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Biology Paper 1 Questions and Answers - KCSE 2020 past papers

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Instructions to candidates

• Answer  all  the questions.
• Candidates should answer the questions in English.

Answer  all  the questions in the spaces provided.

• Name the taxonomic grouping that contains individuals with most similarities.   (1 mark)
• budding in yeast; (1 mark) 
• enlargement of the eye pupil in dim light.  (1 mark)
• Explain why there is no grass in most dense forests. (2 marks)
• State  one  structural difference between a cell wall and a cell membrane. (1 mark)

• Name the Kingdom to which the organism belongs. (1 mark)
• State the mode of nutrition for the organism. (1 mark)
• Name the part labelled E. (1 mark)
• State  two  functions of the part labelled E. (2 marks)
• State the importance of a well-developed blood capillary network in the alveoli. (1 mark)
• Name the genetic disorder in humans that is characterised by inability of blood to clot. (I mark)

• Account for the shape of the sketch made in (a) above. (2 marks)
• Explain why plants have lower respiratory rates compared to animals. (l mark)
• State  two  situations in plants when the rate of respiration rises more than normal. (2 marks)
• Explain why most plants growing in water-logged areas die before attaining maturity. (3 marks)

• the meaning of the term imbibition (1 mark)
• why the dry mass of the endosperm decreases while that of the embryo increases. (2 marks)
• State  two  characteristic features used to classify members of Class Coniferales. (2 marks) 

• Name the type of growth curve shown. (1 mark)
• Name the Phylum where members show the type of growth curve illustrated. (1 mark)
• State  two  limitations of using fossil records in retracing evolutionary history of living organisms.(2 marks)
• Describe cell biology as an evidence of organic evolution. (3 marks)

• Name the process that takes place around the 14th day. (1 mark))
• Name  two  hormones produced at the follicular phase. (2 marks)
• Under which two conditions would the cycle be interrupted? (2 marks)
• State  two  reasons why blood reaching the glomerulus is always under high pressure. (2 marks)
• the hormone that was deficient in the patient: (1 mark)
• the gland that produces the hormone named in (a) above; (1 mark) 
• the disease the individual was likely to be suffering from. (1 mark) 

• Name enzymes S and T. S (1 mark) T (1 mark)
• Name the part of the alimentary canal where enzyme T is likely to be found. (1 mark)
• Explain your answer in b(i) above. (2 marks)
• Explain the biological significance of completing a dose of antibiotics. (3 marks)
• State  two  reasons why females with Turners' Syndrome are infertile. (2 marks)) 
• Define the term "field of view" as used in microscopy. (1 mark)
• State  two  functions of the body tube of a light microscope. (2 marks)
• Give a reason why it is  not  advisable to use water in cleaning a microscope. (1 mark) 
• Explain the role of blood capillaries in thermoregulation. (2 marks)

• the hormone K (1 mark)
• gland L that produces ecdysone hormone (1 mark)
• State the role of ecdysone hormone in the growth and development of insects. (1 mark)
• Name process M (1 mark)
• Account for the rapid increase in size of organisms immediately after moulting. (2 marks)
• Explain why the leaf of a sisal plant has a thick and shiny cuticle. (2 marks)
• Explain why an individual with blood group AB can only donate blood to an individual with the same blood group. (2 marks)

• process N (1 mark)
• polysaccharide p (1 mark)
• State  two  conditions necessary for the formation of compound Q. (2 marks)
• State  two  environmental conditions necessary for process N to take place. (2 marks)

MARKING SCHEME

• (Asexual) reproduction; Rej sexual
• Irritability/ Response (to stimulus) /Sensitivity
• Form canopies/shadows/shade; which prevent light from reaching grass; grass die/fail to flourish due to their inability to photosynthesis; 
• Cell wall is (fully) permeable while cell membrane is semi-permeable. (cell wall has larger pores while cell membrane has smaller pores)
• Cell wall is (mainly) made up of cellulose (fibres) while cell membrane has a (double) protein layer sandwiching a lipid layer; Acc. lipoprotein
• Cell wall is rigid, tougher ( cannot burst) while cell membrane is weaker (bursts)
• Fungi; Acc. fungi
• Saprophytism/saprophytic/food on dead decaying (organic) matter; Rej. Saprophyte
• Hypha/Hyphae; Acc. mycelium Rhizoids
• Secretes digestive enzymes(for external digestion); 
• Anchors the organism/mushroom (firmly) onto the substrate. Acc. anchorage.
• Absorbs digested food materials/Absorbs water and mineral salts/ions.
• Increases the surface area for (efficient) exchange/transport of respiratory gases ( oxygen and carbon (IV) oxide)
• Haemophilia; Acc. Hemophilia

• The rate of diffusion increases with the increase in temperature; Increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy of the (diffusing) molecules (increasing the rate of diffusion).
• Plants are less active than animals, hence require lower amount of energy than animals.
• During germination (to generate energy required for the process.
• During rapid growth/cell division (at the tips of roots/shoots).
• During active uptake/transport of substances (through the roots).
• Waterlogging submerges the plant root system; Cutting off supply of oxygen to the roots/soil surrounding the roots.
• (Aerobic) respiration in the roots is hampered
• active uptake/transport of materials is affected (leading to the death of the affected plants).
• K- Ulna L- Radius
• (Rapid) absorption of water by (germinating) seed (through the micropyle/seed coat).
• During germination, stored food in the endosperm is broken down/hydrolyzed/oxidized; to provide nutrients for the growing embryo.
• Presence of cones
• Naked seeds, seeds not enclosed in fruits
• Xerophytic characteristics/needle-like leaves/ thick waxy cuticle/sunken stomata.
• Intermittent/staircase (growth curve)
• arthropoda; correctly spelt Acc. arthropoda/Athropoda/athropoda    Rej. Anthropoda/ anthropoda
• Missing links due to complete decomposition of some organisms.  Acc. some parts decomposing
• Distortion of parts during sedimentation.
• Destruction of fossils by geological activities (earthquakes/faulting/mass movement of earth surfaces/volcanicity) 
• Presence of similar cell organelles ( mitochondria, ribosomes,lysosomes);
• Similar biological chemicals(ATP/proteins/DNA); 
• Similar blood pigmentation in tissues of some groups of animals show they have a common phytogenetic origin.
• Follicle stimulating hormone Rej. FSH
• Oestrogen/Estrogen
• Luteinizing hormone  Rej. LH
• (Drastic) change in weather/environment.
• Pregnancy/Implantation/Conception   Rej. fertilisation
• Emotional instability (anger, stress, anxiety).
• Renal artery branches directly from (dorsal) aorta whose blood under pressure
• Afferent arteriole/supplying blood is broader than efferent taking out blood.
• Diabetes mellitus    Rej. Diabetes alone
• S - Pepesin; Acc.  Chymosin/Rennin  Rej. Renin T- Trypsin
• In the duodenum, the medium is alkaline/basic; favouring the optimal working of the enzyme (T) as illustrated
• To completely kill/contain the (targeted) pathogens; Since failure to take full dose accords the pathogens an opportunity to develop resistance to the drug; the pathogen mutates(overtime) giving rise to a new strain; finally the drug becomes ineffective.
• They lack ovaries
• Have small uterus
• Less number of chromosomes.
• A circular area seen (on the stage) when focusing/viewing through the eyepiece of a microscope.
• Holds the revolving nose piece/objective lenses in place
• Holds the ocular/eyepiece (lens) in place
• To avoid rusting
• To avoid interference with visibility of the lens.
• Constrict during cold/low temperatures; to conserve heat
• Dilate during hot/high temperature; to facilitate heat loss
• Juvenile (hormone)
• prothoracic (gland)
• Ecdysone (hormone) causes metamorphosis; or causes the larval stage (of an insect to change/metamorphosize into pupa and pupa into adult.
• Complete Metamorphosis
• During moulting (the tough/hard impermeable) exoskeleton is shed; allowing the (soft permeable) larvae to take in air/water leading to rapid growth (which in turn results to increase in size of the organism).
• (Sisal is a xerophyte) the thick cuticle enables it to conserve water; reduce water loss;
• It is shiny to reflect light,minimizing evaporation by radiation.
• The individuals blood has both antigen A and B; which will coagulate/agglutimate with antibodies a and b; found in individuals with blood groups A,B and O; OWTTE
• Photosynthesis
• Respiratory enzymes
• Absence/little oxygen
• Optimum temperature
• Water/Moisture
• Carbon (IV) oxide

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Biology KCSE Essay Questions and Answers Paper 2; Over 1,000

KCSE BIOLOGY PAPPER TWO 231/2 -ESSAYS FROM 1995 -2023

  a). Describe how insect pollinated flowers are adapted to pollination ( KCSE1995)

• Progesterone
• Luteinizinghormone
• Describe how excretion takes place in: ( KCSE1995)
• MammalianKidneys
• Greenplants
• a).Explainhowthemammalianskinisadaptedtoperformitsfunctions (20marks; KCSE 1996)

b). Describe how new plants arise by asexual reproduction (20 marks; KCSE 1996)

• a). What is parasitism? (KCSE1997)

b). Describe how the tapeworm is adapted to a parasitic mode of life (KCSE 1997)

• a). What is meant by the term digestion? (KCSE1997 )

b). Describe how the mammalian small intestine is adapted to its function (KCSE 1997)

• Discuss the various evidences, which show that evolution has taken place (20 marks; KCSE 1998)
• Explain how the mammalian intestines are adapted to perform their function (20 marks; KCSE 1998)
• a). Describethe:
• Process of inhalation in mammals ( KCSE 1999)
• Mechanisms of opening and closing of stomata in plants (KCSE1999)

b). Explain how the various activities of man have caused pollution of air (20 marks; KCSE 1999)

• a). Describe the role of hormones in the human menstrual cycle (20 marks; KCSE2000)

b). How are leaves of mesophytes suited to their functions (20 marks; KCSE 2000)

• a). State the functions of the following parts of the mammalian ear; (KCSE2001)
• Tympanicmembrane
• Eustachiantube
• Earossicles

b). Describe how semicircular canals perform their functions (KCSE 2001 )

• a). Describe the process of fertilization in a flowering plant ( KCSE2001)

b). State the change that take place in a flower after fertilization ( KCSE 2001)

• a). Describe the role of hormones in the growth and development of plants (20 marks; KCSE 2002)
• a). Name three types of skeletons found in multicellular animals ( KCSE2002)

b). Describe how the cervical, lumbar and sacral vertebrae are suited to their functions

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(KCSE 2002)

• a). Describe the functions of the various parts of the human eye (20 marks; KCSE2003)

                                                                                                                                         1 | P a ge

(b). Describe how fruits and seeds are suited to their modes of dispersal (20 marks; KCSE 2003)

• a). How is the mammalian skin adapted to its functions? (20 marks; KCSE2004)

b). Explain how a biotic factors affect plants (20 marks; KCSE 2004)

• a). Describe how gaseous exchange takes place in terrestrial plants (20 marks; KCSE2005)

b). How is the human eye adapted to its function? (20 marks; KCSE 2005)

• a). Describe how human kidney functions (20 marks; KCSE2006)

b).Describehowwatermovesfromthesoiltotheleavesinatree (20marks; KCSE2006)

• a). Describe the structure and functions of the various parts of the human ear (20 marks; KCSE 2007 )

b). Describe causes and methods of controlling water pollution (20 marks; KCSE 2007 )

• Describe the nitrogen cycle (20 marks; KCSE2008)
• a). State four characteristics of gaseous exchangesurfaces

b). Describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in a mammal (16 marks; KCSE 2008)

• a). How are flowers adapted to wind and insect pollination? (20 marks; KCSE2009 )

b). Describe the role of the liver in homeostasis in the human body (20 marks; KCSE2009)

• a). Describe the process of fertilization in flowering plants (20 marks; KCSE2010)

b). Describe how a finned fish such as tilapia moves in water (20 marks; KCSE 2010)

• a). Describe the exoskeleton and its function in insects (13 marks; KCSE2011)

b). Describe how accommodation in the human eye is brought about when focusing on a near object (7 marks; KCSE 2011)

• Using a relevant example in each case, describe simple and conditional reflex action (20 marks; KCSE2012)
• a).Usingarelevantexample,describehowanallergicreactionoccursinahumanbeing

(10 marks; KCSE 2012)

b).Describehowenvironmentalfactorsincreasetherateoftranspirationinterrestrialplants

• a). Describe the process of blood clotting in human beings (10 marks; KCSE2013 )

b).Howarerespiratorysurfacesinmammalsadaptedtotheirfunctions? (10marks; KCSE 2013)

• Describe the role of the following organs in excretion andhomeostasis
• The liver (10 marks; KCSE2013)
• The skin during hot environmental conditions (10 marks; KCSE2013 )
• a). Explain how each of the following factors affect the rate ofphotosynthesis:
• Temperature (2 marks; KCSE2014)
• Chlorophyll concentration (2 marks; KCSE2014 )

b). Describe the process of carbohydrate digestion in human beings (16 marks; KCSE2014)

• a). How does excretion take place in plants (4 marks; KCSE2014)

b). Describe the role of the human skin in homeostasis (16 marks; KCSE 2014)

• a).Explainthevariouswaysinwhichseedsandfruitsareadaptedtodispersal (20marks; KCSE 2015)

b). How is a mammalian heart structurally adapted to its function? (20 marks; KCSE2015)

                                                                                                                                         2 | P a ge

• (a).Usingarelevantexampleineachcase,describesimpleandconditionalreflexaction

(20 marks; KCSE 2016)

b). Describe how the mammalian heart is structurally adapted to its function (20 marks; KCSE 2016)

• a ) Explain the importance of protecting the forest ecosystem with reference to the following (20 marks; KCSE 2017 )
• a) Climate change
• b) Biodiversity

c)Biotechnology

d)Water conservation

• e) Pollution
• b) Describe how a mammalian eye is structurally adapted to its functions (20 marks)
• a) Describe the mode reproduction in a named fungus (5 marks)
• b) Describe the roles of hormones in the menstrual cycle (15 marks; KCSE 2018 )
• a) Giving examples, describe the following among organisms (20marks; KCSE 2019 )
• Predator-prey relationship
• b) Explain the effect of increased physical activity on the following organ system (20 marks)
• a)(i)Explain the role of the liver in blood regulation (3 marks ; KCSE 2020)
• Describe how a mammalian heart is adapted to its functions (17 marks)
• b) (i) Explain how the presence of chloroplast in guard cell affect the opening of the stomata (5marks)

(ii) Describe how various environmental factors affect the rate of photosynthesis (15marks)

• a) (i) Explain the role of placenta during pregnancy(10 marks) ( KCSE 2021)
• ii) Explain features and mechanisms that hinder self pollination and self fertilization(10 marks)

b)( i) Describe how xylem is structurally adapted to its functions  (5marks)

(ii) Describe the functions of mammalian blood in the human body(15 marks)

• a i) Describe how plants eliminate waste products(8 marks; KCSE2022 )

ii)Describe the structure and function of mammalian nephron (12marks)

• b) i. Describe five tropic responses and their survival values (15marks)

ii)Describe how mammalian heartbeat is controlled                (5mks)

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Biology Questions and Answers Form 1 - Biology Form One Notes

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Form 1-4 Free Biology Exams Questions and Answers Download

Biology Exams Questions and Answers free download. We have a list of Term 1-3 Biology Exams for form 1,2,3 and form 4 complete with marking schemes for your revision. Download editable 2021 exam papers testing Form two to Four Biology Papers for all topics. All Biology marking schemes are free.

How to Pass Form 1 Biology at KCSE Level

Start by listing out the topic segments, like cell biology, infection and response and homeostasis. Break these into sections and plot them in your schedule. Don’t try and cram too much into one revision session; instead, stick to one topic at a time to make sure you really understand it. 

Half an hour at a time on each biology topic should do the trick. It’s long enough that you can dig deep during the session, but short enough that you won’t get bored and start daydreaming. 

Here are some top tips for creating an effective revision timetable and learning how to revise for Form 1 Biology:

• Use the exam board specification as a checklist and tick off each learning outcome as you do it 
• Start your revision sessions with an easier topic to build your confidence and then move onto a more difficult topic 
• Break topics down into smaller sections and sprinkle them throughout your schedule 
• Make sure you leave plenty of time for breaks. Time away from revision can help information sink in, especially for heavy subjects like biology 

Create a Revision Guide and Summary to Pass Form 2 Biology 

Find out the main topic areas covered in a Biology exam. Split these up into different sections in your revision guide and pull out notes from each class and summarize them.

It helps to have a “factsheet” at the front of each section that highlights key formulas, units of measurement and any other key terms that relate to the topic.

After the factsheet, try and summarise each topic in a paragraph or two. This ensures you fully understand it and aren’t just copying your class notes without taking the information in.

Get and Use Past Papers and Answers for Form 3 Biology

Biology exams are different from other exams. They require you to provide a mixture of answers, from short essays and explanations, to calculations and practical information. 

Getting familiarised with what a Biology exam paper looks like will help you stay calm and focused during your actual exams. Free Past papers are key for this. They allow you to experience an exam-like situation on your own terms.

For best results, work on practice papers in a faux exam environment. 

That means:

• Giving yourself a time limit
• Turning off your phone and getting rid of distractions
• Not looking at your Biology notes when attempting the questions
• Marking your answers and identifying key areas for improvement

Use Study Groups -Form Four Biology Exam papers

Two minds are better than one, and multiple minds are better than two. get classmates and create a study group where you can share Biology ideas, test each other, and make studying fun. 

Try and meet at least once a week for an hour to go over your notes and share your knowledge. This also makes studying more enjoyable, because you can play games and quiz each other. 

In Revising Biology, Consider doing activities such as: 

• Designing a slideshow presentation about a specific process or formula
• Creating a group revision guide
• Quizzing each other on key topics 
• Discussing ideas and hosting biology-related conversations 

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Free Topic by Topic Biology Questions and Answers for Form 1 2 3 and 4.

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Biology essays questions with answers

This document contains over 60 Biology essays questions with answers..It is suitable for both students and teachers.It is well analysed and prepared with the aim of preparing KCSE candidates for biology exam.

In PDF format so that your print or read from any smartphone, laptop or computer.

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The document  is written in a manner that both the candidates and teachers will immensely benefit from it.

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Biology Short Essay Free Response Questions

10 min read • june 11, 2020

Jessica Nadzam

Overview of the Short Essay (FRQ) Questions

The AP Biology exam used to consist of eight long-form free response questions, but in 2019 it was redesigned to consist of only six free response questions. Two of those questions are in the “short” form, and these consist of 50% of the free response score, or 25% of your total score. 

Long story short, those four questions may not be as long as the first two, but they still pack a big punch on your score.

The short essay questions will always be the last four on your exam. They’re very different than the first two in length and point-value, but you can use the same techniques as the others. You still need to know the content and utilize the “essential verbage” to write an appropriate response, but this response will be shorter and take less time to complete. 

You have to write in blue or black ink (for all things that are good, please do not use a pencil), so have a few of your favorite pens ready. You’ll have lots of pages to write on (if you use all of them, you may have written too much), and you’ll be given a copy of the Formulas and Equations Sheet for any calculations you need to do. 

Questions are 4 points apiece, and they typically contain content and problems concerning multiple content areas. Since they are shorter they are less likely to cover multiple topics, but it does still happen. You could initially respond about protein structure in the first part and then end up describing the evidence of evolution by the end of the question. There’s a lot of points on the table, and CollegeBoard will make you work for them. 

Response Grading (from an AP Reader)

There are 16 points for the last four questions of the FRQ test, and they make up 25% of your AP Biology score. So, how are those points calculated and scored? CollegeBoard is fantastic at writing rigorous questions, but they’re also very good at training their graders (called AP Readers) how to objectively score the questions. Readers spend a whole day training to grade just two of the questions (they don’t get to look at the other four at all), and then spend a whole week grading only those questions, eight hours a day . 

A well-oiled machine may be an understatement. The bottom of the line is, AP Readers know exactly what they’re looking for when they’re grading. They read a hundred tests a day (minimum), and if you don’t have the answer they’ve been told is the right answer, they tend to move on pretty quickly. 

While this seems intimidating, it’s actually good news for you - but only if you pay very close attention to the next section on verbiage. You see, the bolded verbs in AP free response questions are just hints as to what AP Readers are looking for in an answer. If you know those verbs backwards and forwards, you will know what type of response AP Readers want. And if you know that, you don’t have to worry about writing something that may be right content-wise, but still missing a point on a technicality. 

Essential Verbiage

There are a lot of verbs used in AP exams to pose questions for students to ponder and rip their hair out over. 

To keep all that hair on your head, we’ve made you a table. It’s pretty easy - if you know exactly what to do when you encounter each bolded verb , you know exactly what to do to answer the question the way the Reader wants to see it. You know how many points it’s worth, and therefore can figure out how much time to spend on it. 

Side note - keep in mind that if a question asks you do something more than once - maybe to describe two factors or explain three phenomenon, you should multiple that # Points by however many things it expects you to do. 

Strategies for 5able Responses

Do you want a 5 on this test? Then here’s what you need to know and be able to do:

Read. The. Question. Carefully. Seriously. You don’t know how many students miss points because they were skimming and missed a critical word. It’s a heartbreaker for Readers, who want to give you that point, but can’t. Also, read the directions carefully. Your papers always say something about how responses on the actual question page will not be scored. Do not write on the question page . You can use it for brainstorming or outlining as scratch paper, but if your words aren’t written on lined paper or a graph or table, they won’t be scored. So make sure you put your answers in the right place! 

Complete. Sentences. Unless it’s an identify or construct or calculate question, you need a capital letter and a period, or the Reader will not grade that response. Period. Outlines, bulleted lists, and drawings won’t be graded unless specified in the question’s directions. 

Circle your bolded verbs . Find them. Figure out which are worth the most points, the least points, will take the longest, will be the quickest, etc. Then, figure out which ones to answer first. 

When you start the test, you don’t have to go in order. If your mind goes blank on question one, skip it . It’s not going anywhere, you can come back to it. But don’t waste time on it when there are others you can definitely answer later in the booklet. 

The identify and graph/draw questions are some of the quickest to respond to because they don’t require complete sentences, and the answers are usually very quick to come up with. Answer these questions first to get them out of the way. 

Time yourself. You get 90 minutes, but it goes by fast. Keep a digital watch that does not beep , and refer to it regularly. Plot how long you want to spend on each question so you don’t waste time in one area and lose points on another question you could have easily answered. Since the short questions are worth half your free-response score, you shouldn’t spend any more than 45 minutes on these four questions, or about 10-11 minutes apiece. 

This is not AP English. The graders are not English teachers. They don’t care how pretty your introduction is or how ~thought-provoking~ your thesis statement is. They just want to finish your paper and move on, so don’t ramble on and on. Skip the fluff and go straight to the point. Don’t restate the question or introduce the topic or regurgitate random knowledge - it won’t get you extra points, it’s a waste of time for you, and the Readers get bored sorting through all your thoughts and writing. 

Label your responses . While you still have to write in complete sentences, please label each response with a, b, c, etc. if the essay question has multiple parts. You don’t even have to go in order, but this helps Readers find your answer so they don’t have to sift and guess what you meant.

COMMIT TO YOUR ANSWER . Readers don’t like wishy-washy papers. Erase the words “might” and “possible” and “I think” from your vocabulary. You could be completely wrong, but if you’re writing about a purple hippopotamus, COMMIT to that purple hippopotamus. Don’t say “I think the purple hippopotamus might possibly maybe do photosynthesis if it feels like it.” That’s wishy washy, and Readers don’t accept that as an actual answer, so they won’t give points for it. Be committed , and loudly proclaim “This purple hippopotamus does photosynthesis!” Ta-da! 

If possible, always give an example. We said earlier not to mind dump and regurgitate, but examples are usually a good way to sweep up an extra point or two if you have budgeted your time wisely and can accurately apply it to the scenario. 

So, now that you know what the Readers are looking for in your responses, let’s talk about the types of questions they will ask you. 

Question Types

The short version of the free-response test has four questions, and each of those four questions has a distinct question type. These are based on “science practices” that CollegeBoard expects students to develop to be more ~well-rounded~ and ~critical thinkers~. Luckily, these questions go in a distinct order, too. Those types and order is as follows:

Scientific Investigation 

Conceptual Analysis

Analysis of Model or Visual Representation 

Analysis of Data 

With this, you can get a good idea of what to expect on the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th question. And if you’re used to studying for the science section of the ACT, you probably recognize these question types. It’s all about analyzing graphs and tables, pulling information from passages, and performing analysis on data. 

Oh, while remembering all that AP Biology knowledge your teacher tried to get into your brain for the past 6-9 months. No pressure. 

Let’s break down what each of those question types is asking for, and the best ways to respond to maximize your time and your points. 

Scientific Analysis - this question will describe a lab experiment scenario, and expect you to be able to describe the biological concept or process involved, identify an experimental procedure, predict results, and justify your prediction.

Conceptual Analysis - in this question, CollegeBoard will present a question that describes a real-life scenario. It will relate that scenario to a biological phenomenon and tell you something has disrupted the process. To get all four points, you will have to describe the biological process that is happening, explain that biological concept, predict the causes and effects of the disruption, and justify your prediction. 

Analysis of Model or Visual Representation may seem like two separate question types, but they will ask you to do the same thing. Both will give you a description of some biological scenario with a visual model. You will be asked to analyze that model, and then describe different biological characteristics of the model, explain the relationships between the different characteristics, identify or draw the relationships within that model, and then explain how the scenario relates to a larger idea or concept. 

Analysis of Data - for the final question of the exam (and then you’re freeeeee !), you will receive data on a graph or table. You will then have to describe the data (twice), evaluate a hypothesis or prediction using the data, and then explain how the experimental results relate to some biological concept. 

These descriptions can seem a bit confusing on their own. Therefore, some examples are provided below. 

Sample Question 1 - Scientific Investigation  

A forest ecosystem has a delicate balance of life. Autotrophs, heterotrophs, and decomposers live together and exchange resources to survive. Sometimes their relationships are mutually beneficial, but sometimes they can be harmful for one species and beneficial for another. Buteo jumaicensis , or the red-tailed hawk, consumes smaller organisms such as small reptiles and small mammals. Recently, the ecosystem has been disturbed by deforestation of pine trees. Hawks typically roost on the crowns of tall trees, and as a result their habitat begins to diminish. 

a) Describe the niche of the red-tailed hawk. 

b) Identify the type of relationship shared between the red-tailed hawk and a common forest mouse. 

c) Predict the short-term impact of the decline of the red-tailed hawk due to deforestation, and how it will impact the rest of the ecosystem. 

d) Provide reasoning to justify your prediction. 

Sample Question 2 - Conceptual Analysis  

The lac operon model is a common phenomenon used to demonstrate the regulation of gene expression. In this model, a gene is essentially turned “on” and “off” to produce proteins only when they are necessary. This allows a bacteria called Escherichia coli ( E. coli) to metabolize lactose. 

a) Describe the gene expression process from DNA to protein. 

b) Explain why operons are an evolutionary advantage over allowing genes to undergo transcription and translation constantly. 

c) Although less commonly used for demonstration, the trp operon is another bacterial operon found in E. coli. Predict what would occur if a lac repressor was used on the trp operon. 

d) Provide evidence to support your prediction. 

Sample Question 3 - Analyze Model or Visual Representation  

Signal transduction pathways occur when cells receive signals from outside their membranes, and transduct those messages through the cell to a predetermined location. These signals are used for a variety of reasons including growth, division, mating, protein production, and more. In order for a cell to experience signal transduction, it must receive some signal that binds to a receptor and triggers the pathway. 

a) Referring to the figure, predict a possible response that may occur as a result of this signal. b) Describe the steps of the signal transduction pathway that must occur to elicit a response. 

c) Sometimes secondary messengers may enter the cell only after a ligand has bound to a receptor. Explain why secondary messengers may be necessary for cell signalling. 

d) Identify the ligand in the figure. 

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