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Edexcel A Level Politics - Unit 1: Socialism Notes
Subject: Government and politics
Age range: 16+
Resource type: Assessment and revision
Last updated
27 September 2022
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This word document contains 27 well-formatted and detailed notes for the socialism module in the Edexcel A Level Politics Unit 1 paper. It would also work well for other exam boards, like AQA. The notes are focused on the four key themes that run throughout the the ideologies essay questions, meaning that you will be well equipped to answer specific essay questions, rather than having a simple understanding of issues that are irrelevant to your actual exam. It explores the differing views and tensions within socialism so you’ll be well-prepped for any questions that arise, and it also has a large section on each of the key thinkers and focuses on which themes they would be useful for, making it easy to translate your knowledge onto the exam paper with good examples from the key thinkers.
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Edexcel A Level Politics - Ideologies Notes
This bundle comes with detailed and well-formatted, exam-focused notes for conservatism, socialism, liberalism, and feminism. They are all focused not just on giving you an excellent understanding of the ideologies, but an understanding of where the ideas can be applied to specific exam questions and the four key themes. As a bonus, also in this bundle is my key thinkers summary, which for each thinker outlines their view on the state, the economy, human nature, and society, making it an excellent recourse for thinking about how to fit the key thinkers into your essays.
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Edexcel A-Level Government & Politics Past Papers
This section includes recent A-Level Politics past papers from Pearson Edexcel. You can download each of the Edexcel A-Level Politics past papers and marking schemes by clicking the links below.
Pearson Edexcel A-Level Politics Past Papers June 2022 (9PL0)
A-Level Paper 1: UK Politics and Core Political Ideas (9PL0/01) Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
A-Level Paper 2: UK Government nd Non-core Political Ideas (9PL0/02) Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
A-Level Paper 3A: Comparative Politics - USA (9PL0/3A) Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
A-Level Paper 3B: Comparative Politics - Global Politics (9PL0/3B) Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Pearson Edexcel A-Level Politics Past Papers November 2021 (9PL0)
Pearson Edexcel A-Level Politics Past Papers November 2020 (9PL0)
A-Level Paper 1: UK Politics and Core Political Ideas (9PL0/01) Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
A-Level Paper 2: UK Government nd Non-core Political Ideas (9PL0/02) Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
A-Level Paper 3A: Comparative Politics - USA (9PL0/3A) Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
A-Level Paper 3B: Comparative Politics - Global Politics (9PL0/3B) Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
The above papers are labelled June 2020
Pearson Edexcel AS-Level Politics Past Papers November 2020 (8PL0)
AS Paper 1: UK Politics (8PL0/01) Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
AS Paper 2: UK Government (8PL0/02) Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
The above papers are labelled June 2020
Pearson Edexcel A-Level Politics Past Papers June 2019 (9PL0)
A-Level Paper 3A: Comparative Politics - USA (9PL0/3A) Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Pearson Edexcel AS-Level Politics Past Papers June 2019 (8PL0)
AS Paper 1: UK Politics (8PL0/01) Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Pearson Edexcel AS-Level Politics Past Papers June 2018 (8PL0)
AS Paper 1: UK Politics (8PL0/01) Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
AS Paper 2: UK Government (8PL0/02) Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Edexcel A-Level Government & Politics Past Papers June 2018
Unit 1 (6GP01/01): People & Politics - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Unit 2 (6GP02/01): Governing the UK - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Unit 3A (6GP03/3A): UK Political Issues - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Unit 3B (6GP03/3B): Introducing Political Ideologies - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Unit 3C (6GP03/3C): Representative Processes in the USA - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Unit 3D (6GP03/3D): Structures of Global Politics - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Unit 4A (6GP04/4A): EU Political Issues - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Unit 4B (6GP04/4B): Other Ideological Traditions - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Unit 4C (6GP04/4C): Governing the USA - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Unit 4D (6GP04/4D): Global Political Issues - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Edexcel A-Level Government & Politics Past Papers June 2017
Edexcel A-Level Government & Politics Past Papers June 2016
Unit 1 (6GP01/01): People & Politics - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Edexcel A-Level Government & Politics June 2015
Unit 1: People & Politics - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Unit 2: Governing the UK - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Unit 3A: UK Political Issues - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Unit 3B: Introducing Political Ideologies - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Unit 3C: Representative Processes in the USA - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Unit 3D: Structures of Global Politics - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Unit 4A: EU Political Issues - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Unit 4B: Other Ideological Traditions - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Unit 4C: Governing the USA - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Unit 4D: Global Political Issues - Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme
Edexcel A-Level Government & Politics June 2014
For more A-Level Government & Politics past papers from other exam boards click here .
Differing Views and Tensions Within Socialism
Revolutionary socialism.
Many early socialists were worried that they were far away from power and that they would be prevented achieving their aims by a capitalist conservative establishment.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels discussed a ‘proletarian revolution’ whereby the class-conscious working class would rise up against capitalism and overthrow it.
The first actual example of this was in Russia in 1917 , although this was more of a coup (overthrow of the government) by an armed group- Lenin and the Bolsheviks- rather than a mass class revolt. It was, however, an example to other revolutionary socialists of what could be achieved.
Revolutionary tactics were attractive to socialists for two reasons. Firstly, industrialism and capitalism in the 19th century were producing mass poverty and social inequality, so the working classes wanted a chance to change their circumstances. Secondly, the working classes had very few alternatives to revolution- there was no real representation or way of engaging in political life. In monarchies, the country was dominated by royalty and privilege. In constitutional democracies, the vote was restricted. A revolution was the only viable way of achieving socialist goals.
Revolutionary socialists also believe that the state is a device of class oppression, acting for ‘capital’ against ‘labour’.This means that the political state will always reflect and preach the interests of the property-owning classes. Therefore, in order to build socialism, the ‘bourgeois’ state must be overthrown, resulting in a total transformation of society. This would be the only way of ensuring the revolution would succeed.
Revolutionary socialism has been seen through the establishment of the Soviet Union, the People’s Republic of China, and the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. In each case, the existing order was overthrown and replaced with a one-party state which controlled the economy. Opposition was removed and totalitarian methods were used to remove dissent. The credibility of revolutionary socialism was damaged by the collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s/early 1990s .
Social democracy
Social democracy developed during the early twentieth century and really began to become accepted in the years after 1945 .It uses socialist principles but has different aims and methods to that of revolutionary socialism. After Britain and other Western nations recovered from the traumas of World War Two the poorer parts of society, supported by many who were better off, demanded more from their state. Many people felt that not only should they be better supported by the nation for the work and services they provided but also that society as a whole would benefit from a raise in living standards created by the state.
The foundations for social democracy are based upon moral thinking- the idea that socialism is the ethically right thing to do in a civilised world. Social democracy theorists claim that as humans want to be good then a socialist way of acting is the only moral solution in how society should be developed. People such as William Morris used humanist ideas to support social democracy (humanism is an idea that says that the satisfaction of all peoples needs should be a priority of society).
Christians have also supported social democracy because they claim that all people are created by God equal and should therefore be supported by each other and society. People such as Tawney supported social democracy because he claimed that it supported people against the problems of unregulated capitalism.
Social democrats supported their ideas with the principle of social justice ; the idea that people should have a greater equality of wealth and therefore opportunity as this is the only fair way to run a society.
The goals of revolutionary socialism were seen by social democrats as too extreme because they wanted to completely reorder society and remove capitalism, which was viewed as irredeemable (cannot be made good).However, by the twentieth century some socialists had come to believe that these views were inaccurate. People such as Eduard Bernstein advocated evolutionary socialism which argued that Marxism needed revising or adapting ( revisionism ).
Revisionists argued several main ideas. They claimed that capitalism had not been shown to be collapsing and was not necessarily doomed (as predicted by Marx), but it needed to be used for the whole of society.
They also argued that the divisions between class outlined by Marx (bourgeoisie and proletariat) were too simplistic, as business ownership was widening as a result of the ability to buy and sell stocks and shares and a growing class of technical and professionally skilled workers. Therefore, the divide and the need for revolution was not so straightforward.
Bernstein argued that capitalism could be reformed and made to work for the good of society through state intervention such as the nationalisation of industry and the creation of legal protections for people, welfare and pensions.This process would create wealth and create a happy and more equal society. The theories of Keynesian economics developed as a result (regulating the economy and attempting to achieve full employment). A more equal society could they believed be created though using the state to redistribute wealth so that the creation of profit benefitted all involved.
As a result, socialists such as Crosland in The Future of Socialism argued that socialism should focus on several values. It should be achieved through a democratic process because it did not need to overthrow capitalism. He claimed that the state should follow ‘managerial socialism’. This meant that private property was permissible, but the state would manage the economy to ensure fairness for all using powers of economic intervention such as progressive taxation and nationalisation.
After __1945 __social democracy seemed to have triumphed because it combined the economic drive of capitalism with fairness and equality without extremism. However, this success did not last. Many thought that the compromise between socialism and capitalism was always unstable and unworkable and therefore would quickly fall apart.
When capitalist economies were doing well it was possible to use redistribution to create a more equal society. However, when economies started to do badly in the 1970s __there was a direct link between the principle of wealth redistribution was criticised. If the state struggled for money the argument over who should get what caused a problem for social democrats. Another problem was that as economies began to deindustrialise many people did not see themselves as working class. This causes socialist political parties such as the UK Labour Party to have to move away from socialism to get elected in the __mid-1990s .
In addition, in the early __1990s __the main communist nations of Europe collapsed and despite the social democrats having moved away from Marxism this meant that the ideas of socialism were discredited (seem as unrealistic).
In response to the crisis faced by social democracy in the 1980s __and __90s , socialist parties began to move towards ‘neo-revisionism’, also known as the ‘third way’.
The third way attempted to navigate a path between traditional social democracy and free-market neoliberalism.
Key ideas of the third way include:
- Primacy of the market : neo-revisionists reject top-down state intervention and support a dynamic market economy as the best way of generating wealth. A globalised, capitalist economy is therefore accepted
- Value of community and moral responsibility: emphasising that people have moral links and responsibilities to their community, attempting to balance rights with responsibilities
- Society bases on consensus and harmony: to move away from traditional class divisions. Values such as fairness and self-reliance should be promoted
- Social inclusion: emphasis on equality of opportunity to create a meritocracy. Tony Blair, a key figure associated with the third way, suggested that welfare should be a ‘hand up, not a handout’. Welfare should therefore be more specifically targeted at getting people into work, for instance
- Competition/market state: the state should focus on social investment, for instance in education, employment and training, in order to boost economic growth and improve a nation’s standing in the world economy
The third way was electorally successful during the New Labour years and has influences many left-of-centre parties. In the UK however it has been criticised as not containing many socialist ideas, and just being an attempt to win more votes from ‘centre-ground’ voters. The UK Labour Party has since moved away from the third way and back towards more social democratic thinking.
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But the daunting challenge remains. And not just for Secret Service and prison officials, who would face the logistical nightmare of safely incarcerating Mr. Trump, who is also the presumptive Republican nominee for President.
“Obviously, it’s uncharted territory,” said Martin F. Horn, who has worked at the highest levels of New York’s and Pennsylvania’s state prison agencies and served as commissioner of New York City’s correction and probation departments. “Certainly no state prison system has had to deal with this before, and no federal prison has had to either.”
Steven Cheung, the communications director for Mr. Trump’s campaign, said the case against the former president was “so spurious and so weak” that other prosecutors had refused to bring it, and called it “an unprecedented partisan witch hunt.”
“That the Democrat fever dream of incarcerating the nominee of the Republican Party has reached this level exposes their Stalinist roots and displays their utter contempt for American democracy,” he said.
Protecting Mr. Trump in a prison environment would involve keeping him separate from other inmates, as well as screening his food and other personal items, officials said. If he were to be imprisoned, a detail of agents would work 24 hours a day, seven days a week, rotating in and out of the facility, several officials said. While firearms are obviously strictly prohibited in prisons, the agents would nonetheless be armed.
Former corrections officials said there were several New York state prisons and city jails that have been closed or partly closed, leaving wings or large sections of their facilities empty and available. One of those buildings could serve to incarcerate the former president and accommodate his Secret Service protective detail
Anthony Guglielmi, the spokesman for the Secret Service in Washington, declined in a statement to discuss specific “protective operations.” But he said that federal law requires Secret Service agents to protect former presidents, adding that they use state-of-the-art technology, intelligence and tactics to do so.
Thomas J. Mailey, a spokesman for New York State’s prison agency, said his department couldn’t speculate about how it would treat someone who has not yet been sentenced, but that it has a system “to assess and provide for individuals’ medical, mental health and security needs.” Frank Dwyer, a spokesman for the New York City jails agency, said only that “the department would find appropriate housing” for the former president.
The trial in Manhattan, one of four criminal cases pending against Mr. Trump and possibly the only one that will go to a jury before the election, centers on accusations he falsified records to cover up a sex scandal involving a porn star. The former president is charged with 34 counts of felony falsifying business records. If convicted, the judge in the case, Juan M. Merchan, could sentence him to punishments ranging from probation to four years in state prison, though for a first-time offender of Mr. Trump’s age, such a term would be extreme.
If Mr. Trump is convicted, but elected president again, he could not pardon himself because the prosecution was brought by New York State.
Under normal circumstances, any sentence of one year or less, colloquially known as “city time,” would generally be served on New York City’s notorious Rikers Island, home to the Department of Correction’s seven jails. (That’s where Mr. Trump’s former chief financial officer, Allen H. Weisselberg, 76, is currently serving his second five-month sentence for crimes related to his work for his former boss.)
Any sentence of more than a year, known as state time, would generally be served in one of the 44 prisons run by New York State’s Department of Corrections and Community Supervision.
The former president could also be sentenced to a term of probation, raising the bizarre possibility of the former commander in chief reporting regularly to a civil servant at the city’s Probation Department.
He would have to follow the probation officer’s instructions and answer questions about his work and personal life until the term of probation ended. He would also be barred from associating with disreputable people, and if he committed any additional crimes, he could be jailed immediately.
Maggie Haberman contributed reporting.
William K. Rashbaum is a Times reporter covering municipal and political corruption, the courts and broader law enforcement topics in New York. More about William K. Rashbaum
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The Politics Shed- A Free Text Book for all students of Politics.
Socialism Edexcel
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Ideologies 2 - Socialism. 2023 Papers (Locked - Topics only, not questions) Source 1 - Political Parties. Source 2 - Democracy and Participation. Essay 1 - Electoral Systems. Essay 2 - Political Parties. Ideologies 1 - Liberalism. Ideologies 2 - Socialism. Paper 2: UK Government and Optional Political Ideologies. Paper 3A: US ...
How to answer an Edexcel exam question on socialism. socialism. You could get asked two questions on socialism in Paper 1. There is no guarantee that the two questions will be on more than one idea. All questions start with 'To what extent…?', so they are looking for you to evaluate the extent of agreement or disagreement.
A Level Politics. Our extensive collection of resources is the perfect tool for students aiming to ace their exams and for teachers seeking reliable resources to support their students' learning journey. Here, you'll find an array of revision notes, topic questions, fully explained model answers, past exam papers and more, meticulously ...
Note: This guidance should not be treated in any way as official Pearson Edexcel guidance. This guidance is for Edexcel A-Level and will differ for other exam boards. The 24 Mark Ideologies question on Paper 1 and Paper 2 are a different type of question to the 30 Mark Essay and Source Questions. In the…
Socialism essay plans. To what extent do socialists agree about the state? Click the card to flip 👆. P1 - The state is vital to core socialist values. CP1 - Disagree over the best replacement for the state. P2 - Should be a new economy in this state. CP2 - Disagree of the type of economy. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 9.
Socialism emerged as an attempt to find an alternative to capitalism, seeking to find a more humane economic system. As such, it is often seen as the ideology of the working classes, as it seeks to reduce or remove class divisions in society. Collectivism. At the heart of socialism is the idea that people are unified by the concept of community.
A look at Socialism for both AQA and Edexcel through potential essay questions. Each session went through prepared powerpoints. There are 3 sessions in total - each video is around 1:30 long. ... A Level Politics Courses, ... Socialism Essay Planning - recorded 2022 (3 sessions) £20.00 This series of webinars were recorded in 2022 - you can ...
A-level POLITICS Paper 3 Political ideas . 2 . IB/G/Jun21/7152/3 . 0 1 Socialism Explain and analyse three ways in which socialist thinkers have viewed the role of the ... Section C - Other Ideologies Essay Question Answer the question set on one of the following ideologies.
IB/G/Jun19/7152/3. Turn over . Section B - Core Ideologies Extract Question. Read the extracts below and answer question 4 that follows. Arguments concerning socialism. Extract 1. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels argued that "the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.
File previews. docx, 51.93 KB. This word document contains 27 well-formatted and detailed notes for the socialism module in the Edexcel A Level Politics Unit 1 paper. It would also work well for other exam boards, like AQA. The notes are focused on the four key themes that run throughout the the ideologies essay questions, meaning that you will ...
However, all questions so far (2019 and 2022) and fitted into the scope of the questions included. Note: Please also note that this guidance should not be treated in any way as official Pearson Edexcel guidance. The potential questions for the 24 Mark Ideologies Questions are much more predictable than the 30 Mark Essay and 30 Mark Source Question.
Marx and Engles - the state. the existing liberal bourgeois state is a tool of the dominant capital class, it must be destroyed by revolution and replaced with a socialist state. Marx and Engles - society. capitalist society is sickening, yet, fatally defined by class interest and conflict, a communist society would be perfect.
Socialism emerged as an attempt to find an alternative to capitalism, seeking to find a more humane economic system. As such, it is often seen as the ideology of the working classes, as it seeks to reduce or remove class divisions in society. A difficulty in considering socialism as an ideology is that it could be understood in different ways.
4 essay plans for socialism, liberalism and conservatism. Each essay plan covers the extent to which the ideology is united on either the state, society, human nature or the economy. Each essay plan is ~800 words and therefore effectively a whole essay. Across the essay plans, almost all of the core ideologies content is covered, with important detail on both strands and key thinkers.
I have recorded three essay-planning sessions for each of Socialism, Conservatism, multiculturalism and Feminism. Recorded on 2022 - these sessions help with accessing political ideas content. ... Get my global politics revision essay question bank with over 200 questions. I have put together over 200 global politics essay questions. This book ...
A high-quality essay that explores this essay question. Includes introduction, 2 agreement paragraphs, and 2 disagreement paragraphs as well as an evaluative conclusion! ... Essay - Politics ideology essay plans (socialism, liberalism, conservatism) 24. Essay - Socialism state essay a* - edexcel a level politics ...
Ideologies (socialism, conservatism, liberalism) Class notes 97% (37) 50. Global politics plans . ... A Level Politics - Global Politics Essay Plans (12 marks) ... Politics Essay Revision Questions - Summer 2022. 11 pages 2022/2023 100% (1) 2022/2023 100% (1) Save.
The above papers are labelled June 2020. Pearson Edexcel A-Level Politics Past Papers June 2019 (9PL0) A-Level Paper 1: UK Politics and Core Political Ideas (9PL0/01) Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme. A-Level Paper 2: UK Government nd Non-core Political Ideas (9PL0/02) Download Past Paper - Download Mark Scheme.
Socialism came into prominence during the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century as a reaction against the economic inequality caused by capitalism. The proponents of socialism sought to establish a society where wealth and power were distributed evenly among the population. Socialism became an influential ideology throughout the 20th ...
Your answer should include: Inequality / Conflict / Instability / Absolute / Equality / Capitalism / Humanising / Revolution / Third Way. Click to reveal answer. Everything you need to know about Differing Views and Tensions Within Socialism for the A Level Politics Edexcel exam, totally free, with assessment questions, text & videos.
Anthony Guglielmi, the spokesman for the Secret Service in Washington, declined in a statement to discuss specific "protective operations." But he said that federal law requires Secret Service ...
There is a requirement to use synoptic points in the 30 Mark Essay Paper for Paper 2: UK Government. You do not need to do this for Paper 1: UK Politics. The essay question will have this intruction: In your answer you should draw on relevant knowledge and understanding of the study of Component 1: UK Politics and Core Political Ideas.
The Politics Shed- A Free Text Book for all students of Politics. The Politics A level Shed. ... Advice on A level Paper 2 Question 2 (30 marks) Affirmative Action. Fisher v Texas (2013) America the Failed State? ... Essay plan: 'Evaluate the view that the constituion no longer does the job for which it was intended' (30 marks) ...