apa citing market research

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How To Cite Using APA Style (Videos)

Citing journal/magazine articles, citing web pages, citing books.

• Citing Business Databases

Citing Newspaper Articles

• Associations

American Psychological Association, or APA, style is commonly used in the social and behavioral sciences. Check out the resources and example citations on this page.

• Basics of APA Style Tutorial
• Citing References: APA Style [PDF]
• Purdue OWL - APA 7th ed. Formatting and Style Guide

This video playlist walks you through why to use APA (below), and how to cite books , articles , webpages , and business resources . Watch whichever ones you need!

Plagiarism involves taking credit for work that is not one's own. Below are some resources that can help you avoid plagiarism.

• Avoiding Academic Misconduct (UWW Dean of Students) [Word Doc]
• Plagiarism: Cut & Paste Doesn't Cut It [Interactive Tutorial]

With DOI Assigned:

Without a DOI Assigned:

Example: 

See other article citation examples here:  http://libguides.uww.edu/apa/articles

Basic webpage: .

Corporate author: 

See other website citation examples here:  http://libguides.uww.edu/apa/web

See other book citation examples here:  http://libguides.uww.edu/apa/books

For help citing all the unusual business databases, visit this page:  http://libguides.uww.edu/apa/business, free online: .

Note: If there is no author listed, the title of the article comes first, followed by the date.

Print, or from a database with no DOI: 

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MKT 346: Marketing Research

• Citing using APA
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• Scholarly Sources

Formatting Citations

This tab contains citation guidelines and examples in both APA and MLA style formats, along with links to other styles and resources on citation styles. The style you should use is usually determined by the discipline or course in which you are working. Ask your instructor what style s/he requires or recommends.

Why Cite Sources? Avoiding  plagiarism  is the most obvious reason; it also helps you back up your arguments with credible evidence and allows others to track down the same resources.

Before turning in your paper, check for these common citation errors:

• Is the list of sources alphabetized?
• Are titles capitalized and/or underlined as required?
• Is spacing and indenting correct?
• Is proper punctuation used?

Citing Your Sources

Apa business citations.

• APA 7th Edition (CSUN Library) Quick guides, sample papers, and bibliographies using APA 7.
• APA 7 for Business This is a continuously updated document created by business librarians across the US to give citation examples for common business databases (Mintel, Business Source Premier, IBIS, etc.) and documents (reports, analysis, etc.).
• APA 7 for Business (other guide) Guide from Bentley University with very specific instructions.

Citation Formatting Tools

Citation managers are software that keep track of your sources and automatically format your citations in a variety of styles.

• Help with EndNote Web
• Zotero  - free to anyone; integrates with MS Word and/or Google Docs; must be installed on your own computer 
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Citing Sources in APA Style

The purpose of citing is (1) to give credit to the original author, and (2) enable the reader to find the source. The American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is widely used in business school courses. You may find general guidelines in:

• APA Style Guide: OWL at Excelsior

The APA Style Manual doesn't address directly how to cite business-type sources from library databases, such as analyst reports, market research reports, industry profiles, etc. These sources may not have the same citation elements as books, journal articles, or open access websites:

• Reports often don't list a named individual author. In this case, the name of the publisher or organization that produced information will serve as a corporate author.
• URLs from the address bar for the content in library databases may be too long, inaccessible to readers because of a firewall, or expire after a session. If the URL is not accessible, use the name of a database.
• The APA Style Manual no longer requires the date the information is retrieved.

Suggested Format for Citing Reports in APA style:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document . Publisher [optional]. Retrieved from [database name].

NOTE:   Use Publisher / Contributor / Organization Name:

• Only if this name is different from the database name and there is a named personal author
• As a corporate author at the beginning of the citation, if no personal author is listed

How to Build an APA Citation for a Report

You may easily create your own APA citation once you identify appropriate elements of a document for citing.

EXAMPLE 1: A report with a named author, produced by S&P Capital IQ McGraw Hill Financial and retrieved from the S&P Capital IQ NetAdvantage database

CITATION:  Holt, D. (2016, March). Industry surveys: Electronic equipment & instruments . Retrieved from S&P Capital IQ NetAdvantage.

EXAMPLE 2:  A report without a named author, produced by Euromonitor International, and retrieved from the Passport database.  The name of the publisher is used as a corporate author.

CITATION: Euromonitor International. (2016, September). Wearable electronics in the US . Retrieved from Passport database.

NOTE: Always check with your professor for specific citation guidelines.

Several libraries created examples for citing business sources in APA style:

• 7th ed. Citation for Business Resources Guidelines for citing business resources in APA 7th edition created by a group of business librarians.
• BRASS Business Guide - Citing Business Sources
• Citing Online Business Resources in APA Style: Bentley Library Guide
• Citing Business Databases in APA: University of North Carolina Greensboro
• Citing Business Resources APA Style: California State University Chico
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How do I reference a market or industry report… in the APA7 style?

Those of you using market and industry research in your assignments will need to know how to correctly reference any reports that you include in your work.

To list a report in your references, you would need to record the following elements:

• Author(s) – either individuals  (Surname, Initials.) or a group author – such as an organisation.
• (Date of publication).
• Title of report (with report number – if applicable – within a set of round brackets).
• Publisher name – omit this element if the publisher is the same as the author.

Say, for example, you were using the report from IBISWorld pictured below, your reference would look like this:

Dinev, K. (2021). Takeaway & Fast-Food Restaurants in the UK . IBISWorld. https://my.ibisworld.com/

Many research reports do not have a named author. If you were referencing the FitchConnect report below, which has no author listed, you would use the publisher’s name (FitchSolutions) as a corporate author and then omit the publisher details from your reference.

Your resulting reference would look like this:

FitchSolutions. (2022). Qatar banking & financial services report (Q4 2022) . https://app.fitchconnect.com/

Remember to always format APA7 references with a hanging indent. This may not always be obvious with short references like those above.

For all your referencing questions – please contact your Library .

Please note: Cranfield supports two different referencing styles – APA7 (Author-date) and Numbered (NLM). Please make sure you use the style preferred by your supervisor or lecturer. The advice above relates only to the APA7 style. If you have any questions about referencing, please contact the Library .

Feature image from Pixabay. Available at:  https://pixabay.com/photos/office-business-accountant-620822/

Karen Stokes

Written By: Karen Stokes

A Business Librarian since 2009, Karen leads support for the Cranfield MBA courses, both full-time and Executive.

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Marketing: MKT 373 Marketing Research (Snyder)

• Primary and Secondary Sources
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• Cite Your Work (Use APA)

Why and how do we cite sources?

This video uses mla and apa styles in its examples, but the discussion of why citation is necessary applies to any style., why bother to cite your sources.

Citing the sources you use when writing any paper is important for the following reasons:

• Provides proper credit to the scholars whose works you used within your paper.
• Helps you avoid plagiarism by properly attributing quotes and ideas to the source from which they came.
• Shows readers what kind of research you have done in writing your own paper.
• Provides readers all the information they will need to track down the sources you used should they want to do some further reading or use those sources to support their own research.

Failing to properly cite your sources is called  plagiarism. Not only does engaging in plagiarism tarnish your academic and personal integrity, it is also considered an act of academic misconduct , which can result in serious disciplinary actions, sometimes expulsion. 

What is APA?

The APA Citation Style was created and is maintained by the American Psychological Association. This is the citation style most often used by researchers and writers of the behavioral sciences and the social sciences.

• APA Style Blog "The APA Style Blog is the official companion to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Sixth Edition. It's run by a group of experts who work with APA Style every day. We publish weekly posts to talk about what we love—writing, publishing, and APA Style. We explore what APA Style is and how it works in a variety of areas, including reference citations of every sort, grammar and usage, the publication process, and social media. Occasionally we feature guest bloggers who write about more technical issues."

Online Tutorial and Guides

• Basics of APA Style This tutorial is designed for those who have no previous knowledge of APA Style®, 7th edition. It shows users how to structure and format their work, recommends ways to reduce bias in language, identifies how to avoid charges of plagiarism, shows how to cite references in text, and provides selected reference examples.
• Excelsior Online Writing Lab Provides support for writers including citation.
• The OWL at Purdue The online writing lab at Purdue has an excellent explanation of the general APA guidelines as well as many examples on how to cite your sources in-text and on the reference list. There is also a sample paper written in APA style.

Citation Generators

Library resources, like CentralSearch and many of our databases, often come with built-in citation generator functions. The exact location and steps to use this tool will vary based on the resource you are using; however, look for the 'Cite' button. 

If you have found information from a credible Internet site, a citation generator tool such as KnightCite or EasyBib will help you create the citation on your own.

Also, be aware that you must double-check any generated citations for accuracy . To better keep track of your references and more easily generate citations and entire bibliographies, try using a citation manager tool such as  Mendeley  or Zotero . 

In-text Citations

Direct citations mentioning the source

John Fontana and Elizabeth Montalbano (2008) point out, “the market for these low-cost machines is being driven by inexpensive bandwidth; the growth of services and cloud computing; and cloud-based processing, storage, management and associated IT services”(p. 12).

Direct citations not mentioning the source

"The market for these low-cost machines is being driven by inexpensive bandwidth; the growth of services and cloud computing; and cloud-based processing, storage, management, and associated IT services” (Fontana & Montalbano, 2008, p. 12).

Paraphrase mentioning the source

John Fontana and Elizabeth Montalbano (2008) note that low priced Netbooks are gaining share because of the relatively cheap Internet access capable of downloading large files; the wealth of Internet-based applications; and the ability for files to be created, produced, stored and administered on Internet hosted sites.

Paraphrase not mentioning source

Low priced Netbooks are gaining market share because of relatively cheap Internet access capable of downloading large files; the wealth of Internet-based applications; and the ability for files to be created, produced, stored and administered on Internet hosted sites (Fontana & Montalbano, 2008).

Reference List

Grupo Bimbo brand makes UK debut. (2017).  British Baker . p. 12-13. Retrieved from Business Source Complete.

Company Profiles

S&P Global Market Intelligence (n.d.).  Apple Inc . [Public Company Profile] Retrieved from Standard and Poor's Capital IQ.  

Annual Reports

Grupo Bimbo, S.A.B. DE C.V. (2016, Dec 31).   Annual Report 2016 .  Retrieved from Standard and Poor's Capital IQ.   

Industry reports

IBISWorld. (2018, Dec).  IBISWorld Industry Report 31181: Bread Production in the US.  Retrieved from IBISWorld. 

Apple Inc. (2018, Nov. 5).  Form 10-K . Fiscal year ended September 29, 2018. Retrieved from  Standard and Poor's Capital IQ.    

Bimbo Bakeries USA (n.d.).   About Us.  Retrieved from  https://www.bimbobakeriesusa.com/about-us.

SEC Filings

Apple Inc. (2019, Jun 29).  Form 10-Q . Retrieved from Standard and Poor's  Capital IQ.   

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Industry & Market Research Citations

A number of databases offer industry and market research reports.  The most frequently used at Villanova  include:  IBISWorld, Mintel, Euromonitor, D&B Hoovers, MarketResearch.com, Emerging Market Information Source and Business Source Premier (EBSCO) and ABI Inform (Proquest).

Finding the bibliographic information needed to create a citation is usually easiest by downloading the PDF.

The model used to make these citations is found in section 10.4  of the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the APA.

APA rule 9.30 advises against including the name of most academic databases, but recommends using them when needed to retrieve the source from that exact database. Not many academic databases have overlapping industry and market research reports, therefore it is adviseable to include the database name or URL.

APA rule 9.36 allows for the use of URL shorteners.   Test them to make sure they work.

Mintel report PDFs do not list individual authors.  The publisher is the author, so the publisher/database name is omitted from the source part of the citation. 

Mintel. (2019, May).  Ice creams and frozen novelties: US.  https://reports-mintel-com.ezp1.villanova.edu/display/919506/?fromSearch=%3Ffreetext%3Dice%2520cream

Parenthetical citation: (Mintel, 2019)

Narrative citation:  Mintel (2019)

Multiple sources with same author and date.  To avoid ambiguity add lower case "a" and "b" to the respective sources dates.

Mintel. (2019a, May).  Ice creams and frozen novelties:  US.   https://reports-mintel-com.ezp1.villanova.edu/display/919506/?fromSearch=%3Ffreetext%3Dice%2520cream

Mintel. (2019b, September)  Beauty and personal care accessories: US.  https://reports-mintel-com.ezp1.villanova.edu/display/919242/?fromSearch=%3Ffreetext%3Daccessories

Parenthetical citation: (Mintel, 2019a) or (Mintel, 2019b)

Narrative: Mintel (2019a) or Mintel (2019b)

IBISWorld reports do have named authors and also have report numbers which are considered part of the title.   Notice the shortened UR L example.

Madigan, J. (2019, December).  Ice cream production in the U.S.  (Report 31152). IBISWorld.  https://my-ibisworld-com.ezp1.villanova.edu/us/en/industry/31152/about

or with shortened URL

Madigan, J. (2019, December).  Ice cream production in the U.S.  (Report 31152). IBISWorld. https://bit.ly/2EED2wr

Parenthetical citation: (Madigan, 2019)

Narrative citation:  Madigan (2019)

Euromonitor  reports don't have named individual authors.

Euromonitor International.  (2019, September).  Ice cream and  frozen desserts in the U.S.  https://www-portal-euromonitor-com.ezp1.villanova.edu/portal/analysis/tab

Parenthetical citation: (Euromonitor International, 2019)

Narrative citation: Euromonitor International (2019)

Report from ABI Inform (Proquest) database

C. Barnes & Co. (2019)  Ice cream and frozen desserts manufacturing (NAICS 31152). ABI Inform .  https://search-proquest-com.ezp1.villanova.edu/docview/2238657351?accountid=14853

Parenthetical citation: (C. Barnes & Co., 2019)

Narrative citation: C. Barnes & Co. (2019)

• URL Shorteners
• Multiple sources same author & date
• IBIS World Example
• Euromonitor Example
• ABI Inform Example
• Mintel Example

*MARKETING RESEARCH*

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Business Citations

Market research report, swot analysis, online industry profile/report, online company profile, apa-can't find what you're looking for.

• Ask a Librarian

IMPORTANT NOTE: Citing Business Resources:

Although the APA provides clear instructions on how to cite standard publication types, some business-specific sources include unique information that is not addressed in APA instructions. Because of that, some of the examples and instructions on this page represent the B.D. Owens Library's interpretation of APA rules. The American Psychological Association maintains a  Style Blog  that addresses many frequently asked questions. 

If there is no official title, create a non-italicized description in square brackets (see section 9.22, page 292). The square brackets indicate to somebody else searching the database cannot use the exact words to search for the item, but can indicate how to locate similar information. 

For citing resources that are more standardized in business databases (Business Source Premier, Nexis Uni), click here .

REFERENCE (BUSINESS SOURCE PREMIER)

IN TEXT   

    ("Executive summary," 2009).

  MarketLine. (2019, November 29). NIKE Inc [SWOT analysis].  Business Source Premier .

      ( MarketLine, 2019). 

• Business Source Premier

REFERENCE  

  MarketLine. (2019, May). Industry profile: Mobile phones in the United States. Business Source Premier .

NOTE: Include the database name if content  only  appears in a particular database .  Include the retrieval date if content changes over time and versions of the page are not archived.  Multiple citations to different works from the one author from the same year are distinguished by assigning a, b, c, to the citations in text and also in the reference list. This is entered after the date.

MarketLine. (2020a, September). Marketline industry profile: Airlines in North America.  MarketLine.

MarketLine. (2020b, September). MarketLine industry profile: Airlines in the United States. MarketLine .

    (MarketLine, 2020a).

    (MarketLine, 2020b).

(see p. 296 section 9.30 and p. 319 examples 13 and 14 of the 7th edition)

NOTE: Include the database name if content only appears in a particular database . 

REFERENCE    

    MarketLine. (2019, October 25). Cerner Corporation [Company profile] .   Business Source Premier .

IN TEXT 

    (MarketLine, 2019).

NOTE: Include the database name if content only appears in a particular database .  Include the retrieval date if content changes over time and versions of the page are not archived.

    MarketLine. (2020, April 13). Walmart Inc [Company profile] .   MarketLine Advantage . Retrieved June 10, 2020, from https://advantage.marketline.com/Company/Profile/wal_mart_stores_inc?companyprofile

    ( MarketLine, 2020).

NOTE: Include the database name if content  only  appears in a particular database .  Include the retrieval date if content changes over time and versions of the page are not archived.

  Zoom Company Information.  (2020, January 2). Starbucks Corporation [Company profile]. Nexis Uni . Retrieved February 3, 2020, from https://advance.lexis.com/api/permalink/c876bb8e-2b26-4db3-bb27-c1317259766c/?context=1516831  

(Zoom Company Information, 2020). 

NOTE: Include the retrieval date if content changes over time and versions of the page are not archived.

REFERENCE (Lexisnexis)

Walmart Inc. (2020, October 2). Form 8-K [SEC Filings]. Nexis Uni . Retrieved October 6, 2020. 

     (Walmart Inc., 2020).

Get more APA examples :

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BUSA: Business & Marketing: Citing Sources in APA Format

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Citing Sources in APA Format

• Citing Sources in MLA Format
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• Citing AI-Generated Content
• Career Services at NCC

The NCC Librarians and Learning Center staff have collaborated to bring you a concise guide to using APA format, which contains examples based on the databases you will find at the NCC Libraries. To view this guide as a PDF file or to print it, click the link below .

• NCC Library APA Handout Our APA handout summarizes the most essential rules and guidelines for in-text citations, Reference List entries, and formatting your paper.

Need more help with citations?

1) The   APA's  Publication Manual  has its own  website , which includes video tutorials, samples of formatted pages, guidelines for APA-style punctuation and grammar, and a user's blog.

2) Purdue University's  Online Writing Lab  (OWL) has lots of helpful information about using APA style, including sample citations, video tutorials, and a tool that will automatically convert publication information into the correct format.

3) This YouTube video by the library at the University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh explains how to cite an  article from a n online  scholarly journal  using APA format.

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What is a literature review?

Are you a little confused about exactly what you need to compile a literature review?  

A  literature review   is typically the section of a  research  paper,  dissertation  or  thesis  that considers the writing that other authors have already produced on the topic. Source: Literature review. (2011). In P. Stokes,  Palgrave Key concepts: Key concepts in business and management research methods . Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Credo Reference.

APA citation basics

Zu library apa citation style guide:  https://zu.libguides.com/apastyle  , purdue online writing lab (owl):  online writing lab, purdue university, article from an online periodical.

Online articles follow the same guidelines for printed articles. Include all information the online host makes available, including an issue number in parentheses.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article.  Title of Online Periodical, volume number (issue number if available). Retrieved from  http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web.  A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149 . Retrieved from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

Online Scholarly Journal Article: Citing DOIs

Please note : In August of 2011 the formatting recommendations for DOIs changed. DOIs are now rendered as an alpha-numeric string which acts as an active link. According to  The APA Style Guide to Electronic References, 6 th  edition , you should use the DOI format which the article appears with. So, if it is using the older numeric string, use that as the DOI. If, however, it is presented as the newer alpha-numeric string, use that as the DOI. The Purdue OWL maintains examples of citations using both DOI styles.

Because online materials can potentially change URLs, APA recommends providing a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), when it is available, as opposed to the URL. DOIs are an attempt to provide stable, long-lasting links for online articles. They are unique to their documents and consist of a long alphanumeric code. Many-but not all-publishers will provide an article's DOI on the first page of the document. 

Note that some online bibliographies provide an article's DOI but may "hide" the code under a button which may read "Article" or may be an abbreviation of a vendor's name like "CrossRef" or "PubMed." This button will usually lead the user to the full article which will include the DOI. Find DOI's from print publications or ones that go to dead links with CrossRef.org's "DOI Resolver," which is displayed in a central location on their home page.

Article From an Online Periodical with DOI Assigned

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article.  Title of Journal, volume number,  page range. doi:0000000/000000000000 or http://doi.org/10.0000/0000

Brownlie, D. (2007). Toward effective poster presentations: An annotated bibliography.  European Journal of Marketing, 41 , 1245-1283. doi:10.1108/03090560710821161

Wooldridge, M.B., & Shapka, J. (2012). Playing with technology: Mother-toddler interaction scores lower during play with electronic toys.  Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 33 (5), 211-218. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2012.05.005

Article From an Online Periodical with no DOI Assigned

Online scholarly journal articles without a DOI require the URL of the journal home page. Remember that one goal of citations is to provide your readers with enough information to find the article; providing the journal home page aids readers in this process.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article.  Title of Journal, volume number . Retrieved from http://www.journalhomepage.com/full/url/

Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights.  Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8 . Retrieved from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html

Article from a Database

Please note:  APA states that including database information in citations is not necessary because databases change over time (p. 192). However, the OWL still includes information about databases for those users who need database information.

When referencing a print article obtained from an online database (such as a database in the library), provide appropriate print citation information (formatted just like a "normal" print citation would be for that type of work). By providing this information, you allow people to retrieve the print version if they do not have access to the database from which you retrieved the article. You can also include the item number or accession number or database URL at the end, but the APA manual says that this is not required.

If you are citing a database article that is available in other places, such as a journal or magazine, include the homepage's URL. You may have to do a web search of the article's title, author, etc. to find the URL.  For articles that are easily located, do not provide database information. If the article is difficult to locate, then you can provide database information. Only use retrieval dates if the source could change, such as Wikis. For more about citing articles retrieved from electronic databases, see pages 187-192 of the Publication Manual.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article.  Title of Journal, volume number,  page range. Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas.  Journal of Abnormal Eating, 8 (3), 120-125. Retrieved from  http://www.fakeexamplehomepage.com/full/url/

If you only cite an abstract but the full text of the article is also available, cite the online abstract as any other online citations, adding "[Abstract]" after the article or source name. However, if the full text is not available, you may use an abstract that is available through an abstracts database as a secondary source.

Paterson, P. (2008). How well do young offenders with Asperger Syndrome cope in custody?: Two prison case studies [Abstract].  British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36 (1), 54-58.

Hendricks, J., Applebaum, R., & Kunkel, S. (2010). A world apart? Bridging the gap between theory and applied social gerontology.  Gerontologist, 50 (3), 284-293. Abstract retrieved from Abstracts in Social Gerontology database. (Accession No. 50360869)

Newspaper Article

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article.  Title of Newspaper . Retrieved from  http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry.  The New York Times . Retrieved from http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/05/06/psychiatry-handbook-linked-to-drug-industry/?_r=0

Electronic Books

Electronic books may include books found on personal websites, databases, or even in audio form. Use the following format if the book you are using is  only  provided in a digital format or is difficult to find in print. If the work is not directly available online or must be purchased, use "Available from," rather than "Retrieved from," and point readers to where they can find it. For books available in print form and electronic form, include the publish date in parentheses after the author's name. For references to e-book editions, be sure to include the type and version of e-book you are referencing (e.g., "[Kindle DX version]"). If DOIs are available, provide them at the end of the reference.

De Huff, E. W. (n.d.).  Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo  Indian tales . Retrieved from http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html

Davis, J. (n.d.).  Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest .  Available from http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio? inkey=1-9780931686108-0

Kindle Books

To cite Kindle (or other e-book formats) you must include the following information: The author, date of publication, title, e-book version, and either the Digital Object Identifer (DOI) number, or the place where you downloaded the book. Please note that the DOI/place of download is used in-place of publisher information. 

Here’s an example:

Chapter/Section of a Web Document or Online Book Chapter

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In  Title of book or larger document  (chapter or section number). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Engelshcall, R. S. (1997). Module mod_rewrite: URL Rewriting Engine. In  Apache HTTP Server version 1.3 documentation  (Apache modules). Retrieved from http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_rewrite.html

Peckinpaugh, J. (2003). Change in the Nineties. In J. S. Bough and G. B. DuBois (Eds.),  A century of growth in America . Retrieved from GoldStar database.

NOTE : Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a URL that links directly to the chapter section, not the home page of the Web site.

Online Book Reviews

Cite the information as you normally would for the work you are quoting. (The first example below is from a newspaper article; the second is from a scholarly journal.) In brackets, write "Review of the book" and give the title of the reviewed work. Provide the web address after the words "Retrieved from," if the review is freely available to anyone. If the review comes from a subscription service or database, write "Available from" and provide the information where the review can be purchased.

Zacharek, S. (2008, April 27). Natural women [Review of the book  Girls like us ].  The New York Times . Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/books/review/Zachareck -t.html?pagewanted=2

Castle, G. (2007). New millennial Joyce [Review of the books  Twenty-first Joyce, Joyce's critics: Transitions in reading and culture, and Joyce's messianism: Dante, negative existence, and the messianic self] .  Modern Fiction Studies, 50 (1), 163-173. Available from Project MUSE Web site: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/modern_fiction_studies/toc/mfs52.1.html

Dissertation/Thesis from a Database

Biswas, S. (2008).  Dopamine D3 receptor: A neuroprotective treatment target in Parkinson's disease . Retrieved from ProQuest Digital Dissertations. (AAT 3295214)

Online Encyclopedias and Dictionaries

Often encyclopedias and dictionaries do not provide bylines (authors' names). When no byline is present, move the entry name to the front of the citation. Provide publication dates if present or specify (n.d.) if no date is present in the entry.

Feminism. (n.d.). In  Encyclopædia Britannica online . Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/724633/feminism

Online Bibliographies and Annotated Bibliographies

Jürgens, R. (2005).  HIV/AIDS and HCV in Prisons: A Select Annotated Bibliography . Retrieved from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/alt_formats/hpb-dgps/pdf/intactiv/hiv-vih-aids-sida-prison-carceral_e.pdf

Point readers to raw data by providing a Web address (use "Retrieved from") or a general place that houses data sets on the site (use "Available from").

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2008).  Indiana income limits [Data file]. Retrieved from http://www.huduser.org/Datasets/IL/IL08/in_fy2008.pdf

Graphic Data (e.g. Interactive Maps and Other Graphic Representations of Data)

Give the name of the researching organization followed by the date. In brackets, provide a brief explanation of what type of data is there and in what form it appears. Finally, provide the project name and retrieval information.

Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment. (2007). [Graph illustration the SORCE Spectral Plot May 8, 2008].  Solar Spectral Data Access from the SIM, SOLSTICE, and XPS Instruments . Retrieved from http://lasp.colorado.edu/cgi-bin/ion-p?page=input_data_for_ spectra.ion

Qualitative Data and Online Interviews

If an interview is not retrievable in audio or print form, cite the interview only in the text (not in the reference list) and provide the month, day, and year in the text. If an audio file or transcript is available online, use the following model, specifying the medium in brackets (e.g. [Interview transcript, Interview audio file]):

Butler, C. (Interviewer) & Stevenson, R. (Interviewee). (1999).  Oral History 2  [Interview transcript]. Retrieved from Johnson Space Center Oral Histories Project Web site: http:// www11.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/oral_histories.htm

Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides

When citing online lecture notes, be sure to provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title (e.g. PowerPoint slides, Word document).

Hallam, A.  Duality in consumer theory  [PDF document]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: http://www.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ501/Hallam/ index.html

Roberts, K. F. (1998).  Federal regulations of chemicals in the environment  [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://siri.uvm.edu/ppt/40hrenv/index.html

Non-periodical Web Document or Report

List as much of the following information as possible (you sometimes have to hunt around to find the information; don't be lazy. If there is a page like http://www.somesite.com/somepage.htm, and somepage.htm doesn't have the information you're looking for, move up the URL to http://www.somesite.com/):

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication).  Title of document . Retrieved from http://Web address

Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderland, L., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5).  General format.  Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

NOTE : When an Internet document is more than one Web page, provide a URL that links to the home page or entry page for the document. Also, if there isn't a date available for the document use (n.d.) for no date.

To cite a  YouTube  video, the APA recommends following the above format. 

Computer Software/Downloaded Software

Do not cite standard office software (e.g. Word, Excel) or programming languages. Provide references only for specialized software.

Ludwig, T. (2002). PsychInquiry [computer software]. New York: Worth.

Software that is downloaded from a Web site should provide the software’s version and year when available.

Hayes, B., Tesar, B., & Zuraw, K. (2003). OTSoft: Optimality Theory Software (Version 2.1) [Software]. Available from http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hayes/otsoft/

E-mails are not included in the list of references, though you parenthetically cite them in your main text: (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

Online Forum or Discussion Board Posting

Include the title of the message, and the URL of the newsgroup or discussion board. Please note that titles for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, forums) are not italicized. If the author's name is not available, provide the screen name. Place identifiers like post or message numbers, if available, in brackets. If available, provide the URL where the message is archived (e.g. "Message posted to..., archived at...").

Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia [Msg 25]. Message posted to http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html

Blog (Weblog) and Video Blog Post

Include the title of the message and the URL. Please note that titles for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, forums) are not italicized. If the author’s name is not available, provide the screen name.

J Dean. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges: Is that me in the mirror? [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttransport

Psychology Video Blog #3 [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqM90eQi5-M

Please note that the  APA Style Guide to Electronic References  warns writers that wikis (like Wikipedia, for example) are collaborative projects that cannot guarantee the verifiability or expertise of their entries.

OLPC Peru/Arahuay. (n.d.). Retrieved April 29, 2011 from the OLPC Wiki: http://wiki.laptop. org/go/OLPC_Peru/Arahuay

Audio Podcast

For all podcasts, provide as much information as possible; not all of the following information will be available. Possible addition identifiers may include Producer, Director, etc.

Bell, T., & Phillips, T. (2008, May 6). A solar flare.  Science @ NASA Podcast . Podcast retrieved from http://science.nasa.gov/podcast.htm

Video Podcasts

Scott, D. (Producer). (2007, January 5). The community college classroom [Episode 7].  Adventures in Education . Podcast retrieved from http://www.adveeducation.com

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MKT 342: Marketing Research

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APA Style Handbook

APA Citation Overview

American Psychological Association (APA) Style is an editorial style, or rules that a publisher uses to ensure consistent presentation of written material. Citing your sources in APA style gives credit to the works of others and helps your readers go back and find the information you present. 

• Basic APA components:   Author. (Year of publication).  Title . Publisher.
• APA is typically used for social or behavioral sciences writing. 
• The key attribute of APA is the date of publication is closer to the beginning of the citation, since researchers often publish their work year after year, and there are often several articles attributed to the same author over period of time.

For more in-depth information about APA Style, you can check out the following resources:

• Purdue OWL APA Style Guide  
• APA Manual of Publication (7th Edition) on reserve at the Spalding Library Information Desk
• Citing Sources tab on the Writing Center's homepage

See below for an interactive tutorial on APA citation and a sample paper formatted in APA style.

• APA Style Guide This document provides information and examples for citing sources in APA format.
• Getting Started with APA citation [tutorial] This tutorial serves as an introduction to citation according to APA formatting and style guidelines. It covers the basic components of creating references and in-text citations for a variety of source types.

Citation Generators

Some databases and websites will auto-generate citations for you. This is a great starting place for a citation, but they are not always accurate . Check an auto-generated citation with a stylebook or guide before submitting a paper. 

Some databases, like Academic Search Complete , include a "cite" feature that will auto-generate APA, MLA, Chicago and other citations.

If there isn't an auto-generated citation within a database, try one of these free citation generator cites. You can also   ask a librarian  or  the writing center !

Generating a Citation (1:10)

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Citation Styles for Business

The three most commonly used citation styles are represented by the following manuals: The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association ( APA style ), The MLA Handbook ( MLA style ), and The Chicago Manual of Style ( Chicago style ). Generally speaking, the sciences and social sciences tend to use the APA or Chicago style while the humanities will often use the MLA style.

There is no "official" style for citing business sources. Therefore, researchers usually adapt one of the above styles to cite business sources. Whatever style you choose, use it consistently for the entire project/paper. Listed below are examples of citing business sources using specific citation styles:

• Citation Styles and Management Tools Guide by Samuel Boss Last Updated Apr 9, 2024 2196 views this year

This guide offers you advice on how to cite your references in a paper or how to format your bibliography in Chicago, APA and MLA citation styles

APA 7th edition

• APA Citations - 7th Edition by Reference & Student Success Services (R&SSS) Last Updated Aug 10, 2022 108 views this year
• Ryerson University: APA for Business Examples for the following sources: - Business Insights: Global - Conference Board of Canada - EIU - Factiva - Nexis Uni - Mergent Online - Mintel - Passport - IBISWorld - Statista - From a company website - From SEDAR
• University of Lethbridge: Citing Business Sources Examples for the following sources: - Press Release - Marketline Report - Nexis Uni: Hoover's Company Records - In-depth Records - Statista - Annual Reports - Income Tax Act - CICA Handbook (from Knotia) - Tax/Budget Commentary (from Intelliconnect)
• University of Wisconsin Whitewater: Reference Examples for Business Sources Examples for the following sources: - Ad Forum - Advertising Redbooks - American FactFinder / U.S. Census - Business Source Complete SWOT Analysis - Global Road Warrior - IBIS World - Nexis Uni - Reference USA - RIA Checkpoint - Simmons OneView - SRDS Media Solutions - Statista - Value Line - Website: Data Set - Wharton Research Data Services (WRDS)

The Chicago Manual of Style

• UConn: Chicago Manual of Style Guides
• Harvard Business School Citation Guide Guides on creating footnotes, source lines, and bibliographies. Examples for an extremely long list of sources. It is updated every academic year.
• UCLA Anderson: Citing Business Sources Examples for the following sources: - Analyst Report - Annual Report - Book - E-mail - Journal Article - Magazine Article - Market Report - News Article - Press Release - SEC Document - Website - Database Publication from Factiva, Forrester, Investext, etc.

MLA 8th edition

• MLA Citations- 9th Edition by Reference & Student Success Services (R&SSS) Last Updated Jun 30, 2022 975 views this year
• EasyBib MLA Format

Citing Data

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APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

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In-Text Citations

Resources on using in-text citations in APA style

Reference List

Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats

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Introduction

This guide has been updated to reflect the 7th Edition of the APA Manual. The 7th Edition was published in October 2019. A handout with the major changes in the new editions is linked below. At the bottom of this page is a section on the 6th Edition for those who have not transferred to the 7th.

APA is the style and citation guide for  Nursing ,  Psychology ,  Criminal Justice ,  Business , Human Resources , Education  and other social sciences. 

• Major changes in the 7th Edition of APA

Online Help

• Overview of APA This is a PDF of the slides the Trexler Librarians use when giving an introduction to APA lesson.
• Common Reference Examples This PDF guide contains examples of common APA style References.
• APA Style Guide Website This APA Style website has been revamped with the 7th edition and provides a wide range of resources on citation and writing, including sample papers, handouts, and the APA Style Blog.
• In-Text Citations This guide on the author-date citation style explains the formatting of APA in-text citations.
• Paper Format This page from the APA website covers the essentials of paper formatting, such as order of pages, font, headers, headings, and title page.
• Sample Papers This page provides both student and professional sample papers, with and without annotations.
• Citing a Federal Statute This handout demonstrates how to cite a federal statute (enacted law).

Citing Social Media and Current Events

TikToc Video Citation

• Present the name of the individual or group author the same as you would for any other reference. Then provide the TikTok handle (beginning with the @ sign) in square brackets, followed by a period.
• Provide the specific date of the post.
• Provide the first 20 words of the caption as the title. Count a URL or other link, a hashtag, or an emoji as one word each, and include them in the reference if they fall within the first 20 words. Do not italicize emojis.
• Include the description “[Video]” in square brackets after the title.
• Credit TikTok as the site name in the source element and then provide the URL of the video.

Source: American Psychological Association. (2020).  TikTok references.  http://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/tiktok-references

Instagram Photo Citation

• Present the name of the individual or group author the same as you would for any other reference. Then provide the Instagram handle (beginning with the @ sign) in square brackets, followed by a period.
• Provide the first 20 words of the post as the title. Count a URL, a hashtag, or an emoji as one word each, and include them in the reference if they fall within the first 20 words. Do not italicize emojis.
• Include a description of the post (e.g., “[Photo],” “[Video]”) in square brackets after the title.
• Credit Instagram as the site name in the source element and then provide the URL of the photo.

American Psychological Association. (2021).  Instagram references.  http://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/instagram-references

Facebook Post Citation

• Use the name associated with the account as the name in the reference.
• Provide the first 20 words of the post as the title. Count a URL or other link, a hashtag, or an emoji as one word each, and include them in the reference if they fall within the first 20 words. Do not italicize emojis.
• If a post includes images, videos, thumbnail links to outside sources, or content from another post (such as when sharing a link), indicate that in square brackets.
• Describe the post type (e.g., “[Status update],” “[Video]”) in square brackets after any description of attached content.
• Credit Facebook as the site name in the source element and then provide the URL of the post.

American Psychological Association. (2020).  Facebook references.  http://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/facebook-references

Tweet Citation

• Present the name of the individual or group author the same as you would for any other reference. Then provide the Twitter handle (beginning with the @ sign) in square brackets, followed by a period.
• In the case of a group identified by an abbreviation (as with the CDC example), use the group name as shown on the work, to aid in retrieval.
• Provide the first 20 words of the tweet as the title, in italics. Count a URL, a hashtag, or an emoji as one word each, and include them in the reference if they fall within the first 20 words. Do not italicize emojis.
• If the tweet includes an image, a video, a poll, or a thumbnail image with a link, indicate that in brackets after the title: [Image attached], [Video attached], [Thumbnail with link attached].
• Include the description “[Tweet]” in square brackets after the title.
• Credit Twitter as the site name in the source element and then provide the URL of the tweet.

American Psychological Association. (2020).  Twitter references.  http://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/twitter-references

Podcast Episode Citation

• List the host(s) of the podcast episode as the author. Alternatively, provide the executive producers, if known. In either case, include their role in parentheses.
• Provide the specific date on which the podcast episode first aired.
• Provide the episode number after the episode title in parentheses. If the podcast does not number episodes (as with the Webster & Abumrad example), omit the episode number from the reference. Do not italicize the episode title or the episode number.
• Specify the type of podcast episode in square brackets, for example: [Audio podcast episode], [Video podcast episode].
• Write the word "In" and then the title of the podcast in italics.
• In general, end the reference with the URL of the episode. If the URL of the podcast episode is unknown (e.g., if accessed via an app), omit the URL from the reference.

American Psychological Association. (2020).  Reference examples.  http://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples

Online Forum Post Citation

• When the real name of the author is known, provide it first, in inverted format, followed by the screen name in brackets, as in the example.
• When the real name of the author is not known, provide only the screen name without brackets.
• Provide the title of the post in the title position, up to the first 20 words.
• End with the site name (e.g., Reddit) and the URL of the post.

American Psychological Association. (2020).  Online forum references.  http://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/online-forum-references

YouTube Video Citation

• Use the name of the account that uploaded the video as the author.
• If the account did not actually create the work, explain this in the text if it is important for readers to know. However, if that would mean citing a source that appears unauthoritative, you might also look for the author’s YouTube channel, official website, or other social media to see whether the same video is available elsewhere.
• To cite the words of individuals featured in a video, name or describe the individual(s) in your sentence in the text and then provide a parenthetical citation for the video. For example, the Asian Boss video is an interview with the director general of the International Vaccine Institute; you should provide details about who spoke and what they said in the text of the sentence and then cite the video using the parenthetical citation shown.
• Provide the specific date on which the video was uploaded.
• Italicize the title of the video.
• Provide the site name (YouTube) and URL of the video.

American Psychological Association. (2020).  YouTube references.  http://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/youtube-references

Film or Movie Citation

• Provide the director in the author element of the reference, followed by the notation “(Director).”
• Provide the production company or companies in the source element of the reference. Separate multiple production companies with a semicolon.

American Psychological Association. (2020).  Film and television references.  http://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/film-television-references

Episode of a TV Show

• Include the writers and directors for the episode. Include the contributor’s role in parentheses after each name.
• If one person performed multiple roles, combine the descriptions with an ampersand.
• Provide the season number and episode number after the title in parentheses.

TED Talk from the TED website

• When the TED Talk comes from TED’s website, use the name of the speaker as the author.
• Provide as specific a date as possible; in the example, only the year and month are available.
• Include the description “[Video]” in square brackets after the title of the talk.
• Credit TED Conferences as the publisher of the TED Talk and then provide the URL.

American Psychological Association. (2020).  TED talk references.  http://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/ted-talk-references

Webpage on a News Website Citation

• Use this format for articles from news websites. Common examples are BBC News, BET News, Bloomberg, CNN, HuffPost, MSNBC, Reuters, Salon, and Vox. These sites do not have associated daily or weekly newspapers.
• Use the  newspaper article category  for articles from newspaper websites such as  The New York Times  or  The Washington Post .
• Provide the writer as the author.
• Provide the specific date the story was published.
• Provide the title of the news story in italic sentence case.
• List the name of the news website in the source element of the reference.
• End the reference with the URL.

American Psychological Association. (2020).  Webpage on a website references.  http://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/webpage-website-references

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The Radford University Marketing Department has adopted the citation style established by the American Psychological Association (APA) for documenting sources used in papers assigned by departmental faculty. APA style requires both in‐text citations and a reference list. For every in‐text citation, there should be a full citation in the reference list and vice versa. The examples provided are for the most common types of sources used in student‐based research. For additional examples or more detailed information about the APA citation style, you may refer to the following sites:

• Radford University Library APA Style Guide
• Wright State University Writing Center
• The OWL at Purdue APA Formatting and Style Guide

If you are unsure about something, ask the professor for the class in which you are preparing the paper.

Reference Citations in Text

There are two types of in‐text citations:

• Direct quotations where you use the author’s exact words.
• Paraphrasing where you are using an idea from another work. In APA style, in‐text citations are placed within sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear what information is being quoted or paraphrased and whose information is being cited.

Quoting Directly from a Work

If you are quoting directly from a work, you need to include the author, year of publication and the page number for the reference (preceded by “p.”). If you are citing from an electronic source that does not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if available, preceded by the paragraph symbol (¶) or the abbreviation “para.”. If there are no paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it to direct the reader to the location of the material.

Examples of Citation in Short Quotations from a Printed Source

According to Stanton (2006), “Marketing is good stuff” (p. 35). “Marketing is good stuff” (Stanton, p. 35).

Example of Citation in Long Quotations (more than 40 words) from a Printed Source – these quotes should be in a free‐standing block without quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

As Al‐Khatib, Stanton & Rawwas noted (2005): Suspicious Shoppers believe that others may take advantage of them if the situation were to present itself. This group also tends to think that morality may be situational‐specific. Interestingly, though, Suspicious Shoppers are quite idealistic. They do not wish to do anything that might hurt others. While it seems that this idealistic tendency is in conflict with their relativistic beliefs, it more clearly delineates this group’s lack of trust. While Suspicious Shoppers are not likely to engage in unethical actions themselves, they may choose to not be completely forthright in their disclosures with others for fear of being exploited. (p. 239)

Paraphrasing from a Work

Works by a single author.

The last name of the author and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point.

Marketers must design products that are globally focused (Tong, 2001)

If the name of the author or the date appears as part of the narrative text, cite only the missing information in parentheses.

Tong (2001) believed that……… In 2001 Tong asserted that…….

Works by Multiple Authors

When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text. When the names of the authors are enclosed in parentheses, join the names with an ampersand (&) rather than the word “and”.

…..as occurs in theory (Taylor & Tong, 1999)

If the name of the author appears in the text, be sure to include the year the article was published in parentheses and join the names with the word “and”.

…..as Taylor and Tong (1999) demonstrated…..

If a work cited has three or more authors, cite all authors at the first mention. In all subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by “et al.” (this is Latin for “and others”) along with the year of publication.

Example of First Mention: Bienstock, Stanaland, & Stanton (2004) found……..

Example of Subsequent Mention: Bienstock, et al. (2004) found……..

Works with No Author

If you are citing a work with no author listed, use the first two or three words of the work’s title (omitting any initial articles such as The, A, An, etc.) as your text reference, capitalizing each word. Place the title in quotation marks if it refers to an article/chapter in a book or a document/page on a web site. Italicize the title if it refers to a book, periodical, brochure, or report.

Example of chapter/article in book/web page: ….marketing is everyone’s business (“Marketing is Everywhere,” 1999)

Example of book/report/periodical/brochure: Consumer behavior is grounded in psychological principles (Guide to Consumer Behavior, 2002).

Creating a Reference List

Some overall guidelines:

• Order: Reference entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors' last names. Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list.
• Authors: Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work. Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word "and" when listing multiple authors of a single work. e.g. Smith, J. D., & Jones, M.
• Titles: Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title.
• Pagination: Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of articles from periodicals that do not use volume numbers, especially newspapers. These abbreviations are also used to designate pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters from edited books.
• Indentation: The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all subsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent".
• Underlining vs. Italics: It is appropriate to use italics instead of underlining for titles of books and journals.

A couple of specifics for online resources:

• Website URL: A stable URL should be included and should direct the reader as close as possible to the actual work. If the URL is not stable, as is often the case with online newspapers and some subscription‐based databases, use the home page of the site you retrieved the work from.
• Date: If the work is a finalized version published and dated, the date within the main body of the citation is enough. However, if the work is not dated and/or is subject to change, use the abbreviation (n.d.) and include the date that you retrieved the information.

References for Printed Articles (Paper Version) in Journals, Magazines and Newspapers

References to periodical articles must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, article title, journal title, volume number, issue number (if applicable), and page numbers.

Journal Article

Tong, H., & Taylor, R. J. (2008). Marketing lessons that will help shape the future. Journal of Marketing, 33 (2), 189‐196.

Magazine Article

Thakkar, M. (2007, March 27). Online retailing adventures. Business Week, 171 (4), 54‐60.

Newspaper Article

Thorton, T. (2009, January 7). RU’s doctor of nursing practice gets state OK. The Roanoke Times, pp. B3, B12.

Newspaper Article (no author)

Whatever happens in 2009, it will definitely not be a boring year for the economy. (2009, January 2). The Wall Street Journal, p. A9.

Newspaper Article (article contained on multiple, discontinuous pages)

Delaney, K. J., Karnitschnig, M., & Guth, R. A. (2008, May 5). Microsoft ends pursuit of Yahoo, reassesses its online options. The Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A12.

References for Printed Books

References to an entire book must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.

Merriam‐Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Springfield, MA: Merriam‐Webster.

Authored Text

Lollar, J. G., & Schirr, G. R. (2006). Professional selling in the pharmaceutical industry: A primer (2nd ed.). Boston: McGraw‐Hill/Irwin.

Edited Book

Stanaland, A. J. S., & Webster, L. (Eds.). (2004). Corporate communication and marketing promotions. San Francisco: Josey‐Bass.

Essays or Chapters in Edited Books

References to an essay or chapter in an edited book must include the following elements: essay or chapter authors, date of publication, essay or chapter title, book editor(s), book title, essay or chapter page numbers, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.

Stanton, A. D., & Rao, C. P. (2000). Macrosegmentation schemes for the emerging eastern European and former soviet countries. In E. D. Hunnicutt & J. B. Ford (Eds.) Globalization and its managerial implications (pp. 127‐143). New York: Quorum Books.

References for Online/Internet Sources

The APA states two guidelines that should be followed when citing online/Internet sources:

• The reader should be directed as closely as possible to the information being cited – this means you should use the URL for the specific page from which you find the information rather than a site’s home page.
• Make sure the URLs provided work.

At a minimum, references for online/Internet sources should include:

• The document title or description
• The date the document was published or the date of retrieval
• The URL/web address of the page from which the work was cited

Many URLs are long and may exceed the end of a line. Do NOT hyphenate a URL; instead, break them either before a period or after a slash.

Internet Article Based on a Print Source ‐ using the online version of an available in‐print journal, periodical, magazine, etc. retrieved directly from the source’s web site. You should include the names of the authors, date of publication, article title followed by [Electronic version], title of publication, volume number and page numbers.

Artis, A. B. (2008, August). Improving marketing students’ reading comprehension with the SQ3R method [Electronic version]. Journal of Marketing Education, 30, 130‐137.

Article from an Online‐Only Journal, Magazine, etc.

Lanier, Jr., C. D., & Saini, A. (2008). Understanding consumer privacy: A review and future directions. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 12. Retrieved January 6, 2009, from http://www.amsreview.org/articles/lanier02‐2008.pdf.

Electronic Copy of a Journal Article Retrieved from a Database – you should use this format when you retrieve a journal article from a library database.

Ozeum, W., Howell, K. E., & Lancaster, G. (2008). Communicating in the new interactive marketspace. European Journal of Marketing, 42 (9/10), 1059‐1083. Retrieved January 5, 2009 from ABI/INFORM database.

Newspaper Article Retrieved Online

Johnson, R. (2009, January 4). Economic survival guide: How to make a budget. The Roanoke Times. Retrieved from http://www.roanoke.com/wb/xp‐190003.

Electronic Book – you should use this if the book is only available online.

De Huff, E.W. Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved from http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html

Web Document, Web Page or Report ‐ you should list the author (if no author is available, the name of the web site), date of publication (if not listed, use n.d. for no date), title of document or web page, the retrieval date and the URL from which the source was retrieved.

Quiznos. (n.d.). Our History. Retrieved October 16, 2006. Retrieved from http://www.quiznos.com/corporate/history.asp.

APA Referencing guide: Citing Business material in APA

• RefQuest game
• Book APA 6th edition and 7th edition
• Journal article
• Thesis or Dissertation
• Conference/Symposium
• Government publication / report / circular
• Webpage/Internet resource
• Images and Figures
• Personal communication
• Citing Business material in APA
• To find out more

Business Sources disclaimer

While the APA provides instructions for citing standard publication types, some business resources have unique elements that require some adaptation.  For example, although the general rule is not to include database information for some business material it is a useful requirement for Marketing Research databases.

Company Information

MarketLine. (year, month date). Title. Retrieved from Marketline Advantage Database. Example:  MarketLine. (2015, October 9). McDonald's Corporation. Retrieved from Marketline Advantage database.

Citing from databases

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• Citing Business Resources

Important note about citing business resources

Annual report to investors, checkpoint (ria), first research, inter-university consortium for political and social research (icpsr) data archive, marketresearch.com, mergent intellect, mergent online, morningstar investment research center, mri simmons insights, oecd ilibrary, sport fitness industry association (sfia), sport market analytics, srds media solutions, u.s. census data, warc (world advertising research council, wharton research data services (wrds), other business citation resources.

• APA 7th ed. citation for business sources. This extensive business citation guide was created by business librarians from across the country. Schemm, N., Dellenbach, M., Grisham, Z., Hageman, M., Tingle, N., Trowbridge, M., & Wheatley, A. (2020). APA 7th ed. citation for business sources .

Important Note on Citing Business Resources:

Although the APA provides clear instructions on how to cite standard publication types, some business-specific resources include unique information that doesn't directly match APA instructions. Because of that, some of the examples and instructions on this page represent the UO Libraries' interpretation of APA rules.

For citing resources in standard article databases including: ABI/INFORM, Factiva, and Business Source Premier, please consult the Journal Articles or Magazine & News Articles APA guidelines.

From Database:

Tesla Inc. (2021).  Form 10-K 2020 . Retrieved from Mergent Online database.

From SEC Website:

Tesla Inc. (2021).  Form 10-K 2020 . Retrieved from SEC EDGAR website http://www.sec.gov/edgar.shtml

From Company Website:

Tesla Inc. (2021).  Form 10-K 2020 . Retrieved from https://ir.tesla.com/_flysystem/s3/sec/000156459021004599/tsla-10k_20201231-gen.pdf

A.P. Moeller Maersk. (2021).  Annual report 2020 .  Retrieved from https://investor.maersk.com/static-files/97a03c29-46a2-4e84-9b7e-12d4ee451361

A.P. Moeller Maersk. (2021).  Annual report 2020 . Retrieved from Mergent Online database.

RIA. (2020). 2301 Business Incentive Credits—General Business Credit (GBC)—Form 3800. Federal tax handbook. RIA Checkpoint.  https://checkpoint.riag.com.

AICPA. (2020, March 1). Not-for-Profit Entities. AICPA Audit and Accounting Guide. RIA Checkpoint.  https://checkpoint.riag.com.

Economist Intelligence Unit. (2019, July 23). China’s social credit system and its implications.   https://gfs.eiu.com

Mergent. (2020, July 6).  Computer Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing. First Research. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://mergent.firstresearch-learn.com

Industry Report

Gambardella, A. (2020, May).  IBISWorld Industry 52391 Venture Capital & Principal Trading in the US. Retrieved July 10, 2020 from https://www.ibisworld.com

Company Benchmarking Report

IBISWorld (n.d).  US Company Benchmarking Report 429335 Sunrun Inc. Retrieved February 2, 2023 from https://www.ibisworld.com

Business Environment Profile

IBISWorld (April 2022).  US Business Environment Profiles Report G122 Price of eggs.  Retrieved February 2, 2023 from https://www.ibisworld.com

Instructions for citing data from this database are available from the publisher at https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/pages/datamanagement/citations.html

Freedonia Focus Reports. (2018, April). Reactive Adhesives & Sealants: United States . MarketResearch.com.  https://www.marketresearch.com

Mergent. (n.d.).  UPS Supply Chain Solutions, Inc. - Family Tree . Mergent Intellect. Retrieved October 25, 2019 from https://www.mergentintellect.com

Citing part of a company profile

Mergent. (2019). Apple Inc. company financials: income statement [Data set]. Mergent Online. Retrieved August 1, 2020 from  https://www.mergentonline.com

Citing an industry report

Cullen, R. (2020, July).  Pet Supplies. Mintel. Retrieved from https://www.mintel.com

Morningstar. (n.d.).  Google: Key ratios.  Morningstar Investment Research. Retrieved from https://www.morningstar.com

Morningstar. (2019, February 28)  Fidelity Blue Chip Growth: Rating and risk .  Morningstar Investment Research. Retrieved from https://www.morningstar.com

MRI-Simmons. (2019).  National Consumer Study 12 month  [CONCISELY DESCRIBE VARIABLE ONE AND VARIABLE TWO]. https://mrisimmons.com

OECD provides citation information for all formats in iLibrary. Look for a link on the right that says: "Cite this publication"; "Cite this dataset; "Cite this graph"; "Cite this table", etc.

Citing statistics

Euromonitor. (2019). [Market share, beer, per capita at legal purchasing age, all countries] [Data set]. Passport. https://www.euromonitor.com/

Citing a report

Euromonitor. (2020, March 18). Retailing in Egypt [Industry report]. Passport. https://www.euromonitor.com/

For dated items:

Pitchbook (2020, February 17)  Samsonite Investors Profile. PitchBook. Retrieved from https://www.pitchbook.com

For undated or dynamically-updated items:

PitchBook. (n.d.). Uber Company Profile. PitchBook. Retrieved January 11, 2019 from https://www.pitchbook.com

Sport Fitness Industry Association. (2020, February).  Sport & Fitness Industry Association Sports, Fitness, And Leisure Activities Topline Participation Report. SFIA. https://www.sfia.org

Tables/Data Examples:

National Sporting Goods Association. (n.d.).  Participation (ages 7+) ranking: Females (no. of part. in thous.)  [Data]. SMA Sport Market Analytics. Retrieved January 29, 2020, from https://www.sportsmarketanalytics.com

SBRnet. (n.d.).  Sports fan market/market size, by sport: Number of fans . [Data]. SMA Sport Market Analytics. Retrieved March 13, 2020, from www.sportsmarketanalytics.com

SRDS. (n.d.). State Analysis -   Virginia & Washington. SRDS Circulation 2016.  SRDS. Retrieved May 10, 2019, from https://next.srds.com

SRDS. (n.d.). The Boston Globe [Publication profile]. Newspaper Advertising Source . SRDS. Retrieved November 30, 2019, from https://next.srds.com

Claritas, Inc. (2010). Boston, MA/Manchester, NH [DMA profile]. Radio Advertising Source . SRDS. Retrieved December 14, 2019, from https://next.srds.com

Statista includes citations for all its content. Look for the double quotation mark ( " ) icon to find the citation generator.

[Identify what data set your numbers are coming from (it could be in the title of the table) as well as the geography(s) covered.]

Citing a profile:

Census Bureau. (n.d.). Eugene city, Oregon [Data set]. Data.census.gov. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?q=Eugene%20city,%20Oregon&g=1600000US4123850

Citing the American Community Survey

Census Bureau. (2018). Earnings in the past 12 months (in 2018 inflation-adjusted dollars): Eugene city, Oregon [Data set]. American Community Survey, 5-year estimates. Data.census.gov. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0500000US41039&hidePreview

Citing the Economic Census

Census Bureau. (2017). All Sectors: Summary Statistics for the U.S., States, and Selected Geographies: 2017: Alaska, NAICS 211: Oil and gas extraction [Data set]. Economic Census. Data.census.gov.   https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=economic%20census%202017

Citing the Business Patterns dataset

Census Bureau. (2017). All Sectors: County Business Patterns by Legal Form of Organization and Employment Size Class for U.S., States, and Selected Geographies: 2017: Alaska [Data set]. Data.census.gov. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=county%20business%20patterns

Brownsell, A., Petio, C. (2022, May). Big Tech's share of global ad spend reaches 6% . Retrieved from WARC database.

WARC. (2022, May). What's working in direct to consumer 2022 . Retrieved from WARC database.

Compustat Industrial [Annual Data] . (YEARS). Available: Standard & Poor's/Compustat [access date]. Retrieved from https://wrds-www.wharton.upenn.edu/

CRSP Stocks.  (YEARS). Available: Center for Research in Security Prices . Graduate School of Business. University of Chicago [access date]. Retrieved from https://wrds-www.wharton.upenn.edu/

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Citing Guide for Business Majors (APA 7th ed.)

• Get Started
• Annual Report/Form 10-K
• Audiovisual Media
• Business Databases
• Company & Industry Profiles
• Corporate & Trade Websites
• Government Information
• Graphics/charts/tables
• Lecture Notes
• Open Access Textbooks
• Personal Communication
• Presentations (citing in)
• Shopping Websites (ex: Amazon)
• Social Media
• Sample APA References Page
• In-Text Citing
• Citing in Presentations
• Citing/Writing Helpers
• Annotated Bibliography
• Contact Librarian

General Tips

Most company and industry profiles do not have a personal author (ex:  John Smith).   When you do not have a personal author for a market research report or profile, you can use one of the following options:

• Corporate name or trade organization name (ex:  Starbucks Corporation or National Sporting Goods Association)
• Name of market research firm that provided the report (ex:  Euromonitor International, Marketline)
• When you cannot identify any of the above, use the name of the database (ex:  First Research or Hoovers).

Citing a Company Profile

Example for a company profile found in the Mergent Intellect database.  Mergent (a market research company) is the author. Typically the Mergent Intellect profiles are not dated, so use (n.d.) as the date.

Mergent. (n.d.). Starbucks Corporation company profile .  Mergent Intellect.  https://www.mergentintellect.com

Citing an Industry Profile

Example for an industry profile found in the First Research database:

First Research. (2020, August 3). Coffee shops industry profile . First Research. https://www.mergent.firstresearch-learn.com

Example for an industry profile found in the IBISWorld database.  Note:  IBISWorld reports typically have a personal author.

Hyland, R. (2020, April). Fast food restaurants in the US . IBISWorld.  https://www.ibisworld.com

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Citing Business Databases in APA Style: Citing Business Databases - APA Examples

Authoritative guide: apa manual.

Curious about APA citation style? Want to check your citations or other APA formatting requirements, The APA guide, below, is available in the Gast Business Library, on our Reference shelf.

Other, excellent, online resources include the Purdue OWL's APA Formatting guide and the APA Style Blog, both are linked below, check them out!

• Purdue OWL: Guide to APA Formatting
• APA Style Blog Produced by the American Psychological Association (APA), this is a blog style guide to citing various sources in APA standard.

While the APA provides instructions for citing standard publication types, some business resources have unique elements that make it necessary for us to make some adaptations. Check with your instructor for any requirements.

Citing Business Databases in APA Style

APA Examples Ad$pender/Vivvix

MPA — the Association of Magazine Media, Kantar Media. (2010). Honda: Media mix 2009 . Retrieved from Ad$pender database.

Element 79. (n.d.) Frito Lay: Baby steps . Retrieved from AdForum database.

Applied Science and Business Periodicals Retrospective Index Severiens, J. (1982). Foreign buyers of US firms: their performance records. Mergers & Acquisitions , 16, 47-51. Retrieved from Applied Sci & Business Retro database.

Automotive News Data Center Automotive News Data Center (2012). U.S. light-vehicle sales by nameplate, Aug. & YTD . Retrieved from Automotive News Data Center database.

BCC Research

Kumar, A. (2020, January). Probiotics in food, beverages, dietary supplements, and animal feed. Retrieved from BCC Research database.

BizMiner. (2011, December). Industry financial report (5 year); [3254] Sector: Manufacturing; sales class: $250- $499.99m. Retrieved from the BizMiner database.

Bloomberg L.P. (2008). Return on capital for Hewitt Packard 12/31/90 to 09/30/08 . Retrieved from Bloomberg database.

BMI Research

Business Monitor International. (2015). Industry Trend Analysis - Healthcare Costs Poised For An Increase. [United States: Pharmaceuticals & Health care]. Retrieved from BMI Research database.

BNA Tax and Accounting Center

The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. (2010). U.S. income portfolios compensation planning: P ortfolio 358-3rd, cash or deferred arrangements.  Retrieved from BNA Tax and Accounting Center.

Brands and Their Companies

Gale Group. (2010). Cadbury creme eggs.   Brands and Their Companies . Retrieved from Gale Directory Library database .

Business Abstracts with Full Text

Cendrowski, S. (2012). Nike's New Marketing Mojo. Fortune , 165(3), 80-88.

Business Book Summaries

(Note: Cite from the book, not Business Book Summaries database.)

BusinessDecision

Synergos Technologies, Inc.(2015). Local Sewing Something. Landscape Report. Retrieved from Business Decision database. www.civictechnologies.com.

Business Education in Video

Dignan, D. (Producer). (1999). Paxman  meets Bill Gates [Video file]. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved October 21, 2016, from Business Education in Video database.

Business Insights: Global

Gale Group. (2012). Other Snack Food Manufacturing  [industry profile]. Retrieved October 2, 2012, from Business Insights: Essentials database.

Gale Group. (2012). Hilton Worldwide . [company profile]. Retrieved October 2, 2012, from Business Insights: Essentials database.

"TwitCover.com Launches as the Premier Destination for High Quality Twitter Headers." (2012, October 1). PRWeb Newswire . Retrieved October 2, 2012, from Business Insights: Essentials database.

Business Rankings Annual

Gale Group. (2010). World's largest candy companies, 2008. Business Rankings Annual. Retrieved from Gale Directory Library database .

Business Source Complete

Laird, K. (2008). Missing: Statue of Liberty. Marketing Magazine , 113(8), 8. 

Datamonitor. (2011). Hilton Worldwide [company profile]. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.

Datamonitor. (2011). Hotels & Motels [industry profile] . Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.

CAB Abstracts

McFadden, D. T., Umberger, W., & Wilson, J. (2009). Growing a niche market: A targeted marketing plan for Colorado Homestead Ranches. Review of Agricultural Economics, 31 (4), 984-998.

CB Insights

CB Insights.(2015, February, 17) Samsonite. Investors Profile. Retrieved from CB Insights database.

China Data Online

All China Marketing Research.(2001-2004) Casting Machinery(Basic Condition). China Monthly Industrial Data 1999-2002 (Economy Index). Retrieved from China Data Online.

Communication & Mass Media Complete Johnson, B. (2010). Ad spending is on the rise, but growth rate may slow. Advertising Age , 81(45), 8-14.

Conference Board

The Conference Board Inc. (2010). Top executive compensation in 2008 . Retrieved from The Conference Board Research Online Collection database.

Liberman, V. (2009). Clicking with customers. The Conference Board Review, May/June 2009 . Retrieved from The Conference Board  Research Online Collection database.

Consultants & Consulting Organizations Directory

Geesemen, P. (2015). Hoysler Associates Inc. Consultants and Consulting Organizations Directory . 40 ed. vol.7 p.2439. Retrieved from Gale Directory Library database.. Corporate Affiliations CorporateAffiliations.com. (2006). Dell, Inc. profile . Retrieved June 25, 2006, from Corporate Affiliations database.

Data Axle Reference Solutions (Formerly Reference USA) List of companies

Data Axle. (n.d.). [List of companies in Walworth County, Wisconsin with 5 or more employees]. Reference Solutions. Retrieved January 26, 2021

 from referenceusa.com

Company profile

Data Axle. (2021, January). Jackson-Hewitt Tax Svc-Walmart, Kenai, AK [Company profile]. Data Axle Reference Solutions. Retrieved January 26, 2021 from referenceusa.com.

Deals (via ThomsonONE)

Thomson Reuters. (2010). Company Overview: AT&T Inc. Retrieved November 5, 2015, from Thomson ONE database.

DemographicsNow Library Edition

Alteryx Inc. (2015). Demographic Snapshot Comparison, Geography: City - New Orleans, City - Detroit, City - East Lansing. Retrieved from DemographicsNow Library Edition database.

Kurov, A. (2010). Investor sentiment and the stock market's reaction to monetary policy. Journal of Banking and Finance, 34 (1), 139-49. Retrieved from EconLit database.

Economist Intelligence Unit

The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited. (2001, November). Pakistan country report . Retrieved from Economist Intelligence Unit database.

Peart, M., Bendtsen, C. (2015). US Time Spent With Media: eMarketer's Updated Estimates for Fall 2015. Report. Retrieved from eMarketer database.

EMIS Professional

EMIS. (2013, July 20). Hotel listings . China Daily . Retrieved from EMIS Professional database.

Encyclopedia of American Industries Gale. (2005). SIC 2024 Ice Cream and Frozen Desserts. Encyclopedia of American Industries , Vol. 1: Manufacturing Industries . Retrieved from Gale Virtual Reference Library database.

Encyclopedia of Major Marketing Campaigns

  Gale . (2007). Burger King Corp. Encyclopedia of Major Marketing Campaigns, Vol. 2 . Retrieved from Gale Virtual Reference Library database.

E-Reference Books and Directories

Cite the actual book or directory, formatted like a print citation for that type of work.

eStatement Studies

The Risk Management Association (2010). 326160 - Plastics bottle manufacturing 2009/2010. Retrieved from eStatement Studies database.

Europa World

Routledge. (2015). Instituto Nacional de Administracion Publica (INAP) (Guatemala). Retrieved from Europa World online.

Factiva Hudson, K. (2006, September 28). Wal-Mart to trim options for health coverage. The Wall Street Journal , p. B2. Retrieved from Factiva database. Faulkner Advisory for IT Studies (FAITS) Gitomer, J. (2006). Wi-Fi market trends . Retrieved from Faulkner Advisory for IT Studies database.

The Food Institute

The Food Institute. (2016, Oct. 24). The Food Institute Report . Retrieved from The Food Institute database.

Freedonia Focus

Freedonia Focus. (2010, May). Freedonia focus on biotechnology: Pharmaceuticals . Retrieved from Freedonia Focus database.

Frost & Sullivan

Mendelson, J. (2015). Electro-Optical/Infrared Systems - Technology Trends Impacting Military and Aerospace Sectors (TechVision). Technical Insights Reports. Retrieved from Frost & Sullivan database.

Gale Virtual Reference Library

Note: Cite the actual book or encyclopedia, formatted like a print citation for that type of work.

Lopez, J. & Raskino, M. (2006). What information will executives need in 2012? Retrieved from Gartner database. Baker, V. L., Weiner A., McGuire, M., Koslowski, T., Brancheau, J., & Reali, P. A., et al. (2006). Hype cycle for consumer technologies, 2006 . Retrieved from Gartner database. Kitagawa, M. & Gammage, B. (2006). Magic quadrant for global enterprise notebook PCs, 2H06 . Retrieved from Gartner database. General BusinessFile ASAP Kiviat, B. (2006, December 18). The big gulp at Starbucks. Time, 168, 124. Retrieved from General BusinessFile ASAP database. Garcia, B. (2006, December 14). Starbucks Coffee launches 'Black Apron Exclusives'. Kuwait Times , pNA. Retrieved from General BusinessFile ASAP database. globalEDGE MSU-CIBER globalEDGE. (2007). Country insights: Ireland . Retrieved November 13, 2007, from http://globaledge.msu.edu/.

Michigan State University. (2016). Argentina industry and employment trends: Salaries . Retrieved from Goinglobal Database.

GuideStar Premium

GuideStar USA, Inc. (2011). Ele's Place, Inc. mission statement. Retrieved October 11, 2011, from GuideStar Premium database.

Obama, B. (2015). Administration of Barack Obama, 2015 Notice - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran. Daily Compilation of Presidential Documents, 1. Retrieved from HeinOnLine database.

Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition

Hall, P. D., & Burke, C. B., (2006) Nonprofit, Voluntary, and Religious Entities. Historical Statistics of the United States. Millennial Edition Online.

Hospitality & Tourism Complete Lockyer, S.E. (2004). P.F. Chang's makes accounting changes, takes $11.5M charge. Nation's Restaurant News, 38 (13), 11. Retrieved from Hospitality & Tourism Complete database.

Human Resources Library

Bloomberg BNA. (2015). HR Policy Handbook. Performance Appraisal, Training and Productivity. HR and Payroll Resource Center. Retrieved from Human Resources Library database. IBISWorld

Alvarez, A. (2015, August). Hotels & Motels in the US . IBISWorld Industry Report 72111 . Retrieved from IBISWorld database.

International Country Risk Guide

The PRS Group, Inc. (2009, September 1).  Libya country analysis . The PRS Group/International Country Risk Guide . Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic database.

International Directory of Company Histories

Herzog, C. (2017). Amblin Partners LLC. In T. Grant (Ed.), International Directory of Company Histories (Vol. 183, pp. 9-12). Farmington Hills, MI: St. James Press. Retrieved from International Directory of Company Histories database.

International Financial Statistics Online

International Monetary Fund. (2010, January). Australia country tables . Retrieved January 18, 2009, from International Financial Statistics Online database.

Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) Data Archive

Note: instructions for citing data from this database is available from the database at http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/content/shared/ICPSR/faqs/why-and-how-should-i-cite-data.html

Investext Current Reports

Datamonitor. (2009). Target corporation company profile . Retrieved March 29, 2009, from Investext Current Reports database.

Goodman, J. P., & Sandberg, W. R.. (1981). A Contingency Approach to Labor Relations Strategies. The Academy of Management Review , 6 (1), 145–154. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/257148

Kiss, Bow, or Shake Hands

Morison, T. (2016). South Korea: Protocol. In Kiss, Bow, or Shake Hands. Retrieved from Kiss, Bow, or Shake Hands database.

References page:

MarketLine. (2012, June 28). Hilton Worldwide. [company profile]. Retrieved from MarketLine Advantage database.

MarketLine. (2011, November 2). United States - Hotels & Motels . [industry profile]. Retrieved from MarketLine Advantage database.

In-text Citation: (Marketline, 2012).

Market Share Reporter

Gale. (2010). Consumer electronics sales, 2008. Market Share Reporter . Retrieved from Gale Directory Library database.

Marquis Who's Who

Marquis Who's Who. (2015). Profile detail - Lou Anna Kimsey Simon. Marquis Biographies Online . Retrieved from Marquis Whos Who database.

Mergent First Research

Mergent. (2016). Aquaculture: Critical issues. Retrieved October 25, 2016 from Mergent First Research Database.

Mergent Horizon

Mergent. (2009). Ford Motor Co. suppliers . Retrieved January 9, 2009, from Mergent Horizon database.

Mergent. (2009). Beverages: overview . Retrieved March 11, 2009, from Mergent Horizon database.  Mergent Intellect

Mergent. (2016). Stryker Corporation: Financial details - income statement . Retrieved October 25, 2016 from Mergent Intellect database.

Mergent Online Mergent. (2005). Marathon Oil Corp. company details report. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from Mergent Online database.

Mergent WebReports

Mergent. (2010). Hershey Chocolate Corporation. Moody's Analyses of Investments: Part II Industrial Investments, 1920 . Retrieved January 18, 2010, from Mergent WebReports database.

Mergent. (2010). The Hershey Company. Mergent Industrial Manual 2008, Vol. 1 . Retrieved January 18, 2010, from Mergent WebReports database.

Mintel. (2006). Hair styling products - US - May 2006 . Retrieved from Mintel Academic Reports database.

Mintel GNPD

Scotsburn Dairy Group. (2015) Organic Fudge Bars. Retrieved from Mintel GNPD Academic database.

Woodyard, C. (2006, December 27). Car-stereo units put video iPods on the road. USA Today , p. 3B. Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic database. Hoover's. (2007, January 2). Johnson & Johnson . Hoover's Company Records - In-depth Records. Retrieved March 14, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Panjiva. (2015). Nissin Corporation - Japan. Supplier, Manufacturer: automobile parts . Retrieved from Panjiva database.

PassportGMID

Euromonitor International. (2016). Car rental in the United Kingdom . Retrieved from Passport GMID database.

Fcc Broadband Deployment Data. Availability of residential fiber to the end user (fiber optic) internet access in 2015. PolicyMap. <https://www.policymap.com/maps?p=129034&i=9942148&btd=18&period=2015&lind=111&cx=-75.11843006873303&cy=39.99599679713974&cz=10> 29 September 2016.

Political Risk Yearbook PRS Group, Inc. (2007). Algeria. In Political risk yearbook . Retrieved January 30, 2008, from http://www.prsgroup.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu:2047/prsgroup_shoppingcart/viewYEARBOOKsub.aspx.

Press Reader

  PrivCo

PrivCo. (2016). LivingSocial, Inc. . Retrieved from PrivCo database.

ProQuest Historical Annual Reports Ford Motor Company Annual Report -- 1912. (1912). America's Corporate Foundation . Retrieved January 8, 2007, from ProQuest Historical Annual Reports database.

ProQuest One Business

Surchi, M. (2011). The temporary store: A new marketing tool for fashion brands. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management , 15(2), 257-270. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13612021111132672.

ProQuest Statistical Abstract of the U.S.

Bureau of Census (2016). Resident Population Projections And Components Of Change: 2015 To 2060 [As Of July 1] ProQuest Statistical Abstract of the U.S. 2016 Online Edition. Retrieved from ProQuest Statistical Abstract of the U.S. database.

ProQuest Statistical Insight

Government Accountability Office. (2012). Medicare: High-expenditure part b drugs. (GAO Publication No. 13-46R). Retrieved from ProQuest Statistical Insight database.

Al Saifi, S. A. (2015). Positioning organisational culture in knowledge management research. Journal of Knowledge Management, 19 (2), 164-189. Retrieved from PsycInfo database.

RIA Checkpoint

RIA. (2009). 2010 RIA federal tax handbook. Retrieved from RIA Checkpoint database.

Murthy, V. (2008, January/February). Why paying severance has become like walking a tax law minefield. Journal of Corporate Taxation, 2008, 40-44. Retrieved from RIA Checkpoint database.

Roper Center for Public Opinion Research

Social Surveys (Gallup Poll) Limited. (1991). British Gallup Poll: CQ 121B, May, 1991 [dataset]. GBSSLT91-CQ121B. Social Surveys (Gallup Poll) Limited [producer]. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, Roper Express [distributor]. Retrieved from Roper Center for Public Opinion Research database.

Sage Business Cases

Chaston, I., (2009). A flawed succession. In SAGE Business Cases. 2016. 10.4135/9781473938700

Simmons Insights (previously Simmons OneView and Choices360)

Citing a Crosstab Analysis:

MRI-Simmons. (n.d.). Fall 2019 NHCS adult study 12 month [Domestic vehicles recently acquired - Buick by consumer demographics - age] [Data set].

Citing a Quick Report (under the Essentials tab):

MRI-Simmons. (n.d.). Social media activity profile: Age: Household head 50-54, target-domestic vehicles recently acquired: Buick. Fall 2019 Simmons Connect. [Data set]. SimplyAnalytics

SimplyAnalytics (2017). EASI/MRI Consumer Expenditure Data 2016. Retrieved February 17th, 2017, from SimplyAnalytics database.

SimplyAnalytics (2017). Census 2016 Current Estimates Data. Retrieved February 17th, 2017, from SimplyAnalytics database.

SimplyAnalytics (2017). Map with 2016 Consumer Expenditure Data. Retrieved February 17th, 2017, from SimplyMap database.

Note: If you are not sure of the name and date of the variable you are using, you can View Metadata .

Sports Business Research Network Sports Business Research Network. (2007). Statistics retrieved August 24, 2007, from Sports Business Research Network (SBRnet) database. Sports Business Research Network. (2004, June 21). Fifth bowl game for college football. SportsPipe . Retrieved from Sports Business Research Network (SBRnet) database. SRDS

Better Homes and Gardens Magazine Profile. (2014). Consumer Magazine Media, Retrieved from SRDS Media Planning Platform database.

Nielsen Scarborough. (n.d.) Watching sports: Number of people who watched a National Hockey League event on a cable TV within the last 12 months in the United States (USA) from spring 2008 to spring 2015 (in millions). In Statista - The Statistics Portal . Retrieved October 7, 2016, from https://www-statista-com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/statistics/231994/nhl-events-on-cable-tv-usa/.

Google, Inc. (2009, December 31). Annual report. Retrieved from ThomsonONE database.

Milunovich, S. & Christiansen, P. (2015, May 1). Apple Inc.: Evidence lab Apple Watch monitor continues to show tepid interest; reducing watch estimates . UBS Global Research. Retrieved from ThomsonONE database.

Trade Shows Worldwide

ABA and ACB National Consumer Credit Conference (2013). In Trade Shows Worldwide Directory. Retrieved from http://find.galegroup.com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/gdl/start.do?prodId=GDL

UN Comtrade

United Nations Statistical Division. (2010). Data retrieved February 10, 2010 from http://comtrade.un.org/.

USA Trade Online

U.S. Census Bureau: Economic Indicators Division. (2016). Country by commodity - exports: Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery, etc . U.S. Import and Export Merchandise trade statistics. Retrieved from USA Trade Online database.

Vault Career Insider

Rishi, K. (n.d.). A day in the life: Associate, corporate strategy. Retrieved from Vault Career Insider database.

Harman, A. (2016, Oct. 21). No incentives for hybrids, Thailand says. WardsAuto. Retrieved from WardsAuto database.

Ward's Business Directory

Kroger, Co. (2014). In Ward's Business Directory. Retrieved from http://find.galegroup.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/gdl/start.do?prodId=GDL. 

Web of Science

Bishop, S. & Waring, J. (2016). Becoming hybrid: The negotiated order on the front line of public private partnerships. Human Relations, 69 (10), 1937-1958. 10.1177/0018726716630389

Wharton Research Data Services (WRDS)

Compustat Industrial [Annual Data] . (Years). Available: Standard & Poor's/Compustat [access date]. Retrieved from Wharton Research Data Services.

CRSP Stocks. (Years). Available: Center for Research in Security Prices. Graduate School of Business. University of Chicago [access date]. Retrieved from Wharton Research Data Services.

Winmo (formerly Advertising Redbooks) List Partners, Inc. (2022). Media Mix - Ford Motor Company. Retrieved April 7, 2022 from Winmo.

World Bank E-Library

Klapper, L.F. & Parker, S.C. (2010). Gender and the business environment for new firm creation. The World Bank Research Observer  26 (2). Retrieved from World Bank E-Library.

World Bank Databank The World Bank, World Development Indicators. (2012). GNI per capita, Atlas method [data file]. Retrieved from http://data.worldbank,org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD

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Did You Know?

Whenever you 'borrow' article quotes, paraphrases, reports, and data, from other researchers/databases, you need to cite the material in order to (1) abide by U.S. copyright law, and, (2) allow your reader a path to the material in its original composition.

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Which style do I use?

Use the style that your professor specifies.

If you are a COB student and your professor lets you choose the style, you may want to choose APA Style (as you are likely to be asked to use APA again in COB classes). 

This page gives tips on creating citations for materials you may use in your business classes. 

For tips on formatting the layout of your paper in Microsoft Word or Google docs, see this library guide:

• Microsoft Word / Google Docs: APA formatting help by Bill Marino Last Updated Aug 30, 2023 699 views this year

APA 7th edition Works Cited Examples - Articles

Electronic article with DOI (direct object identifier) -

Lau, C. L. L. (2010). A step forward: Ethics education matters! Journal of Business Ethics , 92 (4), 565-584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0173-2

Electronic article with exact URL printed on article (if a doi is not available)

Lanier, C. D. Jr., & Saini, A. (2008). Understanding consumer privacy: A review and future directions.  Academy of Marketing Science Review , 12 (2), 1-45. https://www.amsreview.org/articles/lanier02-2008.pdf

Article in print form

Ensign, P., & Hebert, L. (2010). How reputation affects knowledge sharing among colleagues.  MIT Sloan Management Review , 51 (2), 79-81.

APA 7th edition Author Format Tips

Use last name and initials for each author. Separate multiple authors with commas, and use both a comma and an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.

One author : Kennedy, J. F. (1962).

Two authors : Smith, A., & Kennedy, J. F.  (1960).

Three to twenty authors (3+): Smith, A., Kennedy, J. F., & Doe, J. (1961). Smith, A., Kennedy, J. F., Doe, J., Wong, P. L., Fry, B., Jones, K., & Last, A. (1961).

Organization as Author or unsigned dictionary and encyclopedia entries: American Management Association. (2009). Encyclopedia of Marketing. (2020). 

No Author : Move the title to the author position and follow with date of publication. Only use "Anonymous" if the work lists an anonymous author. 

Brain research needs new ideas. (2011, July 18). Wall Street Journal , p. A12.

• OWL on Reference List Authors
• OWL on In-Text Citations: Author/Authors
• Excelsior Online Writing Lab (OWL) APA Style

APA 7th ed. Works Cited Examples - Books, eBooks, Reports, etc.

Davenport, T. H., & Jinho, K. (2013). Keeping up with the quants: Your guide to understanding and using analytics . Harvard Business School Press.

AMA Management Handbook chapter

Capon, N. (1994). The product life cycle. In J. J. Hampton (Ed.), AMA Management Handbook (3rd ed., pp. 18-35). Amacom.

Conference Board Report

Levanon, G., Abel, A. L., Li, A., & Rong, C. (April 2021). Job satisfaction 2021: Job satisfaction remains high even in the midst of the pandemic and economic chaos . Retrieved May 19, 2021 from Conference Board Business Knowledge Research database.

Hoover's Company Record in ProQuest

Nike, Inc. (2021, July 1). [company report].  Hoover's Company Records . ProQuest One Business Database.

Mintel Report

Tip: Use the analyst as the author--you can find the analyst on the main page of the report. 

Smith, D. (2021, July). Winter holiday shopping - US - 2021 . Mintel. https://reports.mintel.com/display/1045727/#  

S&P Industry Survey

Scarola, C., & Ko, W. (2021, June). Aerospace & defense [Industry survey]. S&P NetAdvantage.  https://www.capitaliq.com

WSJ Article from Factiva

Weisman, J. (2010, March 23). Parties joust over next steps on health.  Wall Street Journal  (Eastern ed.). Retrieved March 30, 2010 from Factiva Database.

10-K Report (SEC filing )

McDonald's Corporation. (February 24, 2014). Form   10-K 2013 .  https://www.sec.gov/edgar/shtml

Starbucks Corporation Web Site. (May 8, 2015). Company information . https://starbucks.com/about-us/company-information

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Citing Business Databases in APA 7th edition

• Citing Business Databases in APA Format (UNCG) A guide to citing business resources and databases, maintained by the business librarian at University of North Carolina-Greensboro.

These links offer advice for using APA Style and have enough information for most student papers.

• APA 7th ed. Quick Reference Guide Charts detail how to create a reference for a journal article, book, and a book chapter.
• APA Style Reference Examples This page offers links to example references for common types of materials such as journal articles, magazine articles, books, chapters from edited books, dissertations, etc.
• APA 7th ed. Style and Grammar Guidelines
• APA Style 7th ed. @ Purdue OWL Information on the format, in-text citations and the reference page for 7th ed. APA research papers. There are also links to archived pages for APA 6th information.
• APA Style Blog 7th ed. Official blog with posts on common questions about 7th ed APA style.
• Citation Tools Tools for creating citations and managing references.
• Microsoft Word / Google Docs: APA Formatting Help Tips for formatting documents in APA style in Microsoft Word or Google Docs.
• APA Student Paper Setup Guide Guide from APA showing how to set up an APA Style student paper.

What is a doi ?

DOI stands for Digital Object Identifier. DOIs are used to identify electronic articles and function much like the ISBNs that you are used to for textbooks.

Unlike a web address, the DOI for an article never changes. APA Style recommends that you include a DOI when available.

Where do I find a DOI? The DOI is often printed on the first page of journal articles--sometimes at the top of the page and sometimes at the bottom. You will recognize it, because it usually is preceded by doi: and the number always starts with 10.

Some articles will not have a DOI, especially non-scholarly articles or older articles.

• Free DOI Look Up Enter citation info to find the DOI for an electronic article, eBook, etc.

Harvard Citation Style

• Harvard Business School Citation Guide "This guide describes the citation conventions that HBS students should use when writing research papers." If your professor allows you to use this style, it can be useful as it gives examples for many types of business documents such as advertisements, annual reports, market research reports, SEC filings, etc. It also includes examples for many business databases.
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Guidance from Cite Them Right Online

Cite Them Right Online provides a few different types of guidance that can be relevant for Referencing Market Research and Data. The most straightforward is the guidance for referencing  Market research reports from online databases . Navigate to Harvard > Research > Reports > Market research reports from online databases to find the guidance.

Market Research Reports referenced in Harvard will resemble the following:

In-text citation: (MarketLine, 2019)

Reference List:

MarketLine (2019) 'United Kingdom - Gyms, Health & Fitness Clubs'. Available at: http://advantage.marketline.com/ (Accessed: 14 August 2019).

Using RefWorks to cite and reference company information

RefWorks   is an online reference management, writing and collaboration tool designed to help researchers at all levels gather, organise, store and share all types of information and to generate citations and bibliographies.

Market research references can be added to your RefWorks library so you can quickly and easily add it to your work, but RefWorks does not have as many standard formats for doing this as Cite Them Right Online. 

• Add a reference to market research using the + button in the web version of RefWorks.  
• Select the 'Report' option for the type of source you wish to reference. This will give you a set of boxes with various details to fill in such as 'Title', 'Date of Publication'.
• Using the guidance above from Cite Them Right Online , fill out the boxes with the information you have available. 
• The author of the data will be the publisher of the database that you got it from because market research databases publish their own information. So, for example, if you used Mintel, the author will be Mintel.

You can then click on the " symbol in RefWorks to check what your reference will look like when it appears in a bibliography. Make sure you have selected 'Cite Them Right - Harvard'.

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