what is google essay

Google Essay for Students and Teacher

500+ words essay on google.

Google is named after the mathematical word “googol,” described as the value represented by one followed by 100 zeros. Google is the leading Internet search engine; its main service provides customers with targeted search outcomes chosen from over 8 billion web pages. Both Stanford dropouts, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, developed Google search technology from a college project. Thus, an insight into Google Essay discusses how Google works and came into existence.

Google is undoubtedly today’s most famous and interesting business in the globe. It’s the mission, according to its corporate website, is to “organize the data of the world and make it widely available and helpful” (Google, 2010).

Google ranked first in the annual “Best companies” of Fortune Magazine, winning other top businesses in 2007 and 2008 for two successive years. His performance as a top employer is due to his inner corporate culture the most quoted reason. Google is the ultimate global company and is defined as a “fast-paced, high-energy working setting” (Google, 2010).

Because Google is focused on its “young” internet-savvy market, its employees ‘ average age is significantly smaller than most businesses. Google’s median age is 30 and the distribution of sex is 65% male and 35% female (Linkedin, 2010).

The dress code is “casual” and laid-back because it values skill and hard work, not appearance. Google has a very engaging culture of the business. Also, Google Mountain View’s headquarters, CA called Googleplex, is intended to have a “campus-like” feel in tune with its predominantly young new recruits at the college level (Google, 2010).

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Google and Rivals

Microsoft and Yahoo both invest strongly in search technology and gain market share on an ongoing basis. 2. With few rivals like Yahoo and MSN, Google operates in an oligopoly sector.

Thus, Google may find it hard to maintain its customers with low differentiation within the consequence of the search engine. Also, Yahoo and MSN launch their own search engines and targeted marketing systems; Google is in a race to create fresh search instruments to attract customers and grow their marketing networks.

Click fraud mentioned by Google as one of the potential “concerns” that may influence its income. In reality, due to click fraud, Google confessed to frequently paying refunds.

In reality, due to click fraud, Google confessed to frequently paying refunds. Click fraud happens when an individual, automated script or computer program imitates a lawful user of a web browser clicking on an advertisement in order to generate an inappropriate charge per click in the online pay-per-click advertisement.

For instance, Network click fraud-you are hosting ads on your own private website from Google AdSense. Google charges you each time you click on your website’s ad. Its fraud if you sit on the desktop constantly clicking on the ad or writing a computer program that clicks on the ad constantly. Such fraud is simple for Google to spot, so smart network click fraudsters simulate distinct IP addresses, or install Trojan horses on pcs from other people to produce fake clicks.

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Home — Essay Samples — Business — Google — The Importance of Google as a Search Engine

Advantages of Google for Students

Categories: Google Technology in Education

About this sample

Words: 624 |

Published: Apr 2, 2020

Words: 624 | Pages: 3 | 4 min read

Works Cited

Kumar, R., & Luhach, P. (2021). Role of Google in Education: A Review. In S. Kumar, S. Kumar, & M. Sharma (Eds.), Transformative Role of Digital Tools in the Classroom (pp. 283-293). Springer.
Liu, L., & Zhou, Y. (2018). The Impact of Google on Students' Academic Performance: An Empirical Study. Journal of Education and Practice, 9(15), 31-38.
Murray, R. (2019). Teaching Digital Natives: Partnering for Real Learning. Corwin.
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants. On the Horizon, 9(5), 1-6.
Young, J. R. (2017). How Today’s Tech Will Shape Tomorrow’s Minds. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 63(29), A22-A24.

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Google Scholar: the ultimate guide

What is Google Scholar?

Why is google scholar better than google for finding research papers, the google scholar search results page, the first two lines: core bibliographic information, quick full text-access options, "cited by" count and other useful links, tips for searching google scholar, 1. google scholar searches are not case sensitive, 2. use keywords instead of full sentences, 3. use quotes to search for an exact match, 3. add the year to the search phrase to get articles published in a particular year, 4. use the side bar controls to adjust your search result, 5. use boolean operator to better control your searches, google scholar advanced search interface, customizing search preferences and options, using the "my library" feature in google scholar, the scope and limitations of google scholar, alternatives to google scholar, country-specific google scholar sites, frequently asked questions about google scholar, related articles.

Google Scholar (GS) is a free academic search engine that can be thought of as the academic version of Google. Rather than searching all of the indexed information on the web, it searches repositories of:

universities
scholarly websites

This is generally a smaller subset of the pool that Google searches. It's all done automatically, but most of the search results tend to be reliable scholarly sources.

However, Google is typically less careful about what it includes in search results than more curated, subscription-based academic databases like Scopus and Web of Science . As a result, it is important to take some time to assess the credibility of the resources linked through Google Scholar.

➡️ Take a look at our guide on the best academic databases .

One advantage of using Google Scholar is that the interface is comforting and familiar to anyone who uses Google. This lowers the learning curve of finding scholarly information .

There are a number of useful differences from a regular Google search. Google Scholar allows you to:

copy a formatted citation in different styles including MLA and APA
export bibliographic data (BibTeX, RIS) to use with reference management software
explore other works have cited the listed work
easily find full text versions of the article

Although it is free to search in Google Scholar, most of the content is not freely available. Google does its best to find copies of restricted articles in public repositories. If you are at an academic or research institution, you can also set up a library connection that allows you to see items that are available through your institution.

The Google Scholar results page differs from the Google results page in a few key ways. The search result page is, however, different and it is worth being familiar with the different pieces of information that are shown. Let's have a look at the results for the search term "machine learning.”

The first line of each result provides the title of the document (e.g. of an article, book, chapter, or report).
The second line provides the bibliographic information about the document, in order: the author(s), the journal or book it appears in, the year of publication, and the publisher.

Clicking on the title link will bring you to the publisher’s page where you may be able to access more information about the document. This includes the abstract and options to download the PDF.

To the far right of the entry are more direct options for obtaining the full text of the document. In this example, Google has also located a publicly available PDF of the document hosted at umich.edu . Note, that it's not guaranteed that it is the version of the article that was finally published in the journal.

Below the text snippet/abstract you can find a number of useful links.

Cited by : the cited by link will show other articles that have cited this resource. That is a super useful feature that can help you in many ways. First, it is a good way to track the more recent research that has referenced this article, and second the fact that other researches cited this document lends greater credibility to it. But be aware that there is a lag in publication type. Therefore, an article published in 2017 will not have an extensive number of cited by results. It takes a minimum of 6 months for most articles to get published, so even if an article was using the source, the more recent article has not been published yet.
Versions : this link will display other versions of the article or other databases where the article may be found, some of which may offer free access to the article.
Quotation mark icon : this will display a popup with commonly used citation formats such as MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, and Vancouver that may be copied and pasted. Note, however, that the Google Scholar citation data is sometimes incomplete and so it is often a good idea to check this data at the source. The "cite" popup also includes links for exporting the citation data as BibTeX or RIS files that any major reference manager can import.

Pro tip: Use a reference manager like Paperpile to keep track of all your sources. Paperpile integrates with Google Scholar and many popular academic research engines and databases, so you can save references and PDFs directly to your library using the Paperpile buttons and later cite them in thousands of citation styles:

Although Google Scholar limits each search to a maximum of 1,000 results , it's still too much to explore, and you need an effective way of locating the relevant articles. Here’s a list of pro tips that will help you save time and search more effectively.

You don’t need to worry about case sensitivity when you’re using Google scholar. In other words, a search for "Machine Learning" will produce the same results as a search for "machine learning.”

Let's say your research topic is about self driving cars. For a regular Google search we might enter something like " what is the current state of the technology used for self driving cars ". In Google Scholar, you will see less than ideal results for this query .

The trick is to build a list of keywords and perform searches for them like self-driving cars, autonomous vehicles, or driverless cars. Google Scholar will assist you on that: if you start typing in the search field you will see related queries suggested by Scholar!

If you put your search phrase into quotes you can search for exact matches of that phrase in the title and the body text of the document. Without quotes, Google Scholar will treat each word separately.

This means that if you search national parks , the words will not necessarily appear together. Grouped words and exact phrases should be enclosed in quotation marks.

A search using “self-driving cars 2015,” for example, will return articles or books published in 2015.

Using the options in the left hand panel you can further restrict the search results by limiting the years covered by the search, the inclusion or exclude of patents, and you can sort the results by relevance or by date.

Searches are not case sensitive, however, there are a number of Boolean operators you can use to control the search and these must be capitalized.

AND requires both of the words or phrases on either side to be somewhere in the record.
NOT can be placed in front of a word or phrases to exclude results which include them.
OR will give equal weight to results which match just one of the words or phrases on either side.

➡️ Read more about how to efficiently search online databases for academic research .

In case you got overwhelmed by the above options, here’s some illustrative examples:

Tip: Use the advanced search features in Google Scholar to narrow down your search results.

You can gain even more fine-grained control over your search by using the advanced search feature. This feature is available by clicking on the hamburger menu in the upper left and selecting the "Advanced search" menu item.

Adjusting the Google Scholar settings is not necessary for getting good results, but offers some additional customization, including the ability to enable the above-mentioned library integrations.

The settings menu is found in the hamburger menu located in the top left of the Google Scholar page. The settings are divided into five sections:

Collections to search: by default Google scholar searches articles and includes patents, but this default can be changed if you are not interested in patents or if you wish to search case law instead.
Bibliographic manager: you can export relevant citation data via the “Bibliography manager” subsection.
Languages: if you wish for results to return only articles written in a specific subset of languages, you can define that here.
Library links: as noted, Google Scholar allows you to get the Full Text of articles through your institution’s subscriptions, where available. Search for, and add, your institution here to have the relevant link included in your search results.
Button: the Scholar Button is a Chrome extension which adds a dropdown search box to your toolbar. This allows you to search Google Scholar from any website. Moreover, if you have any text selected on the page and then click the button it will display results from a search on those words when clicked.

When signed in, Google Scholar adds some simple tools for keeping track of and organizing the articles you find. These can be useful if you are not using a full academic reference manager.

All the search results include a “save” button at the end of the bottom row of links, clicking this will add it to your "My Library".

To help you provide some structure, you can create and apply labels to the items in your library. Appended labels will appear at the end of the article titles. For example, the following article has been assigned a “RNA” label:

Google Scholar my library entry with label

Within your Google Scholar library, you can also edit the metadata associated with titles. This will often be necessary as Google Scholar citation data is often faulty.

There is no official statement about how big the Scholar search index is, but unofficial estimates are in the range of about 160 million , and it is supposed to continue to grow by several million each year.

Yet, Google Scholar does not return all resources that you may get in search at you local library catalog. For example, a library database could return podcasts, videos, articles, statistics, or special collections. For now, Google Scholar has only the following publication types:

Journal articles : articles published in journals. It's a mixture of articles from peer reviewed journals, predatory journals and pre-print archives.
Books : links to the Google limited version of the text, when possible.
Book chapters : chapters within a book, sometimes they are also electronically available.
Book reviews : reviews of books, but it is not always apparent that it is a review from the search result.
Conference proceedings : papers written as part of a conference, typically used as part of presentation at the conference.
Court opinions .
Patents : Google Scholar only searches patents if the option is selected in the search settings described above.

The information in Google Scholar is not cataloged by professionals. The quality of the metadata will depend heavily on the source that Google Scholar is pulling the information from. This is a much different process to how information is collected and indexed in scholarly databases such as Scopus or Web of Science .

➡️ Visit our list of the best academic databases .

Google Scholar is by far the most frequently used academic search engine , but it is not the only one. Other academic search engines include:

Science.gov
Semantic Scholar
scholar.google.fr : Sur les épaules d'un géant
scholar.google.es (Google Académico): A hombros de gigantes
scholar.google.pt (Google Académico): Sobre os ombros de gigantes
scholar.google.de : Auf den Schultern von Riesen

➡️ Once you’ve found some research, it’s time to read it. Take a look at our guide on how to read a scientific paper .

No. Google Scholar is a bibliographic search engine rather than a bibliographic database. In order to qualify as a database Google Scholar would need to have stable identifiers for its records.

No. Google Scholar is an academic search engine, but the records found in Google Scholar are scholarly sources.

No. Google Scholar collects research papers from all over the web, including grey literature and non-peer reviewed papers and reports.

Google Scholar does not provide any full text content itself, but links to the full text article on the publisher page, which can either be open access or paywalled content. Google Scholar tries to provide links to free versions, when possible.

The easiest way to access Google scholar is by using The Google Scholar Button. This is a browser extension that allows you easily access Google Scholar from any web page. You can install it from the Chrome Webstore .

245 Google Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Wondering how to write an outstanding essay about Google? We are here to help! Read the article carefully – we included secret tips on how to write a Google essay. 170+ Excellent Topics, Do’s & Don’ts, free Goggle essay topic generator – all in this article.

👌 How to Write a Google Essay: Do’s and Don’ts

🏆 best google essay topics & examples, 🥇 most interesting google topics to write about, 🎓 simple & easy google essay topics, 📌 good essay topics on google, 💡 interesting topics to write about google, 📑 good research topics about google.

Google essay writing may be challenging for some students, as it requires extensive research. At the same time, essays on Google are interesting and engaging assignments that allow students to learn more about the company and its products.

Such papers can cover various issues, from technology to corporate culture. Our tips will help you to write outstanding university and college-level Google essays.

Here are the best examples of Google essay topics:

The advantages and disadvantages of Google’s censorship.
How can Google improve the lives of its users?
How access to Google affects the value of games?
Google as a motivator for changes in employee behavior.
Review of the Google algorithms.
Google: History of company development and SWOT analysis.
History of Google.

Feel free to use one of the titles we have suggested, and remember that there are many other Google essay ideas, too. You can ask your professor about them or find them online. Now that you have selected the topic for your essay let’s start working on the paper.

Check our list of recommendations on what to do or not to do in your Google essay.

Don’t hesitate to check out our free samples below and get useful ideas for your essay!

“Is Google Making Us Stupid?” by Nicholas Carr Nicholas Carr, in his article, “Is Google Making Us Stupid?” mainly discusses the basis and impact of the way the Internet affects or impacts our reading, reasoning, and writing habits as well as the way […]
Google Democratic Leadership Style – Compared to Amazon Applying behavioural leadership style theories in Bezos and Schmidt’s case reveals that the Amazon CEO is an autocratic leader while the Google CEO is a democratic leader.
Compensation Philosophy of Google – Structure & Benefits Essay The purpose of this paper is to examine the contribution of Google’s compensation plan to its efforts to motivate and retain talented employees.
Is Google Making Us Stupid? In the view of many, the internet has greatly contributed to the growth of knowledge and research. However, although the internet has greatly contributed to the growth of knowledge, it has been opposed by a […]
Google’s Strategic Goals The global market for mobile devices continues to grow, which will has a direct impact on the company’s operations in the market. This approach has enabled the firm to stay competitive in its industry.
Google Company’s Major Challenges It is important to add that the changes will start with the notes to employees concerning the need for change. The employees should know the agenda and they will be informed about the major challenges […]
Google Case Study: SWOT Analysis This is an opportunity Google can exploit and stamp its control of the internet service market. The second recommendation is that Google needs to reorient its organizational structure and culture to promote development of its […]
How Microsoft and Google Use Information Systems The Office applications are also in line with the IT initiatives of the company because they create room for surveys and questionnaires that can be carried out to gain more insight into the existing strengths […]
The Case of Strategic Analysis of Google Inc. The company’s strategy has been focusing on the acquisition of companies Motorola Mobility Center and Keyhole that helped in the diversification of its products.
Google Company’s Performance and Compensation Policies At the beginning of the year 2000, Google enhanced its computer solutions and introduced a ‘MentalPlex idea,’ which enabled the Google search engine to visualize the search results of the users.
Google Company Overview Google has the largest market share of the search engines. Google has enhanced the entertainment industry, and shopping is just a click of a mouse.
Employee Motivation and Reward at Google One of the factors that make most of the employees wish to work with Google Company is that the company offers an environment that promotes employee growth and development.
Google Company’s Situational Leadership The current CEO of Google, Larry Page, is a considered a great leader because of his ability to apply situational leadership skills in resolving some of the problems that threaten the success of the company.
Analysis of Google’s Corporate Strategy Nonetheless, despite the complexity of Google’s strategy, it is important to understand that the main component of the company’s strategy is advertising.
Google’s Business-Level Strategies and Issues A business-level strategy refers to a set of commitments, plans, and initiatives that businesses, corporations, and organizations use to develop competitive advantage through exploitation of strengths of certain products in the market. Google should strive […]
Google Company: Larry Page’ Leadership Style In Google’s case, there is a favorable fusion of personal and organizational values that define its operations in the technology market.
Google’s Project Oxygen and Its Issues It is also imperative to test the sustainability of the project through a two-year data collection and testing process in order to determine if the members of the target group aspire to become better managers.
Five-Forces Model in Google Google is one of the largest technology companies in the world. There is low threat of substitution because Google’s products are dominant in the internet and software industries.
Google’s Competitive Strategy The company has developed its own infrastructure that ensures that its customers experience efficient and fast search; and this allows the company to maintain its competitive edge over other search engines.
Google Company as an Open Systems Organization The purpose of this report is to describe Google through the prism of the open systems theory and provide recommendations for how the selected organization can strengthen its open world mindset.
Google Company’s External Environment and Leadership Google’s mission has been “to organize the world’s information and make it accessible to every person”. Google has produced the best apps to support the needs of these individuals.
Google and Ethics The purpose is to show that a company like Google must behave ethically and all the decisions made by managers and other superiors should be guided by the highest morale and respect to the surrounding […]
Why Google Failed in China Mainland In the light of these circumstances, it becomes important to examine the role played by the Chinese government and the law relating to internet that adversely impacted Google in China, eventually leading to its failure […]
Google Company Analysis In the case of Google, the company has got the following strengths. Recent new items As a company which is in the information sector, Google has been working towards establishing links and coming up with […]
Google and Stupidity As a result, the intensity of their work is reduced, and the “obsession” of people with Internet surfing leads to impulsiveness and a loss of ability to leisurely and in-depth intellectual activity.
Organizational Analysis: Google Company The informal structure of the organization or the informal dimension represents the autonomy, mobility, and sovereignty of members of an organization and the impact they have on the general decision-making process in the organization.
Sundar Pichai’s Leadership and Action Logics As a result, the issue of action logics presented in this paper is vital because it paves the way for leaders to develop practical ways of understanding not only their individual codes of conduct but […]
Google Inc.’s Motivation, Principles and Methods This paper looks into the theories and methods used by Google to motivate its employees and the issues that the company is able to solve due to this practice.
Organizational Culture of Google Incorporation This essay examines the culture of Google Incorporation. Google uses a powerful approach to empower and guide its employees.
Google and Microsoft Corporations Business Models Comparison Considering the dynamic nature of the business environment, a firm’s management teams should not only base the success on the effectiveness with which they offer their product and services.
Google Company’s Fundamentals of Management The success of Google LLC is attributable to various elements and initiatives that make it competitive and aware of different issues existing in its key industries.
Leadership Styles of Yahoo, Blackberry, and Google Using the identified characteristics of transactional and transformational leadership styles in the literature review, the paper attempts to specify the leadership styles that each of the three organizations deploys using the primary data from the […]
Google Inc.’s Business Strategy and Company Analysis Google was founded in 1996, and in 11 years become one of the leading search engines and advertising companies in the world.
Managing Diversity among Expatriates: Google Employees Deploying in Rwanda The target group for this training is expatriates coming from the United States and Europe and moving to the new Google LLC’s offices in Rwanda.
Google Inc’s Marketing Strategies Political factors Government regulation of the internet services Taxation policies Regulation on excess capacity The world is in the process of employing a free trade policy whereby the market is the one that determines the […]
Google Inc.’s Organizational Psychology Organizational psychology plays a critical role in the effectiveness of a firm to find candidates which are able to demonstrate high performance on the job while fitting into the workplace culture, thus a complex talent […]
Google Glass Product: Operations Strategy The paper will first try to understand the general environment of the Google Glass and the objective and goals of the company for the product.
Google: Human Relations & Political Economy Model Political economy therefore “refers to the study of trade and production, and how the two relate to the distribution of income and the law”.
Google’s Project Oxygen and Managerial Role Thus, the company puts a lot of emphasis on the proper treatment of employees, in turn, encouraging the development of proper relationships between the employees and the management. The key issue that can be deduced […]
Communications and Media: Case Study of Google Company Perhaps the most outstanding achiever in the global business realm is the most renowned international search engine company known as ‘Google Company.’ The global population and researchers in specific have remained speculative of the uniqueness […]
Google’s Operations and Supply Chain Strategy As the founders of the company, Sergey Brin and Larry Page jointly own 16 per cent of the total shares of the company.
Organizational Communication: Google’s Organization Google’s hierarchy tends to be flat, its chain of command flexible and accessible, and its communication networks relaxed and casual; this is not the case, however, for many organizations, including Google’s shareholders and several organizations […]
Google Inc. Employees’ Intercultural Competencies The actual purpose of this selection procedure is to serve as an instrument to gain insight into the qualitative aspects of the tested applicant’s perception of the surrounding corporate reality and the individual’s place in […]
Google Chrome SWOT Analysis Chrome is well poised to remain the number one choice for web users because it is available in both desktop and mobile platforms.
Flexible Firms: The Case of Google Google exercises flexibility in the place of work and flexibility in the scheduling of work hours by allowing their employees to telecommute.
Google`s Functional Strategies In terms of marketing strategy, the most important one is that everyone could use Google services for free. Instead, Google’s ideas should be adjusted to the needs and specialization of a firm.
Business Level Strategy and TOWS Matrix of Google To curb these competitors, the company has also employed a grand strategy of product development from time to time to rebrand its products and services so that they remain appealing and attractive to their customers.
Rhetoric in “Is Google Making Us Stupid” by Carr An overview of the essay revealed the application of a careful appeal to the reader’s emotions, the establishment of the writer’s credibility, logical presentation of relevant information, and the subtle entreaty using shared experiences.
Google Business Strategy The search engine is the main business of the firm. Google has built its business through the differentiation strategy of its core business, which is the search engine.
Google Corporation: Business Profile Google Corporation is an American company providing one of the most powerful search engines in the world. Administrative Google Company Level is the highest level which includes specialists in charge of the administrative work for […]
Google Technologies and Their Impact on Society Another attractive feature of this technology is the value for money with regard to the prices paid for both the internet and cable television.
Google’s Compensation Strategy and Reputation The firm wanted to change the reputation such that the perception has now changed to indicate that the company is the best place to work.
Google Inc Performance and Strategies The IPO was a phenomenon success because by the end of the first day of trading, there was an 18% appreciation of the firm’s shares in the market. To remain competitive in the market, the […]
Google in 2008 The paper also focuses on the corporate strategy of the company and in the end, it comes up with recommendations to increase its performance in the short run and in the long run.
Google and Its Expansion Strategy The popularity of mergers and acquisitions has become especially evident in the XXI century; however, it was not until Google, Inc.decided to establish stronger links with the Android, Inc.in August, 2005 that the world of […]
Google-Motorola-Lenovo Acquisition The acquisition of Motorola is a good deal for Lenovo because it has competitive abilities that are likely to make Motorola more successful than Google.
Google: Managing Workforce Diversity For the Google Company, workforce diversity management is critical in the endeavor to increase the ability to address the various needs of more diverse Google customer base.
Google Company’s Self-Directed Teams Empowerment Instead of foisting the entire weight of decision-making onto the employees, the company managers allow the staff to make choices only in the domains that the staff is entirely proficient in and regarding the issues […]
Google Inc.’s Organizational Behavior and Creativity It is important to understand that moods and emotions may have direct impact on the quality of work environment hence the output of employees.
Google Docs Challenges and Opportunities In this paper, I will discuss the Google Docs as a one of the prominent tools for collaboration, and try to present the challenges that are faced in its implementation, and how they are overcome.
Google Corporation in Japan This paper pays a close attention to its Japan operations by exploring its current activities in the country, the challenges it faces in this market, and possible strategies for improving its performance in the Asian […]
Google Acquisition of Motorola Company The other reason was to enhance the Android system in order to counter the influence of competitors in the market. This was a blow to Google as the company had hoped to enhance its presence […]
Google: Organizational Behavior The much attention should be paid the way in which theoretical concepts of organizational behavior are translated into real-life policies of Google.
Overview of Google’s Intellectual Property Governance The controversy surrounds the problems that emanate from the intellectual property that the Chinese government felt that the company has been breaching the law by their unfiltered contents in the search engine.
The 2010 Dispute Between Google and China The issue of the 2010 dispute was in the desire of Google to show uncensored search results and thus protect the privacy of the users.
Google Inc.’s Current State of Affairs and Future Plans With Google’s capability of producing returns by means of AdWords, the monetization of a product is impartially forthright on the condition that an adequate number of individuals want to utilize it.
Google, Apple and Microsoft Strategies For Google, the first and the foremost sphere is the advertisement; the Internet applications and mobile phones come at close second, according to the case study.
Google Inc. Market Strategies The case study reveals that this company has achieved success in the market because of its unique strategic plans it has been using in the market for the last one decade.
Analysis of Google Business Plan Google Inc is one of the most successful global organizations in terms of growth, financial stability, and marketing. According to Pinson, the mission of Google is “To Organize the world’s information and make it universally […]
Google Company’s Alliances Some believe, due to the market structure, alliances become inevitable, and the type of market determine the reason for the alliance.
Google and Samsung: The Human Resource Strategies The management established the centre to administer the “Samsung with high potentials” vision and advance a cohesive culture through its employees.
Corporate Social Responsibility: Case of Google The problem is that I did not read the five portions of materials given by the tutor, so that I failed to collect sufficient arguments for my point of view.
The Idea of Subculture and Understanding the Google Culture He is the author of the popular Enterprise Search Report and spent nearly a year and a half researching and writing The Google Legacy.
The Role of Line Manager in Enhancing Employees’ Performance in Google The study conducted in Google represented the technology industry and remain the focus area to understand the role of line managers in enhancing the employees’ performance.
Employee Engagement in Google The proposed research will examine whether the engagement strategy motivates employees to stay longer at the company. The HR managers may be interested to know how the firm’s engagement strategy addresses the diverse needs of […]
Comparison Between Google and Microsoft Products The Google Company’s strategy is bases upon the internet technology while Microsoft dominates management of the desktop applications with a wide range of software.
Google’s Strategic Use of Information Technology: Profitability and Corporate Social Responsibility One can just imagine the confusion, anguish and despair felt by the residents of the city in the aftermath of the disaster.
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A Revolution in the Making, Preparing for the Google IPO Non-monetary benefits can also be derived, such as the publicity the company gets in the market due to the IPO, which could help the company increase its market share.
Google Company’s Recruitment and Retention Strategies Therefore, it is possible to conclude that recruitment and retention strategies employed at Google are effective as they contribute to employees’ and the company’s performance.
Google and Yahoo – Detailed Business Comparison Directory and other applications also provide the company with a window of opportunity for new business and income streams as organizations increasingly realize the need to advertise online.
Google Inc.’s Measuring and Retaining Talent The third significant component of talent management is the development and retention of talent. First of all, it is necessary to classify the potential difficulties in talent management.
Google Glass Technology and Its Future Hence, it is crucial to discuss Google Glass and its features, including what the future holds for this technology. The only problem is that Google Glass has not been demonstrated to be a lasting solution […]
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Google Analytics as a Business Intelligence Tool Google Analytics is considered a powerful freemium tool for Web site and mobile app analysis, making it one of the most successful BI tools with superior return on investment.
Google and Microsoft’s Financial Management This means that in 2009, Google’s efficiency in the use of the firm’s asset to generate returns to the owners had improved but in 2010, Google was less efficient in generating returns to the providers […]
Google Search Engine and Yahoo Search Engine Once retrieved, the contents of the site are checked in order to get a proper way of indexing in the search engine.
Competitive Advantage: Google Case Study Thus, the paper aims to discuss disruptive innovation and the aspects of competitive advantage in the business market. In economics, a circumstance is said to as having a comparative advantage, which allows for the possibility […]
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Sexism and Internal Discrimination at Google The recommendation in the case is that the organization should provide justice to all the employees who are victims of discrimination and sexual harassment, irrespective of the perpetrator.
Google Docs as a Tool for Collaborative Writing The significance of the problem: the inability to adapt teaching practices to the needs of ELLs is likely to result in a continuing learning gap for all current and future students.
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Google and Microsoft: Antitrust Law Extra Credit Due to the unclear outcomes of the Microsoft case, it is difficult to say if the current case against Google will be successful as well.
The New Google Search Algorithm With Neural Network Therefore, BERT is pre-trained on a marked language model, and the essence is that it is necessary to predict the word not at the end of the sentence but somewhere in the middle.
Why Google Was Wrong Firing James Damore While I agree with the fundamental logic of the argument and do not believe that James Damore should have been fired, I have also identified an issue in his argument related to the interpretation of […]
Discussion: Google Making Us Stupid The internet has continually affected the cognition of human beings. The internet has affected most of the operations that people do.
IT Process at the Company “Google” Research of the IT process at “Google” is the key idea to be considered in this paper.”Google” is known for its innovative technologies, fast and straightforward search engines, software, equipment, and progressive methods of working […]
Google Inc.: Its History and Issues the Company Is Facing Google has to work on the interconnectivity of its services to provide a better customer experience and capitalize on the opportunities that are currently missing.
Survivors of the Google Share Crash: The Rise of Motorola and LG Caused by a premature publishing of the company’s annual report, the crisis resulted in Google shares cost dropping rapidly and a range of companies being left nearly devastated.
Google France Fighting for Advertisement Opportunities Namely, companies, including those of greater influence in a target market, should be restricted in the extent of space that they can use to advertise their services.
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Google’s Success: Contributions to Google’s Success With the continuous innovations, it has provided unique and updated services that contribute to its success. It is a strategy that has contributed to the success of the company.
Google Technologies That Are Currently Developing One of the areas that Google invests in and promotes is self-driving automobiles. The company is working with the Renewable Energy Buyers Alliance to promote legislative changes that simplify corporate procurement of wind and solar […]
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The Web Spider Program Akin to Google Search The eigensystem analysis of the connectivity matrix for the web spider program test sample is conducted to find eigenvalue and the corresponding eigenvector.
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Google Boosts Currency Hedges as Dollar Rallies From Record Low Thus, every corporation functioning in the multitude of markets has to take a set of measures to protect its revenues from shrinking in the process of currency exchange. In the context of measures taken by […]
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Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic and Worfram Alpha In addition to Microsoft Academic and Google Scholar, there are other information sources, such as Wolfram Alpha, that try to convince academicians of the validity of the information that they constitute.
Windows vs Google. New Operating System as the Key to Success Nevertheless, the peculiarities of the market and the high level of demands on it could be taken as the guarantee of the great level of expected incomes for a new OS.
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Ways to Improve Google Performance According to the philosophy that inspires the work of Google, its strategy of work is formed on the basis of its two main objectives: its priority is the organization of the information around the world […]
Triumvirate Leadership in Terms of the Google Corporation Though the management was concentrated in hands of one person in terms of common management strategies, suchlike development of leadership competencies and ensuring a healthy work environment, it is necessary to mention that the founders […]
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Is Google Making Us Stupid?

What the Internet is doing to our brains

An illustration of an "Internet Patrol" officer writing a ticket while someone stands in front of a "Minimum Speed" sign

“Dave, stop. Stop, will you? Stop, Dave. Will you stop, Dave?” So the supercomputer HAL pleads with the implacable astronaut Dave Bowman in a famous and weirdly poignant scene toward the end of Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey . Bowman, having nearly been sent to a deep-space death by the malfunctioning machine, is calmly, coldly disconnecting the memory circuits that control its artificial “ brain. “Dave, my mind is going,” HAL says, forlornly. “I can feel it. I can feel it.”

I can feel it, too. Over the past few years I’ve had an uncomfortable sense that someone, or something, has been tinkering with my brain, remapping the neural circuitry, reprogramming the memory. My mind isn’t going—so far as I can tell—but it’s changing. I’m not thinking the way I used to think. I can feel it most strongly when I’m reading. Immersing myself in a book or a lengthy article used to be easy. My mind would get caught up in the narrative or the turns of the argument, and I’d spend hours strolling through long stretches of prose. That’s rarely the case anymore. Now my concentration often starts to drift after two or three pages. I get fidgety, lose the thread, begin looking for something else to do. I feel as if I’m always dragging my wayward brain back to the text. The deep reading that used to come naturally has become a struggle.

I think I know what’s going on. For more than a decade now, I’ve been spending a lot of time online, searching and surfing and sometimes adding to the great databases of the Internet. The Web has been a godsend to me as a writer. Research that once required days in the stacks or periodical rooms of libraries can now be done in minutes. A few Google searches, some quick clicks on hyperlinks, and I’ve got the telltale fact or pithy quote I was after. Even when I’m not working, I’m as likely as not to be foraging in the Web’s info-thickets—reading and writing e-mails, scanning headlines and blog posts, watching videos and listening to podcasts, or just tripping from link to link to link. (Unlike footnotes, to which they’re sometimes likened, hyperlinks don’t merely point to related works; they propel you toward them.)

For me, as for others, the Net is becoming a universal medium, the conduit for most of the information that flows through my eyes and ears and into my mind. The advantages of having immediate access to such an incredibly rich store of information are many, and they’ve been widely described and duly applauded. “The perfect recall of silicon memory,” Wired ’s Clive Thompson has written , “can be an enormous boon to thinking.” But that boon comes at a price. As the media theorist Marshall McLuhan pointed out in the 1960s, media are not just passive channels of information. They supply the stuff of thought, but they also shape the process of thought. And what the Net seems to be doing is chipping away my capacity for concentration and contemplation. My mind now expects to take in information the way the Net distributes it: in a swiftly moving stream of particles. Once I was a scuba diver in the sea of words. Now I zip along the surface like a guy on a Jet Ski.

I’m not the only one. When I mention my troubles with reading to friends and acquaintances—literary types, most of them—many say they’re having similar experiences. The more they use the Web, the more they have to fight to stay focused on long pieces of writing. Some of the bloggers I follow have also begun mentioning the phenomenon. Scott Karp, who writes a blog about online media , recently confessed that he has stopped reading books altogether. “I was a lit major in college, and used to be [a] voracious book reader,” he wrote. “What happened?” He speculates on the answer: “What if I do all my reading on the web not so much because the way I read has changed, i.e. I’m just seeking convenience, but because the way I THINK has changed?”

Bruce Friedman, who blogs regularly about the use of computers in medicine , also has described how the Internet has altered his mental habits. “I now have almost totally lost the ability to read and absorb a longish article on the web or in print,” he wrote earlier this year. A pathologist who has long been on the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School, Friedman elaborated on his comment in a telephone conversation with me. His thinking, he said, has taken on a “staccato” quality, reflecting the way he quickly scans short passages of text from many sources online. “I can’t read War and Peace anymore,” he admitted. “I’ve lost the ability to do that. Even a blog post of more than three or four paragraphs is too much to absorb. I skim it.”

Anecdotes alone don’t prove much. And we still await the long-term neurological and psychological experiments that will provide a definitive picture of how Internet use affects cognition. But a recently published study of online research habits, conducted by scholars from University College London, suggests that we may well be in the midst of a sea change in the way we read and think. As part of the five-year research program, the scholars examined computer logs documenting the behavior of visitors to two popular research sites, one operated by the British Library and one by a U.K. educational consortium, that provide access to journal articles, e-books, and other sources of written information. They found that people using the sites exhibited “a form of skimming activity,” hopping from one source to another and rarely returning to any source they’d already visited. They typically read no more than one or two pages of an article or book before they would “bounce” out to another site. Sometimes they’d save a long article, but there’s no evidence that they ever went back and actually read it. The authors of the study report:

It is clear that users are not reading online in the traditional sense; indeed there are signs that new forms of “reading” are emerging as users “power browse” horizontally through titles, contents pages and abstracts going for quick wins. It almost seems that they go online to avoid reading in the traditional sense.

Thanks to the ubiquity of text on the Internet, not to mention the popularity of text-messaging on cell phones, we may well be reading more today than we did in the 1970s or 1980s, when television was our medium of choice. But it’s a different kind of reading, and behind it lies a different kind of thinking—perhaps even a new sense of the self. “We are not only what we read,” says Maryanne Wolf, a developmental psychologist at Tufts University and the author of Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain . “We are how we read.” Wolf worries that the style of reading promoted by the Net, a style that puts “efficiency” and “immediacy” above all else, may be weakening our capacity for the kind of deep reading that emerged when an earlier technology, the printing press, made long and complex works of prose commonplace. When we read online, she says, we tend to become “mere decoders of information.” Our ability to interpret text, to make the rich mental connections that form when we read deeply and without distraction, remains largely disengaged.

Reading, explains Wolf, is not an instinctive skill for human beings. It’s not etched into our genes the way speech is. We have to teach our minds how to translate the symbolic characters we see into the language we understand. And the media or other technologies we use in learning and practicing the craft of reading play an important part in shaping the neural circuits inside our brains. Experiments demonstrate that readers of ideograms, such as the Chinese, develop a mental circuitry for reading that is very different from the circuitry found in those of us whose written language employs an alphabet. The variations extend across many regions of the brain, including those that govern such essential cognitive functions as memory and the interpretation of visual and auditory stimuli. We can expect as well that the circuits woven by our use of the Net will be different from those woven by our reading of books and other printed works.

Sometime in 1882, Friedrich Nietzsche bought a typewriter—a Malling-Hansen Writing Ball, to be precise. His vision was failing, and keeping his eyes focused on a page had become exhausting and painful, often bringing on crushing headaches. He had been forced to curtail his writing, and he feared that he would soon have to give it up. The typewriter rescued him, at least for a time. Once he had mastered touch-typing, he was able to write with his eyes closed, using only the tips of his fingers. Words could once again flow from his mind to the page.

But the machine had a subtler effect on his work. One of Nietzsche’s friends, a composer, noticed a change in the style of his writing. His already terse prose had become even tighter, more telegraphic. “Perhaps you will through this instrument even take to a new idiom,” the friend wrote in a letter, noting that, in his own work, his “‘thoughts’ in music and language often depend on the quality of pen and paper.”

How to Trick People Into Saving Money

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The Dark Psychology of Social Networks

“You are right,” Nietzsche replied, “our writing equipment takes part in the forming of our thoughts.” Under the sway of the machine, writes the German media scholar Friedrich A. Kittler , Nietzsche’s prose “changed from arguments to aphorisms, from thoughts to puns, from rhetoric to telegram style.”

The human brain is almost infinitely malleable. People used to think that our mental meshwork, the dense connections formed among the 100 billion or so neurons inside our skulls, was largely fixed by the time we reached adulthood. But brain researchers have discovered that that’s not the case. James Olds, a professor of neuroscience who directs the Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study at George Mason University, says that even the adult mind “is very plastic.” Nerve cells routinely break old connections and form new ones. “The brain,” according to Olds, “has the ability to reprogram itself on the fly, altering the way it functions.”

As we use what the sociologist Daniel Bell has called our “intellectual technologies”—the tools that extend our mental rather than our physical capacities—we inevitably begin to take on the qualities of those technologies. The mechanical clock, which came into common use in the 14th century, provides a compelling example. In Technics and Civilization , the historian and cultural critic Lewis Mumford described how the clock “disassociated time from human events and helped create the belief in an independent world of mathematically measurable sequences.” The “abstract framework of divided time” became “the point of reference for both action and thought.”

The clock’s methodical ticking helped bring into being the scientific mind and the scientific man. But it also took something away. As the late MIT computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum observed in his 1976 book, Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation , the conception of the world that emerged from the widespread use of timekeeping instruments “remains an impoverished version of the older one, for it rests on a rejection of those direct experiences that formed the basis for, and indeed constituted, the old reality.” In deciding when to eat, to work, to sleep, to rise, we stopped listening to our senses and started obeying the clock.

The process of adapting to new intellectual technologies is reflected in the changing metaphors we use to explain ourselves to ourselves. When the mechanical clock arrived, people began thinking of their brains as operating “like clockwork.” Today, in the age of software, we have come to think of them as operating “like computers.” But the changes, neuroscience tells us, go much deeper than metaphor. Thanks to our brain’s plasticity, the adaptation occurs also at a biological level.

The Internet promises to have particularly far-reaching effects on cognition. In a paper published in 1936 , the British mathematician Alan Turing proved that a digital computer, which at the time existed only as a theoretical machine, could be programmed to perform the function of any other information-processing device. And that’s what we’re seeing today. The Internet, an immeasurably powerful computing system, is subsuming most of our other intellectual technologies. It’s becoming our map and our clock, our printing press and our typewriter, our calculator and our telephone, and our radio and TV.

When the Net absorbs a medium, that medium is re-created in the Net’s image. It injects the medium’s content with hyperlinks, blinking ads, and other digital gewgaws, and it surrounds the content with the content of all the other media it has absorbed. A new e-mail message, for instance, may announce its arrival as we’re glancing over the latest headlines at a newspaper’s site. The result is to scatter our attention and diffuse our concentration.

The Net’s influence doesn’t end at the edges of a computer screen, either. As people’s minds become attuned to the crazy quilt of Internet media, traditional media have to adapt to the audience’s new expectations. Television programs add text crawls and pop-up ads, and magazines and newspapers shorten their articles, introduce capsule summaries, and crowd their pages with easy-to-browse info-snippets. When, in March of this year, The New York Times decided to devote the second and third pages of every edition to article abstracts , its design director, Tom Bodkin, explained that the “shortcuts” would give harried readers a quick “taste” of the day’s news, sparing them the “less efficient” method of actually turning the pages and reading the articles. Old media have little choice but to play by the new-media rules.

Never has a communications system played so many roles in our lives—or exerted such broad influence over our thoughts—as the Internet does today. Yet, for all that’s been written about the Net, there’s been little consideration of how, exactly, it’s reprogramming us. The Net’s intellectual ethic remains obscure.

About the same time that Nietzsche started using his typewriter, an earnest young man named Frederick Winslow Taylor carried a stopwatch into the Midvale Steel plant in Philadelphia and began a historic series of experiments aimed at improving the efficiency of the plant’s machinists. With the approval of Midvale’s owners, he recruited a group of factory hands, set them to work on various metalworking machines, and recorded and timed their every movement as well as the operations of the machines. By breaking down every job into a sequence of small, discrete steps and then testing different ways of performing each one, Taylor created a set of precise instructions—an “algorithm,” we might say today—for how each worker should work. Midvale’s employees grumbled about the strict new regime, claiming that it turned them into little more than automatons, but the factory’s productivity soared.

More than a hundred years after the invention of the steam engine, the Industrial Revolution had at last found its philosophy and its philosopher. Taylor’s tight industrial choreography—his “system,” as he liked to call it—was embraced by manufacturers throughout the country and, in time, around the world. Seeking maximum speed, maximum efficiency, and maximum output, factory owners used time-and-motion studies to organize their work and configure the jobs of their workers. The goal, as Taylor defined it in his celebrated 1911 treatise, The Principles of Scientific Management , was to identify and adopt, for every job, the “one best method” of work and thereby to effect “the gradual substitution of science for rule of thumb throughout the mechanic arts.” Once his system was applied to all acts of manual labor, Taylor assured his followers, it would bring about a restructuring not only of industry but of society, creating a utopia of perfect efficiency. “In the past the man has been first,” he declared; “in the future the system must be first.”

Taylor’s system is still very much with us; it remains the ethic of industrial manufacturing. And now, thanks to the growing power that computer engineers and software coders wield over our intellectual lives, Taylor’s ethic is beginning to govern the realm of the mind as well. The Internet is a machine designed for the efficient and automated collection, transmission, and manipulation of information, and its legions of programmers are intent on finding the “one best method”—the perfect algorithm—to carry out every mental movement of what we’ve come to describe as “knowledge work.”

Google’s headquarters, in Mountain View, California—the Googleplex—is the Internet’s high church, and the religion practiced inside its walls is Taylorism. Google, says its chief executive, Eric Schmidt, is “a company that’s founded around the science of measurement,” and it is striving to “systematize everything” it does. Drawing on the terabytes of behavioral data it collects through its search engine and other sites, it carries out thousands of experiments a day, according to the Harvard Business Review , and it uses the results to refine the algorithms that increasingly control how people find information and extract meaning from it. What Taylor did for the work of the hand, Google is doing for the work of the mind.

The company has declared that its mission is “to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful.” It seeks to develop “the perfect search engine,” which it defines as something that “understands exactly what you mean and gives you back exactly what you want.” In Google’s view, information is a kind of commodity, a utilitarian resource that can be mined and processed with industrial efficiency. The more pieces of information we can “access” and the faster we can extract their gist, the more productive we become as thinkers.

Where does it end? Sergey Brin and Larry Page, the gifted young men who founded Google while pursuing doctoral degrees in computer science at Stanford, speak frequently of their desire to turn their search engine into an artificial intelligence, a HAL-like machine that might be connected directly to our brains. “The ultimate search engine is something as smart as people—or smarter,” Page said in a speech a few years back. “For us, working on search is a way to work on artificial intelligence.” In a 2004 interview with Newsweek , Brin said, “Certainly if you had all the world’s information directly attached to your brain, or an artificial brain that was smarter than your brain, you’d be better off.” Last year, Page told a convention of scientists that Google is “really trying to build artificial intelligence and to do it on a large scale.”

Such an ambition is a natural one, even an admirable one, for a pair of math whizzes with vast quantities of cash at their disposal and a small army of computer scientists in their employ. A fundamentally scientific enterprise, Google is motivated by a desire to use technology, in Eric Schmidt’s words, “to solve problems that have never been solved before,” and artificial intelligence is the hardest problem out there. Why wouldn’t Brin and Page want to be the ones to crack it?

Still, their easy assumption that we’d all “be better off” if our brains were supplemented, or even replaced, by an artificial intelligence is unsettling. It suggests a belief that intelligence is the output of a mechanical process, a series of discrete steps that can be isolated, measured, and optimized. In Google’s world, the world we enter when we go online, there’s little place for the fuzziness of contemplation. Ambiguity is not an opening for insight but a bug to be fixed. The human brain is just an outdated computer that needs a faster processor and a bigger hard drive.

The idea that our minds should operate as high-speed data-processing machines is not only built into the workings of the Internet, it is the network’s reigning business model as well. The faster we surf across the Web—the more links we click and pages we view—the more opportunities Google and other companies gain to collect information about us and to feed us advertisements. Most of the proprietors of the commercial Internet have a financial stake in collecting the crumbs of data we leave behind as we flit from link to link—the more crumbs, the better. The last thing these companies want is to encourage leisurely reading or slow, concentrated thought. It’s in their economic interest to drive us to distraction.

Maybe I’m just a worrywart. Just as there’s a tendency to glorify technological progress, there’s a countertendency to expect the worst of every new tool or machine. In Plato’s Phaedrus , Socrates bemoaned the development of writing. He feared that, as people came to rely on the written word as a substitute for the knowledge they used to carry inside their heads, they would, in the words of one of the dialogue’s characters, “cease to exercise their memory and become forgetful.” And because they would be able to “receive a quantity of information without proper instruction,” they would “be thought very knowledgeable when they are for the most part quite ignorant.” They would be “filled with the conceit of wisdom instead of real wisdom.” Socrates wasn’t wrong—the new technology did often have the effects he feared—but he was shortsighted. He couldn’t foresee the many ways that writing and reading would serve to spread information, spur fresh ideas, and expand human knowledge (if not wisdom).

The arrival of Gutenberg’s printing press, in the 15th century, set off another round of teeth gnashing. The Italian humanist Hieronimo Squarciafico worried that the easy availability of books would lead to intellectual laziness, making men “less studious” and weakening their minds. Others argued that cheaply printed books and broadsheets would undermine religious authority, demean the work of scholars and scribes, and spread sedition and debauchery. As New York University professor Clay Shirky notes, “Most of the arguments made against the printing press were correct, even prescient.” But, again, the doomsayers were unable to imagine the myriad blessings that the printed word would deliver.

So, yes, you should be skeptical of my skepticism. Perhaps those who dismiss critics of the Internet as Luddites or nostalgists will be proved correct, and from our hyperactive, data-stoked minds will spring a golden age of intellectual discovery and universal wisdom. Then again, the Net isn’t the alphabet, and although it may replace the printing press, it produces something altogether different. The kind of deep reading that a sequence of printed pages promotes is valuable not just for the knowledge we acquire from the author’s words but for the intellectual vibrations those words set off within our own minds. In the quiet spaces opened up by the sustained, undistracted reading of a book, or by any other act of contemplation, for that matter, we make our own associations, draw our own inferences and analogies, foster our own ideas. Deep reading , as Maryanne Wolf argues, is indistinguishable from deep thinking.

If we lose those quiet spaces, or fill them up with “content,” we will sacrifice something important not only in our selves but in our culture. In a recent essay , the playwright Richard Foreman eloquently described what’s at stake:

I come from a tradition of Western culture, in which the ideal (my ideal) was the complex, dense and “cathedral-like” structure of the highly educated and articulate personality—a man or woman who carried inside themselves a personally constructed and unique version of the entire heritage of the West. [But now] I see within us all (myself included) the replacement of complex inner density with a new kind of self—evolving under the pressure of information overload and the technology of the “instantly available.”

As we are drained of our “inner repertory of dense cultural inheritance,” Foreman concluded, we risk turning into “‘pancake people’—spread wide and thin as we connect with that vast network of information accessed by the mere touch of a button.”

I’m haunted by that scene in 2001 . What makes it so poignant, and so weird, is the computer’s emotional response to the disassembly of its mind: its despair as one circuit after another goes dark, its childlike pleading with the astronaut—“I can feel it. I can feel it. I’m afraid”—and its final reversion to what can only be called a state of innocence. HAL’s outpouring of feeling contrasts with the emotionlessness that characterizes the human figures in the film, who go about their business with an almost robotic efficiency. Their thoughts and actions feel scripted, as if they’re following the steps of an algorithm. In the world of 2001 , people have become so machinelike that the most human character turns out to be a machine. That’s the essence of Kubrick’s dark prophecy: as we come to rely on computers to mediate our understanding of the world, it is our own intelligence that flattens into artificial intelligence.

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Is Google Making Us Stupid?

24 pages • 48 minutes read

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Summary: “is google making us stupid”.

The essay “Is Google Making Us Stupid?” was written by Nicholas Carr . It was originally published in The Atlantic ’s July/August 2008 issue. The essay stirred much debate, and in 2010, Carr published an extended version of the essay in book form, entitled The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains.

The essay begins and ends with an allusion to Stanley Kubrick’s 1968 film, 2001: A Space Odyssey. In the initial allusion, Carr summarizes the moment toward the end of the film in which “the supercomputer HAL pleads with the implacable astronaut Dave Bowman in a famous and weirdly poignant scene [...] Bowman, having nearly been sent to a deep-space death by the malfunctioning machine, is calmly, coldly disconnecting the memory circuits that control its artificial ‘brain.’ ‘Dave, my mind is going,’ HAL says, forlornly. ‘I can feel it. I can feel it.’” (1). Carr uses this allusion to assert that he, like HAL, has had a growing feeling that “someone, or something, has been tinkering with [his] brain, remapping the neural circuitry, reprogramming the memory” (2). He feels that his brain has changed the way it processes information and thinks. He finds it increasingly more difficult to read deeply and with subtlety, as he loses his concentration and gets distracted and restless while reading. He attributes this change to the increase in his use of the Internet.

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Carr states that he’s not alone in this as the Internet quickly becomes a “universal medium” (4). While he concedes that the Internet has provided the gift of “immediate access to such an incredibly rich store of information,” he also cites the media theorist Marshal McLuhan’s more complicated observation: “[M]edia are not just passive channels of information. They supply the stuff of thought, but they also shape the process of thought” (4). Carr asserts that “what the Net seems to be doing is chipping away my capacity for concentration and contemplation” (4). He then offers that many of his literarily-inclined friends are also observing a similar phenomenon in their own lives.

Carr points out that these anecdotes do not offer empirical proof of anything, and scientific experiments on “the long-term neurological and psychological” effects of the Internet have not yet been completed (7). However, he cites a recent study published by the University College of London that “suggests that we may well be in the midst of a sea change in the way we read and think” (7). The college’s five-year study observed “computer logs documenting the behavior of visitors to two popular research sites, one operated by the British Library and one by a U.K. educational consortium, that provide access to journal articles, e-books, and other sources of written information: “They found that people using the sites exhibited ‘a form of skimming activity,’ hopping from one source to another and rarely returning to any source they’d already visited” (7). The authors of the study ultimately concluded that readers are not reading Internet materials the way that they would read materials in more traditional media—and that the Internet is creating a new paradigm of reading, “as users ‘power browse’ horizontally through titles, contents pages and abstracts going for quick wins” (7).

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Carr observes that the proliferation of text on both the Internet and via text messaging has likely increased the amount that people read: “But it’s a different kind of reading, and behind it lies a different kind of thinking—perhaps even a new sense of the self,” he says (8). He then cites Maryanne Wolf , the developmental psychologist at Tufts University who wrote the book Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain. He writes, “Wolf worries that the style of reading promoted by the Net, a style that puts ‘efficiency’ and ‘immediacy’ above all else, may be weakening our capacity for the kind of deep reading that emerged when an earlier technology, the printing press , made long and complex works of prose commonplace” (8).

Carr then paraphrases some of Wolf’s ideas. He highlights her assertion that reading is not an instinctual human trait: “We have to teach our minds how to translate the symbolic characters we see into the language we understand. And the media or other technologies we use in learning and practicing the craft of reading play an important part in shaping the neural circuits inside our brains” (9). He therefore concludes that the neural circuits created by human use of the Internet will inevitably differ from those created in previous eras when books and other printed media were the norm. He also offers an anecdote that supports this point: Friedrich Nietzsche switched from pen and paper to a typewriter for composing his writing in 1882. Nietzsche’s friend soon noticed that the man’s writing took on a different quality as a result—becoming “tighter” and “telegraphic” (11).

Carr reminds his reader of the plasticity of the human brain, asserting that even the adult human brain “routinely [breaks] old connections and [forms] new ones” (13). Carr then defines “intellectual technologies” as “tools that extend our mental rather than our physical capacities” (14). He says that “we inevitably begin to take on the qualities of those technologies” (14). He uses the invention of the clock to prove this point, citing the cultural critic Lewis Mumford to assert that the ubiquity of the clock “disassociated time from human events and helped create the belief in an independent world of mathematically measurable sequences” (14). Carr asserts that this phenomena helped bring “the scientific mind and the scientific man” into being—but that it also took something away: “In deciding when to eat, to work, to sleep, to rise, we stopped listening to our senses and started obeying the clock” (15).

Carr asserts that this change extends beyond mere human action and into human biology and cognition. He cites the 1936 writings of Alan Turing, which predicted that the tremendous computing power of the digital computers would lead to their usurpation of preexisting forms of technology. Carr sees this happening as the Internet becomes “our map and clock, our printing press and our typewriter, our calculator and our telephone, and our radio and TV” (17). Carr observes that “when the Net absorbs a medium, that medium is re-created in the Net’s image” (18). He cites The New York Times ’ decision to “devote the second and third pages of every edition to article abstracts” to provide print readers with a similar experience to Internet readers as an example of this phenomenon (17). He then asserts that no other form of media has had as powerful an influence over human thought than the Internet, and that we have not spent enough time poring over “how, exactly, [the Internet] is reprogramming us” (20). He concludes that “[t]he Net’s intellectual ethic remains obscure” (20).

Carr then informs us that, around the same time Nietzsche switched to a typewriter, a man named Frederick Winslow Taylor invented a regimented program that separated every element of steel plant machinists’ jobs into “a sequence of small discrete steps” (21). Taylor then tested different methods of completing each step to develop “a set of precise instructions—an ‘algorithm,’ we might say today—for how each worker should work” (21). This caused a sizeable increase in productivity—although many machinists felt that the system transformed them into mere robots. However, Taylor’s system was quickly adopted by manufacturers domestically and internationally: “Taylor’s system is still very much with us; it remains the ethic of industrial manufacturing. And now, thanks to the growing power that computer engineers and software coders wield over our intellectual lives, Taylor’s ethic is beginning to govern the realm of the mind as well,” Carr asserts (23).

Carr uses Google’s mandate to “systematize everything,” as well as the company CEOs’ stated desire to perfect its search engine to eventually perfect artificial intelligence as proof of this (24). Carr writes, “[Google’s] easy assumption that we’d all ‘be better off’ if our brains were supplemented, or even replaced, by an artificial intelligence is unsettling. It suggests a belief that intelligence is the output of a mechanical process, a series of discrete steps that can be isolated, measured, and optimized” (28). Carr also points out that this regimentation of the human mind “is the [Internet’s] reigning business model as well. The faster we surf across the Web—the more links we click and pages we view—the more opportunities Google and other companies gain to collect information about us and to feed us advertisements” (29). In this atmosphere , it hurts the bottom line of such advertisers to promote the slow, considered reading and thinking pace of previous eras.

Carr then admits that he may be overly anxious in his assertions. He concedes that every introduction of a major new technology was attended to by naysayers. He states that it’s perfectly possible that the utopian prognostications and potential of the Internet could happen. However, he cites Wolf’s argument that “deep reading […] is indistinguishable from deep thinking” to shore up his own credibility (32): “If we lose those quiet spaces, or fill them up with ‘content,’ we will sacrifice something important not only in our selves but in our culture,” Carr posits (33). For Carr, this process is, in the words of the playwright Richard Foreman, “the replacement of complex inner density with a new kind of self—evolving under the pressure of information overload and the technology of the ‘instantly available’” (33).

Carr then circles back to the 2001: A Space Odyssey scene with which he opened the essay. He notes that the computer HAL’s pleas were the most human aspect of the scene, contrasted against “the emotionlessness that characterizes the human figures in the film, who go about their business with an almost robotic efficiency. Their thoughts and actions feel scripted, as if they’re following the steps of an algorithm” (34). He fears that human intelligence will become oversimplified and impoverished into artificial intelligence if our society continues to rely too uncritically “on computers to mediate our understanding of the world” (34).

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While Sandel argues that pursuing perfection through genetic engineering would decrease our sense of humility, he claims that the sense of solidarity we would lose is also important.

This thesis summarizes several points in Sandel’s argument, but it does not make a claim about how we should understand his argument. A reader who read Sandel’s argument would not also need to read an essay based on this descriptive thesis.

Broad thesis (arguable, but difficult to support with evidence)

Michael Sandel’s arguments about genetic engineering do not take into consideration all the relevant issues.

This is an arguable claim because it would be possible to argue against it by saying that Michael Sandel’s arguments do take all of the relevant issues into consideration. But the claim is too broad. Because the thesis does not specify which “issues” it is focused on—or why it matters if they are considered—readers won’t know what the rest of the essay will argue, and the writer won’t know what to focus on. If there is a particular issue that Sandel does not address, then a more specific version of the thesis would include that issue—hand an explanation of why it is important.

Arguable thesis with analytical claim

While Sandel argues persuasively that our instinct to “remake” (54) ourselves into something ever more perfect is a problem, his belief that we can always draw a line between what is medically necessary and what makes us simply “better than well” (51) is less convincing.

This is an arguable analytical claim. To argue for this claim, the essay writer will need to show how evidence from the article itself points to this interpretation. It’s also a reasonable scope for a thesis because it can be supported with evidence available in the text and is neither too broad nor too narrow.

Arguable thesis with normative claim

Given Sandel’s argument against genetic enhancement, we should not allow parents to decide on using Human Growth Hormone for their children.

This thesis tells us what we should do about a particular issue discussed in Sandel’s article, but it does not tell us how we should understand Sandel’s argument.

Questions to ask about your thesis

Is the thesis truly arguable? Does it speak to a genuine dilemma in the source, or would most readers automatically agree with it?
Is the thesis too obvious? Again, would most or all readers agree with it without needing to see your argument?
Is the thesis complex enough to require a whole essay's worth of argument?
Is the thesis supportable with evidence from the text rather than with generalizations or outside research?
Would anyone want to read a paper in which this thesis was developed? That is, can you explain what this paper is adding to our understanding of a problem, question, or topic?
picture_as_pdf Thesis

What is an Essay?

10 May, 2020

11 minutes read

Author: Tomas White

Well, beyond a jumble of words usually around 2,000 words or so - what is an essay, exactly? Whether you’re taking English, sociology, history, biology, art, or a speech class, it’s likely you’ll have to write an essay or two. So how is an essay different than a research paper or a review? Let’s find out!

Defining the Term – What is an Essay?

The essay is a written piece that is designed to present an idea, propose an argument, express the emotion or initiate debate. It is a tool that is used to present writer’s ideas in a non-fictional way. Multiple applications of this type of writing go way beyond, providing political manifestos and art criticism as well as personal observations and reflections of the author.

An essay can be as short as 500 words, it can also be 5000 words or more. However, most essays fall somewhere around 1000 to 3000 words ; this word range provides the writer enough space to thoroughly develop an argument and work to convince the reader of the author’s perspective regarding a particular issue. The topics of essays are boundless: they can range from the best form of government to the benefits of eating peppermint leaves daily. As a professional provider of custom writing, our service has helped thousands of customers to turn in essays in various forms and disciplines.

Origins of the Essay

Over the course of more than six centuries essays were used to question assumptions, argue trivial opinions and to initiate global discussions. Let’s have a closer look into historical progress and various applications of this literary phenomenon to find out exactly what it is.

Today’s modern word “essay” can trace its roots back to the French “essayer” which translates closely to mean “to attempt” . This is an apt name for this writing form because the essay’s ultimate purpose is to attempt to convince the audience of something. An essay’s topic can range broadly and include everything from the best of Shakespeare’s plays to the joys of April.

The essay comes in many shapes and sizes; it can focus on a personal experience or a purely academic exploration of a topic. Essays are classified as a subjective writing form because while they include expository elements, they can rely on personal narratives to support the writer’s viewpoint. The essay genre includes a diverse array of academic writings ranging from literary criticism to meditations on the natural world. Most typically, the essay exists as a shorter writing form; essays are rarely the length of a novel. However, several historic examples, such as John Locke’s seminal work “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding” just shows that a well-organized essay can be as long as a novel.

The Essay in Literature

The essay enjoys a long and renowned history in literature. They first began gaining in popularity in the early 16 th century, and their popularity has continued today both with original writers and ghost writers. Many readers prefer this short form in which the writer seems to speak directly to the reader, presenting a particular claim and working to defend it through a variety of means. Not sure if you’ve ever read a great essay? You wouldn’t believe how many pieces of literature are actually nothing less than essays, or evolved into more complex structures from the essay. Check out this list of literary favorites:

The Book of My Lives by Aleksandar Hemon
Notes of a Native Son by James Baldwin
Against Interpretation by Susan Sontag
High-Tide in Tucson: Essays from Now and Never by Barbara Kingsolver
Slouching Toward Bethlehem by Joan Didion
Naked by David Sedaris
Walden; or, Life in the Woods by Henry David Thoreau

Pretty much as long as writers have had something to say, they’ve created essays to communicate their viewpoint on pretty much any topic you can think of!

The Essay in Academics

Not only are students required to read a variety of essays during their academic education, but they will likely be required to write several different kinds of essays throughout their scholastic career. Don’t love to write? Then consider working with a ghost essay writer ! While all essays require an introduction, body paragraphs in support of the argumentative thesis statement, and a conclusion, academic essays can take several different formats in the way they approach a topic. Common essays required in high school, college, and post-graduate classes include:

Five paragraph essay

This is the most common type of a formal essay. The type of paper that students are usually exposed to when they first hear about the concept of the essay itself. It follows easy outline structure – an opening introduction paragraph; three body paragraphs to expand the thesis; and conclusion to sum it up.

Argumentative essay

These essays are commonly assigned to explore a controversial issue. The goal is to identify the major positions on either side and work to support the side the writer agrees with while refuting the opposing side’s potential arguments.

Compare and Contrast essay

This essay compares two items, such as two poems, and works to identify similarities and differences, discussing the strength and weaknesses of each. This essay can focus on more than just two items, however. The point of this essay is to reveal new connections the reader may not have considered previously.

Definition essay

This essay has a sole purpose – defining a term or a concept in as much detail as possible. Sounds pretty simple, right? Well, not quite. The most important part of the process is picking up the word. Before zooming it up under the microscope, make sure to choose something roomy so you can define it under multiple angles. The definition essay outline will reflect those angles and scopes.

Descriptive essay

Perhaps the most fun to write, this essay focuses on describing its subject using all five of the senses. The writer aims to fully describe the topic; for example, a descriptive essay could aim to describe the ocean to someone who’s never seen it or the job of a teacher. Descriptive essays rely heavily on detail and the paragraphs can be organized by sense.

Illustration essay

The purpose of this essay is to describe an idea, occasion or a concept with the help of clear and vocal examples. “Illustration” itself is handled in the body paragraphs section. Each of the statements, presented in the essay needs to be supported with several examples. Illustration essay helps the author to connect with his audience by breaking the barriers with real-life examples – clear and indisputable.

Informative Essay

Being one the basic essay types, the informative essay is as easy as it sounds from a technical standpoint. High school is where students usually encounter with informative essay first time. The purpose of this paper is to describe an idea, concept or any other abstract subject with the help of proper research and a generous amount of storytelling.

Narrative essay

This type of essay focuses on describing a certain event or experience, most often chronologically. It could be a historic event or an ordinary day or month in a regular person’s life. Narrative essay proclaims a free approach to writing it, therefore it does not always require conventional attributes, like the outline. The narrative itself typically unfolds through a personal lens, and is thus considered to be a subjective form of writing.

Persuasive essay

The purpose of the persuasive essay is to provide the audience with a 360-view on the concept idea or certain topic – to persuade the reader to adopt a certain viewpoint. The viewpoints can range widely from why visiting the dentist is important to why dogs make the best pets to why blue is the best color. Strong, persuasive language is a defining characteristic of this essay type.

The Essay in Art

Several other artistic mediums have adopted the essay as a means of communicating with their audience. In the visual arts, such as painting or sculpting, the rough sketches of the final product are sometimes deemed essays. Likewise, directors may opt to create a film essay which is similar to a documentary in that it offers a personal reflection on a relevant issue. Finally, photographers often create photographic essays in which they use a series of photographs to tell a story, similar to a narrative or a descriptive essay.

Drawing the line – question answered

“What is an Essay?” is quite a polarizing question. On one hand, it can easily be answered in a couple of words. On the other, it is surely the most profound and self-established type of content there ever was. Going back through the history of the last five-six centuries helps us understand where did it come from and how it is being applied ever since.

If you must write an essay, follow these five important steps to works towards earning the “A” you want:

Understand and review the kind of essay you must write
Brainstorm your argument
Find research from reliable sources to support your perspective
Cite all sources parenthetically within the paper and on the Works Cited page
Follow all grammatical rules

Generally speaking, when you must write any type of essay, start sooner rather than later! Don’t procrastinate – give yourself time to develop your perspective and work on crafting a unique and original approach to the topic. Remember: it’s always a good idea to have another set of eyes (or three) look over your essay before handing in the final draft to your teacher or professor. Don’t trust your fellow classmates? Consider hiring an editor or a ghostwriter to help out!

If you are still unsure on whether you can cope with your task – you are in the right place to get help. HandMadeWriting is the perfect answer to the question “Who can write my essay?”

A life lesson in Romeo and Juliet taught by death

Due to human nature, we draw conclusions only when life gives us a lesson since the experience of others is not so effective and powerful. Therefore, when analyzing and sorting out common problems we face, we may trace a parallel with well-known book characters or real historical figures. Moreover, we often compare our situations with […]

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Definition of essay

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Definition of essay (Entry 2 of 2)

transitive verb

composition

attempt , try , endeavor , essay , strive mean to make an effort to accomplish an end.

attempt stresses the initiation or beginning of an effort.

try is often close to attempt but may stress effort or experiment made in the hope of testing or proving something.

endeavor heightens the implications of exertion and difficulty.

essay implies difficulty but also suggests tentative trying or experimenting.

strive implies great exertion against great difficulty and specifically suggests persistent effort.

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Word History

Middle French essai , ultimately from Late Latin exagium act of weighing, from Latin ex- + agere to drive — more at agent

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 4

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 2

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23andMe: What If …

A much diminished 23andMe exists today, a far cry from the phenomenon that it was in the world consumer DNA testing. Could things have unfolded differently under a different leader with a different vision?

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Back in January, I was invited to a J.P. Morgan reception hosted by 23andMe, the storied gene testing company that Anne Wojcicki runs as co-founder and CEO.

Standing on the topmost floor of the Salesforce tower with 360-degree views of the city below — far from the tents and the grime of the downtown sidewalks — I was struck by how sparkling San Francisco is on a clear, fogless night. I wordlessly thanked whoever put me on the invitee list affording me the chance to savor the view and talk to Wojcicki, a prominent and pioneering healthcare executive in Silicon Valley and beyond.

While the view outside was mind-blowing, the scene indoors was decidedly underwhelming. Unlike the busy receptions held by other JPM event organizers, the large space atop Salesforce seemed empty with just a few people milling around. And I kept thinking — is 23andMe relevant anymore?

When Investment Rhymes with Canada

Canada has a proud history of achievement in the areas of science and technology, and the field of biomanufacturing and life sciences is no exception.

The company’s $6 billion market cap has vanished into thin air. It’s stock could be on the cusp of being delisted from the NASDAQ having fallen to less than a dollar. Recently Wojcicki has been talking about splitting the company, which has three distinct businesses — the consumer testing and virtual care business, the research database that pharma companies can mine for insights in drug development and its own, nascent therapeutics business with two drug candidates in early stages of clinical trials.

But on Thursday, 23andMe announced that Wojcicki wanted to buy out all outstanding shares she doesn’t already own and take it private. Apparently that’s the outcome she wants the board to consider and not any other strategic alternatives. To which Steven Mah, a Wall Street analyst with TD Cowen issued a research note with the following comments:

Shares of 23andMe have faced pressure as some biotech investors would be interested in their therapeutics business but don’t want involvement in a DTC platform business while others are looking for a near-profitable and mature platform healthcare business without having to support the cash burn of their therapeutics business. A potential business split, which has been previously discussed, remains on the table in our view and addresses the central dilemma of 23andMe shares, but beyond that options are seemingly limited, in our view. We view the company turning private from Ms. Wojcicki’s proposal as the new most likely outcome which should be welcomed by investors.

“Options are seemingly limited” — that’s quite far to fall for a company that was once a media darling known for holding spit parties .

Health Benefit Consultants, Share Your Expert Insights in Our Survey

Did it have to be this way? Were there missed opportunities when it came to innovation? What if another co-founder and Wojcicki’s co-president from back in the day — Linda Avey — had been anointed CEO instead of being ousted in 2009? Most recently, the Wall Street Journal did a historical review of the dizzying fall of 23andMe in which it described Avey’s exit as an ouster. Avey herself confirmed it in her phone interview with me. However, at the time, both Avey and Wojcicki cast it as a voluntary departure . 23andMe ignored my requests for a confirmation of the board’s actions surrounding Wojcicki’s ascent as CEO.

Where would Avey have taken 23andMe if she had been named CEO? Without knowing the angle that I was taking in reporting on 23andMe — frankly I didn’t know what story I would write until well after I finished interviewing both Avey and Wojcicki — Avey laid out a vision quite different than the one Wojcicki has pursued.

The Google of personalized health

“There’s obviously so much more to a person’s health than genetics. It’s just one layer of information and it’s very static,” Avey said. “And so I wanted to just go beyond that and start collecting additional information, allowing people to track symptoms or adverse responses to drugs, which EMR systems don’t enable. By giving our customers a place to gather all that data together, I think we could have ended up being the Google of personalized health.”

It’s important here to understand the different kinds of molecular gene testing out there, including the type offered by 23andMe. The latter offers mainly genotyping, which looks at specific locations in human DNA and identifies variations. The variations are responsible for ancestry, health conditions and specific traits. 23andMe tests are not meant as a replacement for any kind of clinical diagnosis. Other types of molecular gene testing can range from single gene tests that look for variants in a single gene, single variant test, gene panels and whole genome sequencing that analyzes the bulk of a person’s DNA to detect mutations. Whole genome sequencing is time consuming and more expensive than genotyping, the type that 23andMe honed in on as it rode its way into mainstream consciousness.

Late last year, 17 years after it was founded, 23andMe announced a new membership program called Total Health that would offer exome sequencing that analyzes the protein-coding regions of the genome that is known to contain the variants causing many diseases. So now consumers can opt for both genotyping and exome sequencing through 23andMe

Avey explained that gene testing was always the starting point, but the goal was not to limit it to a person’s genetic make up alone.

“My idea was that we could start adding in dynamic data like microbiome testing, or wearables,” she said in a recent phone interview. “If a person had a family history for heart disease, we could go in and do deeper sequencing of specific genes. So sort of single gene tests would be something that would be just a no-brainer to add in.”

But Wojcicki had a different take. When asked if 23andMe could have offered any other kind of tests, she mentioned and then dismissed microbiome testing almost instantly.

“I mean I would love to rewind, do all kinds of things. No, I think that I wouldn’t add on. There’s nothing else that’s as fundamental as genetics that you can also return to consumers. If you think about what we’re really good at, we return a very meaningful product back to customers,” Wojcicki said. ” So, when I think about … all these startups doing microbiome or other types of tests, it’s not as robust what you can get back to customers.”

Avey seems to believe that reliance on gene tests alone may have been shortsighted from a consumer point of view.

“There were so many opportunities to gather all kinds of data, but starting with the genetics was really great because it engaged people at a certain level and they would open up their reports and piqued their curiosity,” she said. “But then the comments I got from a lot of people, maybe three or four years later after I’d left were like, ‘I don’t ever log in. There’s no reason for me to log back into my account.’ “

We used a sperm donor to conceive you

A customer referred to me by 23andMe actually logs on two-three times a month. Ann Melinger, who runs her own corporate communications agency said in a phone interview that 23andMe has played a pivotal role in her life. She noted that she is not paid by 23andMe. When Melinger was around 30 her parents gave her some startling news.

“As an adult, my parents sat me down and said, ‘You’ve never known this your whole life, but we used a sperm donor to conceive you,'” she recalled.

It was around the time that 23andMe was becoming a thing, and before the FDA came down on it for selling an unregulated test.

“And so I had that knowledge going into my early thirties and then started hearing about 23andMe and thought, ‘Oh, well this is really cool because there’s this whole 50% of my DNA and my health history that I don’t know about,'” Melinger said. “Because also when you’re in your 30s, you’re starting to get asked questions at the doctor about, do you have a history of breast cancer? Do you have a history of colon cancer? All these things. And I just was like, ‘I don’t know.'”

She went ahead and took the health and ancestry test. The results were life-altering. She found out that she was a BRCA1 carrier, which put her at much higher risk for all different sorts of cancers, primarily breast and ovarian.

“And so when I got those results from 23andMe, I also jumped to the conclusion that probably [this] comes from my father’s side of the family because there isn’t a lot in my [mother’s side that I knew about],” she said. “But my mother and two sisters decided to also get tested and they all tested positive for the mutation as well. So basically through me doing 23andMe, my entire side of my family that I do know about learned this information that just by coincidence we learned.”

Melinger added that learning she was a BRCA1 carrier prompted her to do a prophylactic double mastectomy, and at the age of 45, she has already done two colonoscopies. Basically, that first 23andMe test galvanized her to take these steps to maintain her health and lower her risk for developing certain cancers.

While that knowledge of being BRCA1 carrier is significant, she described that the other information that 23andMe provides does not always rise to that level.

“There are things that are not that high impact, like cheek dimples. Am I likely to have cheek dimples? Well, I can look in the mirror and see that I have one cheek dimple, so I don’t really need [these types of reports],” she declared.

Through 23andMe, Melinger also found a brother and she logs on to her account two to three times a month to see if any other family/biological connections have been made. If 23andMe users consent to share their information, the company can match their profiles to others that they may be related to.

But despite the fact that Melinger credited 23andMe with changing the trajectory of her life as it relates to certain health decisions she made, she is not a paid subscriber — in fact she had to check both her 23andMe accounts (created twice because she took 2 tests) to say she doesn’t have a subscription. Nor has she ever felt the need to get an appointment with any of the virtual health coaches and physicians that are now part of 23andMe through its $400 million Lemonaid acquisition in 2021.

Moving towards a genetics-based primary care preventive service

To Wojcicki though, the capability that Lemonaid clinicians and pharmacy offer is a key differentiator — and it’s not about Lemonaid treating UTIs, erectile dysfunction or sore throats — the sort of low-grade maladies that can be addressed remotely. What Lemonaid clinicians can do is offer primary care for sure, but with a real wellness focus driven by data gleaned from DNA tests the company does. These clinicians are being trained by 23andMe to understand genes and how they impact health.

“And the goal of Lemonaid was to have access to a care team to be able to direct it really on genetics-based primary care or preventative care, and have a pharmacy as well where you could actually integrate pharmacogenetics,” she explained. “No pharmacy today uses your genetics.”

Wojcicki declined to say how many virtual care interactions have taken place since the Lemonaid acquisition. Not much is known about how well consumers have received the Total Health membership program either, that leverages Lemonaid’s capability. This program includes clinical grade exome sequencing, biannual blood testing and access to Lemonaid clinicians who have been trained by 23andMe in genetics at the cost of $99 per month. In the last earnings call with Wall Street analysts, when Mah, the analyst with Cowen asked how the company is internally measuring the success of the Total Health, Wojcicki responded, “We’re not giving much on Total Health,” according to a transcript of the February earnings call .

She went on to add that “it’s the first real integration with Lemonaid and being able to have on one system access to care, being able to order blood, being able to order medications at some point, being able all in one and all on the 23andMe brands. So I think that is one of the big milestones for us.”

Consumers can be fickle when it comes to paying for healthcare, so it remains to be seen whether consumers will move from “one and done” — in other words do a one-time ancestry or ancestry plus health test — to having a more sustained relationship with the company. The consumer testing business accounts for 96% of overall revenue, while 4% comes from its research database of 15 million de-identified data that pharma companies can license to aid in drug development. GSK had an exclusive license with 23andMe and now has released it from that exclusive license. So 23andMe is free to pursue other pharma clients.

Being free to chase prospects is good for business, but Wokcicki has a more immediate problem: creating a financial structure for the company. From Thursday’s announcement, it’s clear that she just wants to take the company private and wants the Board to give that priority over any other strategic alternatives. What’s not clear is whether she will retain them as one private entity — or run them as separate businesses. A 23andMe spokesman referred me to Wojcicki’s personal public relations agent who didn’t respond to an email query. When Wojcicki and I met in late March she said it was inevitable that the consumer business has to split from the therapeutics business.

“The market has spoken,” she declared with a quiet finality. Did 23andMe innovate enough?

Mah of TD Cowen characterized the market’s reaction to 23andMe in mild terms: the stock is “pressured” he wrote in his research note on Thursday. That the market views 23andMe’s stock as being worth less than a dollar may not just be a matter of the consumer side weighing down the biotech side or vice versa. After all, the consumer side has never turned a profit and revenue was down 33 percent in the last quarter. Could it be that after a truly innovative product was introduced in the market, no one paid attention to what the next big thing ought to be and how to evolve? A Bay Area health tech and medtech venture capitalist who believes in the value of 23andMe as a testing company had some advice.

“Look, there’s an obsession right now with caregiving solutions, longevity, healthy aging, all this stuff is being exposed. You go look at everything that’s happening in the women’s health space,” said Samir Batra, co-host of the MedCity News vidcast — Debunked and managing partner at HIP, last month. “There’s so much genetics talked about in terms of how the women’s health industry needs to evolve. So I think there’s got to be a little bit of pivoting of marketing that needs to happen. I think there is a lot of value there [in23andMe].

“There’s other sort of testing. So maybe there is a consolidation there. Maybe there’s companies that are going to come together and fold into one or whatever it is to basically bolster you being the consumer, at home [doing] internal testing,” Batra added. “It could be blood and other different parameters … If you don’t continue to innovate, you will get displaced. Happened to GE, happened to GM, happened to Kodak, it happens to everybody.”

True, except that those companies were profitable — something that hasn’t yet occurred at 23andMe. And as the Wall Street Journal article stated, the company is burning through cash and may find itself without any in the next year.

Avey believes the fault may lie in the lack of an understanding in what truly engages people.

“I think the bottom line is that startups are super hard. I’m not going to deny that continually innovating is very challenging, but that’s the Silicon Valley way,” declared Avey, who is currently the founding managing partner at Humain Ventures, a venture capital firm investing in startups at the intersection of artificial intelligence and the biological sciences. “You just keep trying new things. You just keep trying to see what engages people and what gets them to continue to log into your site. I mean, it’s product development 101 ….”

Batra may have summed it up perfectly.

“What Anne did with 23andMe —and other companies have followed suit is they brought to light a very important diagnostic. So you have a lens into who you are, the makeup of who you are, and especially in cancer— and even in other diseases — genetics is a huge indicator of what’s going to happen,” he said. “But there’s other companies popping up that are doing biomarkers and other tests. So look, if you want to be the testing platform, why are you just sitting there doing genetic and DNA tests?”

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Google is the leading Internet search engine; its main service provides customers with targeted search outcomes chosen from over 8 billion web pages. Both Stanford dropouts, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, developed Google search technology from a college project. Thus, an insight into Google Essay discusses how Google works and came into existence.
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Essay on Google: Google is the most popular company founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1998. The term 'Google' comes from a mathematical word 'googol,' which means one with a hundred zeros. Google is the largest global market for search engines. Google is an internet savvy market that has created a global impact. Its […]
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