brings a printout of their unsigned Approval Page to be signed at the Final Defense. 2. All committee members present at the Defense sign the Approval Page.  3. The student scans the signed Approval Page and:  If they are a PhD candidate, the student will upload it to ProQuest  If they are an MS candidate, the student will email it to Graduate Studies ( [email protected] ) 4. (Optional/Dependent) If any committee members did not sign the Approval Page at the defense, the student will scan and email the signed Approval Page to Graduate Studies, where it will be sent to whichever members have not signed yet, via Docusign, for electronic signature.  At this point, if the student is a PhD candidate, Graduate Studies will send the signed Approval Page (when ready) to the student for uploading to ProQuest

Please note that the dissertation/thesis committee must have previously been approved by Dr. Ziavras. 

Style Guides

( DISCLAIMER : these templates may not be a 100% match to thesis/dissertation formatting standards due to differences in software versions; additional changes may be needed after use)

• LaTeX Template for UNIX (2023)
• Microsoft Word Template (2024)

Thesis and Dissertation Formatting Examples

The following formatting examples can be used as samples.

NOTE: these examples are  not templates.

• Front Matter ( .PDF with comments ) → Includes Abstract, Title ( List of Correct Title Pages ), Copyright, Approval Page, Biographical Sketch, Dedication, Acknowledgments, Table of Contents, List of Tables, List of Figures, and List of Symbols or Definitions (optional).
• Document Body ( .PDF with comments ) → Includes Introduction, Body, Figures, and Tables.
• Appendices ( .PDF with comments ) → Includes Survey Documents, Questionnaires, Permission Forms, additional Figures or Tables.
• References ( .PDF with comments ) → Includes References according the preferred style for academic discipline, which subject specialists at the Robert Van Houten Library can help to determine. A list of these specialists can be found at:  https://library.njit.edu/staff

Information for Doctoral Students

• For PhD students doing their final dissertation submission,  complete the Survey of Earned Doctorates at this link
• For PhD students who have submitted their final dissertation,  information for requesting a completion letter is available at this link

Important Deadlines and Information

Students must be registered for thesis or dissertation before beginning the review and submission process. 

Thesis and Dissertation Submission Deadline for Spring 2024:

Before May 1, 2024

--- Click here to view the presentation from the Spring 2024 Thesis & Dissertation Workshop

PhD Thesis Template - NITK Surathkal

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A manual for preparation of thesis.

1.    GENERAL   The manual is intended to provide broad guidelines to the M.E./M.Sc./M.Tech./M.C.A./M.B.A. candidates in the preparation of the thesis.   In general, the thesis shall report, in an organised and scholarly fashion, an account of original research work of the candidate leading to the discovery of new facts or techniques or correlation of facts already known (analytical, experimental, hardware oriented, etc.)  

2.    NUMBER OF COPIES TO BE PREPARED   Atleast four copies are to be prepared, one each for External Examiner, Guide, Departmental Library and self.   The copies should be submitted to the Controller of Examinations through the Head of the Department before the due date.  

3.    ARRANGEMENT OF CONTENTS OF THESIS   The sequence in which the thesis material should be arranged and bound should be as follows:              

1. Title page             2.   Bonafide Certificate             3.   Abstract             4.   Acknowledgement             5.   Table of Contents             6.   List of Tables             7.   List of Figures             8.   List of Symbols, Abbreviations or Nomenclature (Optional)             9.   Chapters             10. References             11. Appendices The Tables and Figures shall be introduced in the appropriate places.  

4.    PAGE DIMENSIONS AND MARGIN   The thesis should be prepared on good quality white paper preferably not lower than 80 gsm. Standard A4 size paper should be used for preparing the copies. The final thesis should have the following page margins: Top edge           :   30 to 35 mm    Left side      :   35 to 40 mm Bottom edge   :   25 to 30 mm    Right side    :   20 to 25 mm  

Tables and figures should conform to the margin specifications.   Large size figures should be photographically or otherwise reduced to the appropriate size before insertion.  

5.    MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION   The headings of all items 2 to 11 listed in section 3 should be typed in capital letters without punctuation and centred 50mm below the top of the page.   The text should commence              4 spaces below this heading.        

5.1        Title Page – A specimen copy of the title page is given in Appendix 1.         5.2       Bonafide Certificate – A specimen copy of the bonafide certificate is given in Appendix 2.         5.3       Abstract – Abstract should be an essay type of narrative not exceeding 600 words, outlining the problem, the methodology used for tackling it and a summary of the findings.         5.4       Acknowledgement – It should be brief and preferably should not exceed one page when typed double spacing.         5.5       Table of Contents – The table of contents should list all material   following it as well as any material which precedes it.   The title page, bonafide certificate and acknowledgement will not find a place among the items listed in the table of contents.   One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head.         5.6       List of Tables – The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear above the tables in the text.   One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head.           5.7       List of Figures – The   list should use exactly the same captions as they appear below the figures in the text.   One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head.         5.8       List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature – One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head.   Standard symbols and abbreviations should be used.         5.9       Chapters – The chapters may be broadly divided into 3 parts  

(i)   Introductory chapter,   (ii)   Chapters developing the main theme of the thesis,   (iii)   Results, Discussions and Conclusions.           

         The main text will be divided into several chapters and each chapter may   be further divided into several divisions and sub-divisions.                     *       Each chapter should be given an appropriate title.   *      Tables and figures in a chapter should be placed in the immediate vicinity of the reference where they are cited.   *      Footnotes should be used sparingly.   They should be typed single space and placed directly underneath in the very same page which refers to the material they annotate.         5.10     List of References – When works of other researchers are used either directly or indirectly the origin of the material thus referred to at   appropriate places in the thesis should be indicated. A paper, a monograph or a book may be designated by the name of the first author followed by the year of publication, placed inside brackets at the appropriate place of reference.   The citation may assume any one of the following forms.        

Examples of citation

                 the listing should be typed 4 spaces below the heading references in alphabetical order in single spacing left-justified.   the reference material should be listed in the alphabetical order of the first author.   the name(s) of the author(s) should be immediately followed by the year and other details.    a typical illustrative list is given below..

REFERENCES   1.      Ariponnammal S. and Natarajan S. (1994) ‘Transport Phonomena of Sm Sel-x Asx’, Pramana – Journal of Physics, Vol. 42, No.5, pp.421-425.   2.      Barnard R.W. and Kellogg C. (1980) ‘Applications of Convolution Operators to Problems in Univalent Function Theory’,   Michigan Mach. J., Vol 27, pp 81-94.   3.      Jankins G.M. and Walts D.G. (1968) ‘Spectral Analysis and its Applications’, Holder Day, San Francisco.   4.      Shin K.G. and McKay N.D. (1984) ‘Open Loop Minimum Time Control of Mechanical Manipulations and its Applications’, Proc. Amer. Contr. Conf., San Diego, CA, pp.1231-1236.        

5.11     Appendices – Appendices are provided to give supplementary information, which if included in the main text may serve as a distraction and cloud the   central theme under discussion.   *      Appendices should be numbered using Arabic numerals, e.g. Appendix 1, Appendix 2, etc.   *      Appendices, tables and references appearing in appendices should be numbered and referred to at appropriate places just as in the case of chapters.    

5.12        Tables and Figures – The word table means tabulated data in the body of the thesis as well as in the appendices.   All other material used in the body of the thesis and appendices such as charts, graphs, maps, photographs and diagrams may be designated as figures.  

*    A table or figure including caption should be accommodated within   the prescribed margin limits and appear on the page following the   page where their first reference is made.

  *    Tables and figures half page or less in length may appear on the same page along with   the text.   However, they should be separated from the text both above and below by triple spacing.   *    All tables and figures should be prepared on the same paper or material used for the preparation of the rest of the thesis.   *    Two or more small tables or figures may be grouped if necessary in a single page.   *    Photographs, if any, should be included in colour xerox form or as colour printouts of scanned images. More than one figure can be included in a page.    

6.    TYPING INSTRUCTIONS  

6.1. General   Uniformity of the font (say, Times New Roman) in the entire thesis shall be observed. A sub-heading at the bottom of a page must have atleast two full lines below it or else it should be carried over to the next page. The last word of any page should not be split using a hyphen.   Double spacing should be used for typing the bonafide certificate and acknowledgement. One and a half spacing should be used for typing the general text.   Single spacing should be used for typing:   (i)   Long Tables                   (ii) Long quotations         (iii)    Foot notes             (iv) Multiline captions        (v)    References   All quotations exceeding one line should be typed in an indented space - the indentation being 15mm from either margins.            

6.2. Chapters   The format for typing chapter headings, divisions headings and sub division headings are explained through the following illustrative examples.   Chapter heading             :     CHAPTER 1                                             INTRODUCTION   Division heading             :     1.1 OUTLINE OF THESIS   Sub-division heading      :     1.1.2. Literature review   The word CHAPTER without punctuation should be centred 50mm down from the top of the page.   Two lines below, the title of the chapter should be typed centrally in capital letters.   The text should commence 4 lines below this title.   The division and sub-division captions along with their numberings should be left-justified.   The typed material directly below division or sub-division heading should commence             2 spaces below it.    Within a division or sub-division paragraphs are permitted.   Every paragraph should commence 3 spaces below the last line of the preceding paragraph.   

7.    NUMBERING INSTRUCTIONS  

7.1   Page Numbering   All page numbers (whether   Roman or Arabic) should be typed without punctuation on the upper right hand corner 20mm from top with the last digit in line with the right hand margin.   The preliminary pages of the thesis (such as title page, acknowledgement, table of contents, etc.) should be numbered in lower case Roman numerals.   The title page will be numbered as (i) but this should not be typed.   The page immediately following the title page shall be numbered (ii) and it should appear at the top right hand corner as already specified.   Pages of main text, starting with Chapter 1 should be consecutively numbered using Arabic numerals.  

7.2    Numbering of Chapters, Divisions and Sub-8 Divisions   The numbering of chapters, divisions and sub-divisions should be done using Arabic numerals only and decimal notation should be used for numbering the divisions and sub-divisions within a chapter.   For example, sub-division 4 under division 3 belonging to   Chapter 2 should be numbered as 2.3.4.   The caption for the sub-division should immediately follow the number assigned to it.   Every chapter beginning with the first chapter should be serially numbered using Arabic numerals.   Appendices included should also be numbered in an identical manner starting with Appendix 1.      

7.3    Numbering of Tables and Figures   Tables and figures appearing anywhere in the thesis should bear appropriate numbers.   The rule for assigning such numbers is illustrated through an example.   Thus, if a figure in Chapter 3, happens to be the fourth then assign Fig. 3.4 to that figure.   Identical rules apply for tables except that the word Fig. is replaced by the word Table.   If figures (or tables) appear in appendices then figure 3 in Appendix 2 will be designated as Fig. A2.3. A table may be continued into the next page, but no line should be drawn underneath an unfinished table.   The top line of the table continued into the next page should, for example, read      Table 2.1 (continued) placed centrally and underlined.       

7.4    Numbering of Equations  

Equations appearing in each chapter or appendix should be numbered serially, the numbering commencing afresh for each chapter or appendix.   Thus, for example, an equation appearing in Chapter 2, if it happens to be the eighth equation in that chapter should be numbered (2.8) thus:

… (2.8)                                      While referring to this equation in the body of the thesis it should be referred to as Eqn. 2.8.  

APPENDIX   1

  { Title }      

A Report on Project Work (Phase I)

    In   { Degree } ({ Specialisation })     By   { Name of the student } { Department }

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Tiruchirappalli – 620 015.

(Deemed University)   { Month   Year }             APPENDIX   2        

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

     This is to certify that the Report on Project Work (Phase I) titled { Title }   is a bonafide record of the work done by

                          { Name of the student }    

studying in { Degree } ({ Specialisation }) in the NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, tiruchirappalli, during the year { Academic year }

            { Name of the guide }                                                        { Name of the HOD }

Guide                                                                              Head of the Department

                                                                                             of { Department }         Project Viva – voce held on ……………………………           Internal Examiner                                                                       External Examiner  

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