essay about organic chemistry

Home — Essay Samples — Environment — Carbon Dioxide — Understanding Organic Chemistry

Understanding Organic Chemistry

• Categories: Carbon Dioxide

About this sample

Words: 1246 |

Published: Feb 12, 2019

Words: 1246 | Pages: 3 | 7 min read

Organic Chemistry

Works cited.

• Wade, L. G. (2017). Organic Chemistry. Pearson.
• Klein, D. R. (2017). Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms. Wiley.
• McMurry, J. (2015). Organic Chemistry. Cengage Learning.
• Bruice, P. Y. (2016). Organic Chemistry. Pearson.
• Smith, J. G. (2019). Organic Chemistry: Structure and Function. McGraw-Hill Education.
• Solomons, T. W. G., & Fryhle, C. B. (2017). Organic Chemistry. Wiley.
• Carey, F. A., & Giuliano, R. M. (2017). Organic Chemistry. McGraw-Hill Education.
• Jones, M., & Fleming, I. (2018). Organic Chemistry. W. W. Norton & Company.
• Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S., & Wothers, P. (2012). Organic Chemistry. Oxford University Press.
• Vollhardt, K. P. C., & Schore, N. E. (2018). Organic Chemistry: Structure and Function. W. H. Freeman.

Cite this Essay

Let us write you an essay from scratch

• 450+ experts on 30 subjects ready to help
• Custom essay delivered in as few as 3 hours

Get high-quality help

Verified writer

• Expert in: Environment

+ 120 experts online

By clicking “Check Writers’ Offers”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy . We’ll occasionally send you promo and account related email

No need to pay just yet!

Related Essays

2 pages / 718 words

4 pages / 2045 words

1 pages / 737 words

2 pages / 840 words

Remember! This is just a sample.

You can get your custom paper by one of our expert writers.

121 writers online

Still can’t find what you need?

Browse our vast selection of original essay samples, each expertly formatted and styled

Related Essays on Carbon Dioxide

Orr, J. C., Fabry, V. J., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Doney, S. C., Feely, R. A., ... & Yool, A. (2005). Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature, 437(7059), [...]

Logan, Robert A., editor. Issues in Environmental Science and Technology: Ocean Acidification. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010.

Logan, S. (2022). Ocean Acidification: The Other Carbon Dioxide Problem. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Zachos, J. C. (2001). Trend, Rhythm, and Randomness: Nonlinearity in Sediment Geochemistry and [...]

Carbon is critical to sustain a huge range of Earth’s functions. It is abundant in the atmosphere (air), biosphere (living and dead organisms), hydrosphere (oceans, rivers, and lakes), and lithosphere (soli and rocks). These act [...]

All living things are made of carbon. Carbon is also a part of the ocean, air, and even rocks. Because the Earth is a dynamic place, carbon does not stay still. It is on the move! In the atmosphere, carbon is attached to some [...]

Acid rain, a detrimental environmental phenomenon, has garnered significant attention due to its adverse effects on ecosystems, infrastructure, and public health. This essay aims to explore the causes, consequences, and [...]

Related Topics

By clicking “Send”, you agree to our Terms of service and Privacy statement . We will occasionally send you account related emails.

Where do you want us to send this sample?

By clicking “Continue”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy.

Be careful. This essay is not unique

This essay was donated by a student and is likely to have been used and submitted before

Download this Sample

Free samples may contain mistakes and not unique parts

Sorry, we could not paraphrase this essay. Our professional writers can rewrite it and get you a unique paper.

Please check your inbox.

We can write you a custom essay that will follow your exact instructions and meet the deadlines. Let's fix your grades together!

Get Your Personalized Essay in 3 Hours or Less!

We use cookies to personalyze your web-site experience. By continuing we’ll assume you board with our cookie policy .

• Instructions Followed To The Letter
• Deadlines Met At Every Stage
• Unique And Plagiarism Free

• school Campus Bookshelves
• menu_book Bookshelves
• perm_media Learning Objects
• login Login
• how_to_reg Request Instructor Account
• hub Instructor Commons
• Download Page (PDF)
• Download Full Book (PDF)
• Periodic Table
• Physics Constants
• Scientific Calculator
• Reference & Cite
• Tools expand_more
• Readability

selected template will load here

This action is not available.

1.1: Introduction to organic chemistry

• Last updated
• Save as PDF
• Page ID 225760

1.1. Introduction to organic chemistry

Learning objectives.

• Define organic chemistry .
• Identify organic molecules as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, or carboxylic acids.

Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is singled out because it has a chemical diversity unrivaled by any other chemical element. Its diversity is based on the following:

• Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with other carbon atoms.
• Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with atoms of other elements.
• Carbon atoms make a large number of covalent bonds (four).

Curiously, elemental carbon is not particularly abundant. It does not even appear in the list of the most common elements in Earth’s crust .  Nevertheless, all living things consist of organic compounds.

Most organic chemicals are covalent compounds, which is why we introduce organic chemistry here. By convention, compounds containing carbonate ions and bicarbonate ions, as well as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, are not considered part of organic chemistry, even though they contain carbon.

The simplest organic compounds are the hydrocarbons , compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms only. Some hydrocarbons have only single bonds and appear as a chain (which can be a straight chain or can have branches) of carbon atoms also bonded to hydrogen atoms. These hydrocarbons are called alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons) . Each alkane has a characteristic, systematic name depending on the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. These names consist of a stem that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the chain plus the ending – ane . The stem meth – means one carbon atom, so methane is an alkane with one carbon atom. Similarly, the stem eth – means two carbon atoms; ethane is an alkane with two carbon atoms. Continuing, the stem prop – means three carbon atoms, so propane is an alkane with three carbon atoms. Figure 1.1. “Formulas and Molecular Models of the Three Simplest Alkanes” gives the formulas and the molecular models of the three simplest alkanes. (For more information about alkanes, see section 3.3. )

Figure 1.1. Formulae and molecular models of the three simplest alkanes

The three smallest alkanes are methane, ethane, and propane.

Some hydrocarbons have one or more carbon–carbon double bonds (denoted C=C). These hydrocarbons are called alkenes (see section 3.2. for more information) Note that the names of alkenes have the same stem as the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms in its chain but have the ending – ene . Thus, ethene is an alkene with two carbon atoms per molecule, and propene is a compound with three carbon atoms and one double bond.

Figure 1.2. Formulas and Molecular Models of the Two Simplest Alkenes

Ethene is commonly called ethylene, while propene is commonly called propylene.

Alkynes are hydrocarbons with a carbon–carbon triple bond (denoted C≡C) as part of their carbon skeleton (see section 3.2. for more information). The names for alkynes have the same stems as for alkanes but with the ending – yne .

Figure 1.3. Formulas and Molecular Models of the Two Simplest Alkynes

Ethyne is more commonly called acetylene.

To your health: saturated and unsaturated fats

Hydrocarbons are not the only compounds that can have carbon–carbon double bonds. A group of compounds called fats can have them as well, and their presence or absence in the human diet is becoming increasingly correlated with health issues.

Fats are combinations of long-chain organic compounds (fatty acids) and glycerol (C 3 H 8 O 3 ). The long carbon chains can have either all single bonds, in which case the fat is classified as saturated , or one or more double bonds, in which case it is a monounsaturated or a polyunsaturated fat, respectively. Saturated fats are typically solids at room temperature; beef fat (tallow) is one example. Mono- or polyunsaturated fats are likely to be liquids at room temperature and are often called oils. Olive oil, flaxseed oil, and many fish oils are mono- or polyunsaturated fats.

Some studies have linked higher amounts of saturated fats in people’s diets with a greater likelihood of developing heart disease, high cholesterol, and other diet-related diseases. In contrast, increases in unsaturated fats (either mono- or polyunsaturated) have been linked to a lower incidence of certain diseases. Thus, there have been recommendations by government bodies and health associations to decrease the proportion of saturated fat and increase the proportion of unsaturated fat in the diet. Most of these organizations also recommend decreasing the total amount of fat in the diet.  A difference as simple as the difference between a single and double carbon–carbon bond can have a significant impact on health.

The carbon–carbon double and triple bonds are examples of functional groups in organic chemistry. A functional group is a specific structural arrangement of atoms or bonds that imparts a characteristic chemical reactivity to a molecule. Alkanes have no functional group, and they are mostly inert (unreactive). A carbon–carbon double bond is considered a functional group because carbon–carbon double bonds chemically react in specific ways that differ from reactions of alkanes (for example, under certain circumstances, alkenes react with water); a carbon–carbon triple bond also undergoes certain specific chemical reactions. In the remainder of this section, we introduce two other common functional groups.

If an OH group (also called a hydroxyl group) is substituted for a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon molecule, the compound is an alcohol . Alcohols are named using the parent hydrocarbon name but with the final – e dropped and the suffix – ol attached. The two simplest alcohols are methanol and ethanol (see Figure 1.4.).

Figure 1.4. The two simplest organic alcohol compounds

Alcohols have an OH functional group in the molecule.  Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol) is the alcohol in alcoholic beverages. Other alcohols include methanol (or methyl alcohol), which is used as a solvent and a cleaner, and 2-propanol (also called isopropyl alcohol or rubbing alcohol), which is used as a medicinal disinfectant. Neither methanol nor isopropyl alcohol should be ingested, as they are toxic even in small quantities.  Cholesterol is an example of a more complex alcohol.

Another important family of organic compounds has a carboxyl group , in which a carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom and to an OH group. Compounds with a carboxyl functional group are called carboxylic acids , and their names end in – oic acid . The two simplest carboxylic acids are shown in Figure 1.5.  They are perhaps best known by the common names formic acid (found in the stingers of ants) and acetic acid (found in vinegar).  The carboxyl group is sometimes written in molecules as COOH.

Figure 1.5. The two smallest organic acids

Many organic compounds are considerably more complex than the examples described here. Many compounds contain more than one functional group. The formal names can also be quite complex. In section 1.6. we will examine functional groups in more detail, and we will learn about the system of naming (nomenclature) for hydrocarbons in chapter 3 .

Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule as a double bond, a triple bond, an alcohol, or a carboxyl.

• CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH

• This molecule has an alcohol functional group.
• This molecule has a double bond and a carboxyl functional group.

Skill-building exercise

Concept review exercises

What is organic chemistry?

What is a functional group? Give at least two examples of functional groups.

• Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds.

A functional group is a specific structural arrangement of atoms or bonds that imparts a characteristic chemical reactivity to the molecule; alcohol group and carboxylic group (answers will vary).

Key takeaways

• Organic molecules can be classified according to the types of elements and bonds in the molecules.

Give three reasons why carbon is the central element in organic chemistry.

Are organic compounds based more on ionic bonding or covalent bonding? Explain.

Identify the type of hydrocarbon in each structure.

Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule.

How many functional groups described in this section contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only? Name them.

What is the difference in the ways the two oxygen atoms in the carboxyl group are bonded to the carbon atom?

Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with other carbon atoms. Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with atoms of other elements. Carbon atoms make a large number of covalent bonds (four).

• carbon-carbon double bond and carbon-carbon triple bond

two; carbon-carbon double bonds and carbon-carbon triple bonds

Further reading

• Communicating chemical structure with formulas and names

• Authored by : Saylor Academy. License : CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike

Organic Chemistry – Contributions and in Life Essay (Critical Writing)

Organic chemistry, contributions of organic chemistry to pharmaceutical research, organic chemistry in life.

Chemistry is a science subject that is connected with reactions, which bring reactants and products into equilibrium. Reactions take place in everyday life situations and even in our bodies. For instance, the metabolic reactions that take place within our bodies need to be at equilibrium in order to bring about physical, biological, and chemical fitness. In school, chemistry plays a significant in the prediction and calculation of daily occurrences. For instance, knowledge gathered on the effects and results of reactions helps identify the occurrence of reaction, problems, and application of amicable measures in solving these problems (Hornback 103).

Despite many challenges imposed on the balancing of equations of pertaining reactions, in school my interest was drawn into the study of organic chemistry, which entailed a study of organic carbon compounds. I needed to know about the structure and composition of organic compounds generated by living organisms. Often, the teacher of chemistry linked organic compounds to everything that existed including food and the products we used. This enhanced my desire to expand my knowledge in organic chemistry and enhanced my chances of joining the field of pharmaceuticals that aimed at improving medicine.

I knew very well that organic chemistry was the backbone of pharmaceutical research. Being a research chemist, I had to incorporate much of my time and interest in solving reactions that involved equation balancing. In my field, the molecular structures of compounds meant a lot. For example, in the production of drugs, the right amount of reagents were reacted at the right conditions in order to produce right drugs for human consumption (Kar 7). In addition, the molecular structures of compounds helped in the identification, determination, and distinction of new drugs from old drugs to avoid poisoning of patients.

In pharmaceutical research, understanding molecular structures enhance the production of drugs from carbon compounds found in nature to help to control life-threatening diseases, such as cancer and diabetes (Kar 18). An acquaintance of enough knowledge in organic chemistry also enables me, as an organic chemist, together with my career partners to produce new carbon-based particles, which were more improved by nature.

Organic Chemistry also plays a crucial role in maintaining the health of an individual. This is because it provides a diversity of ways in which chemical reactions take place within the body of an individual, for example, aiding in the selection of the right foods and exercises. Hence, to maintain my body, I implore better feeding habits with the help of taking a lot of fruits and vegetables that are full of vitamin C and E as advocated by organic chemistry.

Good understanding of the organic reactions within human bodies also grants pharmacists amicable time in handling patients. This is because it aids me in making right drug prescriptions to the patients. In addition, organic reactions enable me, as a pharmacist, to explain the causes of metabolic reactions that take place within the bodies of the patients that they handle.

In conclusion, despite the association of Organic Chemistry reaction’s equations to the negligence of chemistry as a subject by many college students, its roles in the planet earth are diverse. For instance, apart from giving explanations on the composition of everything that exists on earth, it also provides guidelines on the appropriate compounds to be ingested for the good of one’s health. Therefore, it is crucial for many students to give chemistry a consideration while making a choice regarding their careers.

Hornback Joseph. Organic Chemistry . New York: Cengage Learning, 2005. Print.

Kar Ashutosh. Medicinal Chemistry . New Delhi: New Age International, 2007. Print.

• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2022, September 14). Organic Chemistry - Contributions and in Life. https://ivypanda.com/essays/organic-chemistry-contributions-and-in-life/

"Organic Chemistry - Contributions and in Life." IvyPanda , 14 Sept. 2022, ivypanda.com/essays/organic-chemistry-contributions-and-in-life/.

IvyPanda . (2022) 'Organic Chemistry - Contributions and in Life'. 14 September.

IvyPanda . 2022. "Organic Chemistry - Contributions and in Life." September 14, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/organic-chemistry-contributions-and-in-life/.

1. IvyPanda . "Organic Chemistry - Contributions and in Life." September 14, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/organic-chemistry-contributions-and-in-life/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Organic Chemistry - Contributions and in Life." September 14, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/organic-chemistry-contributions-and-in-life/.

• Louis Pasteur: an Outstandimg Chemist and Microbiologist
• Gerhard Ertl's Chemist Profile Analysis
• Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation
• Alice Ball’s Contribution to Science
• How George would make his decision as a utilitarian
• Chemistry: The Importance of the Discipline
• Organic and Inorganic Compounds
• The Demonstration of Organic Chemistry Theories
• Chemistry of Organic Contaminants
• History of Chemistry: Main Points
• Enzyme Determination of Glucose
• Challenges Affecting Fuel Compacting and Manufacturing Process During Mixing and Compaction
• Pasteurization: Processing Food Substances
• Synthesis of 4, 4’ -di(t-butyl)biphenyl by the Friedel-Crafts reaction
• Bioinorganic Chemistry: Metallothioneins

You must enable JavaScript in order to use this site.

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

• View all journals

Organic chemistry articles from across Nature Portfolio

Organic chemistry is the study of the synthesis, structure, reactivity and properties of the diverse group of chemical compounds primarily constructed of carbon. All life on earth is carbon-based, thus organic chemistry is also the basis of biochemistry. The ability to form compounds containing long chains of carbon atoms is the basis of polymer chemistry.

Tailor-made glycans

A highly chemoselective method for the insertion of carbohydrates into existing oligosaccharides has been developed. The reaction sequence involves a selective Lewis-acid catalysed cleavage of one glycosidic bond followed by sequential construction of two new glycosidic bonds.

• Sugyeom Kim
• George A. O’Doherty

Trio of radicals choreographed for versatile chemical reaction

The idea that three different free radicals could be used together to carry out specific steps in a chemical reaction has long been implausible. A ‘radical sorting’ strategy now achieves this feat to make organic molecules.

• Kenneth F. Clark
• John A. Murphy

Synthesis of l -cyclodextrins

d -cyclodextrins are naturally occurring macrocyclic oligosaccharides that act as hosts for hydrophobic guests and are produced on a multi-tonne scale. Now, using chemical synthesis, mirror-image cyclodextrins are produced from l - instead of d -glucose units.

• Sophie R. Beeren

Related Subjects

• Carbohydrate chemistry
• Combinatorial libraries
• Synthetic chemistry methodology
• Microwave chemistry
• Natural product synthesis
• Reaction mechanisms
• Stereochemistry
• Structure elucidation

Latest Research and Reviews

A general strategy for the amination of electron-rich and electron-poor heteroaromatics by desaturative catalysis

Aminated heteroaromatics are usually synthesized from heteroaromatic substrates. Now, a general photochemical approach that exploits non-aromatic N-heterocyclic ketones as starting materials for the coupling with amines under desaturative catalysis is reported as an alternative.

• Javier Corpas
• Henry P. Caldora
• Daniele Leonori

Pathway-divergent coupling of 1,3-enynes with acrylates through cascade cobalt catalysis

The development of divergent reaction pathways controlled by different ligands is a critical goal. Here the authors describe a cobalt-catalyzed strategy for cascade coupling of 1,3-enynes with two molecules of acrylates through three reaction modes.

• Xiaofeng Jie

Dehydroxylative radical N-glycosylation of heterocycles with 1-hydroxycarbohydrates enabled by copper metallaphotoredox catalysis

N-Glycosylated heterocycles play important roles in biological systems and drug development, but the synthesis heavily relies on ionic N-glycosylation. Herein, the authors report a dehydroxylative radical method for synthesizing N-glycosides by leveraging copper metallaphotoredox catalysis.

• Da-Peng Liu
• Xiao-Sen Zhang
• Xiang-Guo Hu

Polarizability matters in enantio-selection

Polarizability, a property that is closely related to softness in the classic theory of Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB), has been largely overlooked in connecting with enantio-selection in the past. Here, the authors show local polarizability-based electronic effects can rationalize a wide range of stereochemical outcomes in widely-known asymmetric catalytic reactions.

• Xiangyou Xing

Proton-triggered topological transformation in superbase-mediated selective polymerization enables access to ultrahigh-molar-mass cyclic polymers

The selective synthesis of ultrahigh-molar-mass (UHMM) cyclic polymers from direct polymerization is elusive. Using a chemically recyclable polythioester as a model, it has now been shown that a common superbase mediates living linear-chain growth, followed by proton-triggered linear-to-cyclic topological transformation, producing UHMM cyclic polymers with a narrow dispersity.

• Liam T. Reilly
• Eugene Y.-X. Chen

Iterative SuFEx approach for sequence-regulated oligosulfates and its extension to periodic copolymers

The synthesis of sequence-regulated oligosulfates has not yet been established due to the difficulties in precise reactivity control. Here, the authors report a multi-directional divergent iterative method to furnish oligosulfates based on a chain homologation approach, in which the fluorosulfate unit is regenerated.

• Min Pyeong Kim
• Swatilekha Kayal
• Sung You Hong

News and Comment

Triple catalysis for quaternary stereocentre synthesis

• Thomas West

Synthesis goes uphill

Coupling an exergonic process with an orthogonal, endergonic one has opened the door to drive artificial systems away from equilibrium. Now, this concept is used to bias the outcome of an uphill chemical reaction.

• Michele Stasi
• Héctor Soria-Carrera
• Job Boekhoven

Copper catalysed asymmetric amination

Chiral amines possessing a stereogenic carbon atom bearing three carbon substituents and one nitrogen substituent are challenging structural motifs to prepare enantioselectively. Now, such motifs have been accessed in high enantiopurities by asymmetric Cu-catalysed propargylic amination using sterically confined ligands.

• Joshua D. Sieber

Quick links

• Explore articles by subject
• Guide to authors
• Editorial policies

• Search Menu
• Browse content in Arts and Humanities
• Browse content in Archaeology
• Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Archaeology
• Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
• Archaeology by Region
• Archaeology of Religion
• Archaeology of Trade and Exchange
• Biblical Archaeology
• Contemporary and Public Archaeology
• Environmental Archaeology
• Historical Archaeology
• History and Theory of Archaeology
• Industrial Archaeology
• Landscape Archaeology
• Mortuary Archaeology
• Prehistoric Archaeology
• Underwater Archaeology
• Urban Archaeology
• Zooarchaeology
• Browse content in Architecture
• Architectural Structure and Design
• History of Architecture
• Residential and Domestic Buildings
• Theory of Architecture
• Browse content in Art
• Art Subjects and Themes
• History of Art
• Industrial and Commercial Art
• Theory of Art
• Biographical Studies
• Byzantine Studies
• Browse content in Classical Studies
• Classical Literature
• Classical Reception
• Classical History
• Classical Philosophy
• Classical Mythology
• Classical Art and Architecture
• Classical Oratory and Rhetoric
• Greek and Roman Papyrology
• Greek and Roman Archaeology
• Greek and Roman Epigraphy
• Greek and Roman Law
• Late Antiquity
• Religion in the Ancient World
• Digital Humanities
• Browse content in History
• Colonialism and Imperialism
• Diplomatic History
• Environmental History
• Genealogy, Heraldry, Names, and Honours
• Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing
• Historical Geography
• History by Period
• History of Emotions
• History of Agriculture
• History of Education
• History of Gender and Sexuality
• Industrial History
• Intellectual History
• International History
• Labour History
• Legal and Constitutional History
• Local and Family History
• Maritime History
• Military History
• National Liberation and Post-Colonialism
• Oral History
• Political History
• Public History
• Regional and National History
• Revolutions and Rebellions
• Slavery and Abolition of Slavery
• Social and Cultural History
• Theory, Methods, and Historiography
• Urban History
• World History
• Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning
• Language Learning (Specific Skills)
• Language Teaching Theory and Methods
• Browse content in Linguistics
• Applied Linguistics
• Cognitive Linguistics
• Computational Linguistics
• Forensic Linguistics
• Grammar, Syntax and Morphology
• Historical and Diachronic Linguistics
• History of English
• Language Evolution
• Language Reference
• Language Variation
• Language Families
• Language Acquisition
• Lexicography
• Linguistic Anthropology
• Linguistic Theories
• Linguistic Typology
• Phonetics and Phonology
• Psycholinguistics
• Sociolinguistics
• Translation and Interpretation
• Writing Systems
• Browse content in Literature
• Bibliography
• Children's Literature Studies
• Literary Studies (Romanticism)
• Literary Studies (American)
• Literary Studies (Modernism)
• Literary Studies (Asian)
• Literary Studies (European)
• Literary Studies (Eco-criticism)
• Literary Studies - World
• Literary Studies (1500 to 1800)
• Literary Studies (19th Century)
• Literary Studies (20th Century onwards)
• Literary Studies (African American Literature)
• Literary Studies (British and Irish)
• Literary Studies (Early and Medieval)
• Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers)
• Literary Studies (Gender Studies)
• Literary Studies (Graphic Novels)
• Literary Studies (History of the Book)
• Literary Studies (Plays and Playwrights)
• Literary Studies (Poetry and Poets)
• Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature)
• Literary Studies (Queer Studies)
• Literary Studies (Science Fiction)
• Literary Studies (Travel Literature)
• Literary Studies (War Literature)
• Literary Studies (Women's Writing)
• Literary Theory and Cultural Studies
• Mythology and Folklore
• Shakespeare Studies and Criticism
• Browse content in Media Studies
• Browse content in Music
• Applied Music
• Dance and Music
• Ethics in Music
• Ethnomusicology
• Gender and Sexuality in Music
• Medicine and Music
• Music Cultures
• Music and Media
• Music and Culture
• Music and Religion
• Music Education and Pedagogy
• Music Theory and Analysis
• Musical Scores, Lyrics, and Libretti
• Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques
• Musicology and Music History
• Performance Practice and Studies
• Race and Ethnicity in Music
• Sound Studies
• Browse content in Performing Arts
• Browse content in Philosophy
• Aesthetics and Philosophy of Art
• Epistemology
• Feminist Philosophy
• History of Western Philosophy
• Metaphysics
• Moral Philosophy
• Non-Western Philosophy
• Philosophy of Language
• Philosophy of Mind
• Philosophy of Perception
• Philosophy of Action
• Philosophy of Law
• Philosophy of Religion
• Philosophy of Science
• Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic
• Practical Ethics
• Social and Political Philosophy
• Browse content in Religion
• Biblical Studies
• Christianity
• East Asian Religions
• History of Religion
• Judaism and Jewish Studies
• Qumran Studies
• Religion and Education
• Religion and Health
• Religion and Politics
• Religion and Science
• Religion and Law
• Religion and Art, Literature, and Music
• Religious Studies
• Browse content in Society and Culture
• Cookery, Food, and Drink
• Cultural Studies
• Customs and Traditions
• Ethical Issues and Debates
• Hobbies, Games, Arts and Crafts
• Lifestyle, Home, and Garden
• Natural world, Country Life, and Pets
• Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge
• Sports and Outdoor Recreation
• Technology and Society
• Travel and Holiday
• Visual Culture
• Browse content in Law
• Arbitration
• Browse content in Company and Commercial Law
• Commercial Law
• Company Law
• Browse content in Comparative Law
• Systems of Law
• Competition Law
• Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law
• Government Powers
• Judicial Review
• Local Government Law
• Military and Defence Law
• Parliamentary and Legislative Practice
• Construction Law
• Contract Law
• Browse content in Criminal Law
• Criminal Procedure
• Criminal Evidence Law
• Sentencing and Punishment
• Employment and Labour Law
• Environment and Energy Law
• Browse content in Financial Law
• Banking Law
• Insolvency Law
• History of Law
• Human Rights and Immigration
• Intellectual Property Law
• Browse content in International Law
• Private International Law and Conflict of Laws
• Public International Law
• IT and Communications Law
• Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law
• Law and Society
• Law and Politics
• Browse content in Legal System and Practice
• Courts and Procedure
• Legal Skills and Practice
• Primary Sources of Law
• Regulation of Legal Profession
• Medical and Healthcare Law
• Browse content in Policing
• Criminal Investigation and Detection
• Police and Security Services
• Police Procedure and Law
• Police Regional Planning
• Browse content in Property Law
• Personal Property Law
• Study and Revision
• Terrorism and National Security Law
• Browse content in Trusts Law
• Wills and Probate or Succession
• Browse content in Medicine and Health
• Browse content in Allied Health Professions
• Arts Therapies
• Clinical Science
• Dietetics and Nutrition
• Occupational Therapy
• Operating Department Practice
• Physiotherapy
• Radiography
• Speech and Language Therapy
• Browse content in Anaesthetics
• General Anaesthesia
• Neuroanaesthesia
• Clinical Neuroscience
• Browse content in Clinical Medicine
• Acute Medicine
• Cardiovascular Medicine
• Clinical Genetics
• Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
• Dermatology
• Endocrinology and Diabetes
• Gastroenterology
• Genito-urinary Medicine
• Geriatric Medicine
• Infectious Diseases
• Medical Toxicology
• Medical Oncology
• Pain Medicine
• Palliative Medicine
• Rehabilitation Medicine
• Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonology
• Rheumatology
• Sleep Medicine
• Sports and Exercise Medicine
• Community Medical Services
• Critical Care
• Emergency Medicine
• Forensic Medicine
• Haematology
• History of Medicine
• Browse content in Medical Skills
• Clinical Skills
• Communication Skills
• Nursing Skills
• Surgical Skills
• Medical Ethics
• Browse content in Medical Dentistry
• Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
• Paediatric Dentistry
• Restorative Dentistry and Orthodontics
• Surgical Dentistry
• Medical Statistics and Methodology
• Browse content in Neurology
• Clinical Neurophysiology
• Neuropathology
• Nursing Studies
• Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology
• Gynaecology
• Occupational Medicine
• Ophthalmology
• Otolaryngology (ENT)
• Browse content in Paediatrics
• Neonatology
• Browse content in Pathology
• Chemical Pathology
• Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics
• Histopathology
• Medical Microbiology and Virology
• Patient Education and Information
• Browse content in Pharmacology
• Psychopharmacology
• Browse content in Popular Health
• Caring for Others
• Complementary and Alternative Medicine
• Self-help and Personal Development
• Browse content in Preclinical Medicine
• Cell Biology
• Molecular Biology and Genetics
• Reproduction, Growth and Development
• Primary Care
• Professional Development in Medicine
• Browse content in Psychiatry
• Addiction Medicine
• Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• Forensic Psychiatry
• Learning Disabilities
• Old Age Psychiatry
• Psychotherapy
• Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology
• Epidemiology
• Public Health
• Browse content in Radiology
• Clinical Radiology
• Interventional Radiology
• Nuclear Medicine
• Radiation Oncology
• Reproductive Medicine
• Browse content in Surgery
• Cardiothoracic Surgery
• Gastro-intestinal and Colorectal Surgery
• General Surgery
• Neurosurgery
• Paediatric Surgery
• Peri-operative Care
• Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• Surgical Oncology
• Transplant Surgery
• Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery
• Vascular Surgery
• Browse content in Science and Mathematics
• Browse content in Biological Sciences
• Aquatic Biology
• Biochemistry
• Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
• Developmental Biology
• Ecology and Conservation
• Evolutionary Biology
• Genetics and Genomics
• Microbiology
• Molecular and Cell Biology
• Natural History
• Plant Sciences and Forestry
• Research Methods in Life Sciences
• Structural Biology
• Systems Biology
• Zoology and Animal Sciences
• Browse content in Chemistry
• Analytical Chemistry
• Computational Chemistry
• Crystallography
• Environmental Chemistry
• Industrial Chemistry
• Inorganic Chemistry
• Materials Chemistry
• Medicinal Chemistry
• Mineralogy and Gems
• Organic Chemistry
• Physical Chemistry
• Polymer Chemistry
• Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry
• Theoretical Chemistry
• Browse content in Computer Science
• Artificial Intelligence
• Computer Architecture and Logic Design
• Game Studies
• Human-Computer Interaction
• Mathematical Theory of Computation
• Programming Languages
• Software Engineering
• Systems Analysis and Design
• Virtual Reality
• Browse content in Computing
• Business Applications
• Computer Games
• Computer Security
• Computer Networking and Communications
• Digital Lifestyle
• Graphical and Digital Media Applications
• Operating Systems
• Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography
• Atmospheric Sciences
• Environmental Geography
• Geology and the Lithosphere
• Maps and Map-making
• Meteorology and Climatology
• Oceanography and Hydrology
• Palaeontology
• Physical Geography and Topography
• Regional Geography
• Soil Science
• Urban Geography
• Browse content in Engineering and Technology
• Agriculture and Farming
• Biological Engineering
• Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building
• Electronics and Communications Engineering
• Energy Technology
• Engineering (General)
• Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology
• History of Engineering and Technology
• Mechanical Engineering and Materials
• Technology of Industrial Chemistry
• Transport Technology and Trades
• Browse content in Environmental Science
• Applied Ecology (Environmental Science)
• Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science)
• Environmental Sustainability
• Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science)
• Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science)
• Natural Disasters (Environmental Science)
• Nuclear Issues (Environmental Science)
• Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science)
• Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science)
• History of Science and Technology
• Browse content in Materials Science
• Ceramics and Glasses
• Composite Materials
• Metals, Alloying, and Corrosion
• Nanotechnology
• Browse content in Mathematics
• Applied Mathematics
• Biomathematics and Statistics
• History of Mathematics
• Mathematical Education
• Mathematical Finance
• Mathematical Analysis
• Numerical and Computational Mathematics
• Probability and Statistics
• Pure Mathematics
• Browse content in Neuroscience
• Cognition and Behavioural Neuroscience
• Development of the Nervous System
• Disorders of the Nervous System
• History of Neuroscience
• Invertebrate Neurobiology
• Molecular and Cellular Systems
• Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System
• Neuroscientific Techniques
• Sensory and Motor Systems
• Browse content in Physics
• Astronomy and Astrophysics
• Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
• Biological and Medical Physics
• Classical Mechanics
• Computational Physics
• Condensed Matter Physics
• Electromagnetism, Optics, and Acoustics
• History of Physics
• Mathematical and Statistical Physics
• Measurement Science
• Nuclear Physics
• Particles and Fields
• Plasma Physics
• Quantum Physics
• Relativity and Gravitation
• Semiconductor and Mesoscopic Physics
• Browse content in Psychology
• Affective Sciences
• Clinical Psychology
• Cognitive Psychology
• Cognitive Neuroscience
• Criminal and Forensic Psychology
• Developmental Psychology
• Educational Psychology
• Evolutionary Psychology
• Health Psychology
• History and Systems in Psychology
• Music Psychology
• Neuropsychology
• Organizational Psychology
• Psychological Assessment and Testing
• Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction
• Psychology Professional Development and Training
• Research Methods in Psychology
• Social Psychology
• Browse content in Social Sciences
• Browse content in Anthropology
• Anthropology of Religion
• Human Evolution
• Medical Anthropology
• Physical Anthropology
• Regional Anthropology
• Social and Cultural Anthropology
• Theory and Practice of Anthropology
• Browse content in Business and Management
• Business Ethics
• Business History
• Business Strategy
• Business and Technology
• Business and Government
• Business and the Environment
• Comparative Management
• Corporate Governance
• Corporate Social Responsibility
• Entrepreneurship
• Health Management
• Human Resource Management
• Industrial and Employment Relations
• Industry Studies
• Information and Communication Technologies
• International Business
• Knowledge Management
• Management and Management Techniques
• Operations Management
• Organizational Theory and Behaviour
• Pensions and Pension Management
• Public and Nonprofit Management
• Strategic Management
• Supply Chain Management
• Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice
• Criminal Justice
• Criminology
• Forms of Crime
• International and Comparative Criminology
• Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
• Development Studies
• Browse content in Economics
• Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics
• Asian Economics
• Behavioural Finance
• Behavioural Economics and Neuroeconomics
• Econometrics and Mathematical Economics
• Economic History
• Economic Methodology
• Economic Systems
• Economic Development and Growth
• Financial Markets
• Financial Institutions and Services
• General Economics and Teaching
• Health, Education, and Welfare
• History of Economic Thought
• International Economics
• Labour and Demographic Economics
• Law and Economics
• Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
• Microeconomics
• Public Economics
• Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
• Welfare Economics
• Browse content in Education
• Adult Education and Continuous Learning
• Care and Counselling of Students
• Early Childhood and Elementary Education
• Educational Equipment and Technology
• Educational Strategies and Policy
• Higher and Further Education
• Organization and Management of Education
• Philosophy and Theory of Education
• Schools Studies
• Secondary Education
• Teaching of a Specific Subject
• Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs
• Teaching Skills and Techniques
• Browse content in Environment
• Applied Ecology (Social Science)
• Climate Change
• Conservation of the Environment (Social Science)
• Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science)
• Natural Disasters (Environment)
• Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science)
• Browse content in Human Geography
• Cultural Geography
• Economic Geography
• Political Geography
• Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies
• Communication Studies
• Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences
• Browse content in Politics
• African Politics
• Asian Politics
• Chinese Politics
• Comparative Politics
• Conflict Politics
• Elections and Electoral Studies
• Environmental Politics
• European Union
• Foreign Policy
• Gender and Politics
• Human Rights and Politics
• Indian Politics
• International Relations
• International Organization (Politics)
• International Political Economy
• Irish Politics
• Latin American Politics
• Middle Eastern Politics
• Political Behaviour
• Political Economy
• Political Institutions
• Political Theory
• Political Methodology
• Political Communication
• Political Philosophy
• Political Sociology
• Politics and Law
• Public Policy
• Public Administration
• Quantitative Political Methodology
• Regional Political Studies
• Russian Politics
• Security Studies
• State and Local Government
• UK Politics
• US Politics
• Browse content in Regional and Area Studies
• African Studies
• Asian Studies
• East Asian Studies
• Japanese Studies
• Latin American Studies
• Middle Eastern Studies
• Native American Studies
• Scottish Studies
• Browse content in Research and Information
• Research Methods
• Browse content in Social Work
• Addictions and Substance Misuse
• Adoption and Fostering
• Care of the Elderly
• Child and Adolescent Social Work
• Couple and Family Social Work
• Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work
• Direct Practice and Clinical Social Work
• Emergency Services
• Human Behaviour and the Social Environment
• International and Global Issues in Social Work
• Mental and Behavioural Health
• Social Justice and Human Rights
• Social Policy and Advocacy
• Social Work and Crime and Justice
• Social Work Macro Practice
• Social Work Practice Settings
• Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice
• Welfare and Benefit Systems
• Browse content in Sociology
• Childhood Studies
• Community Development
• Comparative and Historical Sociology
• Economic Sociology
• Gender and Sexuality
• Gerontology and Ageing
• Health, Illness, and Medicine
• Marriage and the Family
• Migration Studies
• Occupations, Professions, and Work
• Organizations
• Population and Demography
• Race and Ethnicity
• Social Theory
• Social Movements and Social Change
• Social Research and Statistics
• Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
• Sociology of Religion
• Sociology of Education
• Sport and Leisure
• Urban and Rural Studies
• Browse content in Warfare and Defence
• Defence Strategy, Planning, and Research
• Land Forces and Warfare
• Military Administration
• Military Life and Institutions
• Naval Forces and Warfare
• Other Warfare and Defence Issues
• Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution
• Weapons and Equipment

Organic Chemistry: A Very Short Introduction

Author webpage

• Cite Icon Cite
• Permissions Icon Permissions

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds of carbon. As well as being central to life, in the form of large molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins, organic compounds are essential to many areas of industry. Organic Chemistry: A Very Short Introduction covers the whole range of organic compounds and their roles. Beginning with the structures and properties of the basic groups of organic compounds, it goes on to consider organic compounds in the areas of pharmaceuticals, polymers, food and drink, petrochemicals, and nanotechnology. It explores how new materials, such as graphene, are opening up exciting new possibilities for applications, and also discusses the particular challenges of working with carbon compounds, many of which are colourless.

Signed in as

Institutional accounts.

• GoogleCrawler [DO NOT DELETE]
• Google Scholar Indexing

Personal account

• Sign in with email/username & password
• Get email alerts
• Save searches
• Purchase content
• Activate your purchase/trial code

Institutional access

• Sign in with a library card Sign in with username/password Recommend to your librarian
• Institutional account management
• Get help with access

Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:

IP based access

Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.

Sign in through your institution

Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institution’s website and Oxford Academic.

• Click Sign in through your institution.
• Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in.
• When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.
• Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic.

If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institution’s website, please contact your librarian or administrator.

Sign in with a library card

Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian.

Society Members

Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways:

Sign in through society site

Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you see ‘Sign in through society site’ in the sign in pane within a journal:

• Click Sign in through society site.
• When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.

If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society.

Sign in using a personal account

Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below.

A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions.

Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members.

Viewing your signed in accounts

Click the account icon in the top right to:

• View your signed in personal account and access account management features.
• View the institutional accounts that are providing access.

Signed in but can't access content

Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian.

For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more.

Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions.

External resource

• In the OUP print catalogue
• About Oxford Academic
• Publish journals with us
• University press partners
• What we publish
• New features  
• Open access
• Rights and permissions
• Accessibility
• Advertising
• Media enquiries
• Oxford University Press
• Oxford Languages
• University of Oxford

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide

• Copyright © 2024 Oxford University Press
• Cookie settings
• Cookie policy
• Privacy policy
• Legal notice

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

Sign In or Create an Account

This PDF is available to Subscribers Only

For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.

• 1(877)219-7556 1(877)733-3925

Fully unique works only

Your privacy is our concern

Writing that is plagiarism free

Free Organic Chemistry Essay Sample

What is organic chemistry.

In Chemistry, organic chemistry is considered as a sub discipline involving the study of properties, structure, reactions, preparation (by synthesis and the structure compounds containing carbon atoms, hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Due to this, the compounds involved may contain any number of other chemical elements which include nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon and the halogens.

As a sub discipline, the study of organic compounds are diverse in structure and the application range of these compounds is considered enormous forming the basis oo the most important constituents of the many products that are made out of these compounds. These products include: petrochemicals, food, explosives et cetera and with the very least exceptions, they are considered to form the basis of all life processes that are in existence in on earth.

Characterization of Organic Compounds

Organic compounds have their existence occurring as mixtures. This has triggered the inventory of techniques to assess the purity of the compounds. This especially refers to techniques such as HPLC and gas chromatography used in Chromatography with the traditional separation methods such as distillation, solvent extraction and crystallization also in use.

Traditionally, organic compounds were characterized by chemical tests of different variations which were referred to as "wet methods". However, these tests were later replaced by more complex ones which are spectroscopic and involve the use of computer-intensive procedures which involve analysis.The analytical methods used are:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy - Considered as the most common technique in use, it is known to permit the complete assignment of connectivity of atoms as well as stereochemistry  by  means of correlation spectroscopy thus the principal constituents atoms involved with organic chemistry - carbon and hydrogen - are in natural existence with NMR responsive isotopes occurring respectively 1 H and 13 C.

Elemental Analysis - This method considered as destructive is used for the determination of composition of elements of a molecule.

Mass Spectrometry - This technique incorporates the indication a compounds molecular weight and its fragmentation patterns from its structure. For clear detection of exact formula compounds, a high resolution mass spectrometry is used in lieu of analysis of elements. Earlier, restrictions on mass spectrometry in relevance to neutral molecules showing signs of volatility were put in place. This was abolished as ionization techniques have paved way for the "mass spec" of most of the compounds that are of organic nature.

Crystallography - This is considered as an unambiguous procedure in which the molecular geometry of a crystal is determined. This requires that the availability of single crystals of the material is present hence the crystal act as a representative of the crystal sample. Through the advent of highly automated softwares, a structure of a crystal is able to be determined within hours of obtaining the suitable crystal. This has been acquired by scientists all over the world with traditional methods of spectroscopy being in use to-date in the identification of some specific classes of compounds.

These methods have been adopted by scientists with an aim of synthesizing of organic compounds which play a big role in the livelihoods of human beings and other creatures in the world.

Properties of Organic Compounds

Physical properties involved with organic compounds focus on quantitative and qualitative analysis of these compounds of interests. The Quantitative analysis involves factors such as the melting point, boiling point and the refractive index of a compound thus the qualitative analysis involves factors such as consistency, color, odor and the solubility of the substance.

Melting and Boiling Points

Organic compounds are characterized by their ability to reach melting and boiling points. Earlier in the years, these properties allowed for the determination of purity and identity as well as vital information on organic compounds. The melting point and boiling point of organic substances correlate with the polarity of molecules and their molecular weight. With this in place, organic compounds, in reference to symmetrical compounds sublime, this is with reason that their evaporation occurs without the presence of the melting process. An example of a compound that undergoes sublimation is paradichlorobenzene which is the odiferous constituents contained in mothballs. These compound that are organic in nature lack stability at temperatures above 300 o C. This is with the exception of some compounds.

Organic compounds that are of neutral nature tend to have hydrophobic characteristics. This means that they are less soluble in water than in organic solvents. This is with the exception of organic compounds that have ionizable groups as well as those with low molecular weight alcohols, amines and carboxylic acids. Where there is the occurrence of hydrogen bonding. Organic compounds have the tendency to dissolve in organic solvents. These solvents can either be pure substances like ether or ethyl alcohol and/or mixtures. These mixtures are paraffin solvents such as the various petroleum ethers and white spirits. The solubility of solvents involved with organic substance is dependant on the solvent type and on the functional groups.

Solid State Properties

The various properties of these compounds depend on the applications. i.e. thermo-mechanical and electro-mechanical applications such as piezoelectricity, electro-optical and electrical conductivity.

Structural Drawings

Organic molecules are usually described using structural formulas. And chemical symbols. This uses the line-angle formula which is simple and has its meanings clearly defined. Here, the endpoints and intersections contained in each of the line in the structure represent a single carbon and hydrogen atom thus organic compounds contain drawings that depict their nature and are greatly simplified. This is with the relation that organic compounds assume four bonds with two oxygen atoms, one hydrogen and three nitrogen atoms.

Classification of Organic Compounds

Functional groups.

The carboxyl acids family contains a carboxyl functional group (-COOH). An example is the acetic acid which is a carboxyl acid. The functional group in organic chemistry is the key concept involved in the classification of compounds. A functional group is considered to be the molecular module hence the reactivity of the functional group involved is based on assumption which is mainly within limits and considered to have the same characteristics in a certain variety of molecules.

These functional groups in certain ways exhibit influence that is considered decisive on the chemical and physical properties contained in organic compounds. While this is so, the molecules in these organic compounds are classified based on the functional groups of these compounds. Examples of organic compounds include Alcohols which derive the subunit C-O-H. Alcohols are hydrophilic in nature, and are easily converted to halides thus the formation of esters. These compounds classification fall under the function al groups of alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids et cetera.

Aliphatic Compounds

Compounds of this nature have three subdivisions consisting of a homologous series. This is so according to their saturation states. They include:

Alkanes which do not possess characteristics of double and triple bonds.

Alkenes which contain one or double bonds and are represented by addition of the prefix di.

Alkynes containing one or triple bonds.

The remaining compound classification is done according to the functional groups present. These compounds may possess either a straight chain or branched/cyclic chain. Due to this, their characteristic i.e. their octane number or number of cetane as used in petroleum chemistry, is affects the degree of branching.

Saturated and unsaturated compounds exist as derivatives of cyclic nature hence the stability of these compounds depend on the number of stable rings contained in the compound. This mostly varies from five to six carbon atoms. The smallest compound in the aliphatic compounds is the cyclopropane with the formula ((CH 2 ) 3 ). Compounds that are saturated have single bonds while those that are aromatic have double bonds which are alternating. Compounds of the Cycoalkanes group lack multiple bonds while those that are of the cycoalkenes and cycoalkyne groups contain double or multiple bonds.

Aromatic Compounds

Hydrocarbons of this nature contain double bonds that are conjugated. An example of such a compound is benzene, the conferment of cyclic compounds and their aromaticity is characterized by the presence of 4n + 2 thus having the pi delocalized electrons. The n stand for the integer whereas the instability is denoted by the presence of 4n pi electrons that are conjugated.

Heterocyclic Compounds

The alterations of cyclic hydrocarbons affect their characteristics. This is because the existence of heteroatoms is present. These heteroatoms may exist as substituents that have been externally attached to the exocyclic ring or as a member of the endocyclic ring. In this case, this ring is referred to as heteroccycle. Examples of this include pyridine and furan which are aromatic heterocycles while the other compounds are pipridine and tetrahydrofuran which correspond to alicyclic heterocycles.

This is a carbon property which is involved with the readily formation of chains through the bonding of carbon atoms. This process is referred to as polymerization. This can only result from the source compound which is referred to as a monomer. Polymers exist in two main groups i.e. artificial polymers which are industrially manufactured and synthetic polymers which occur naturally as bipolymers.

Organic synthetic polymers include polyethylene (Polythene) polyesters et cetera with synthetic and natural rubber being polymers. The polymers containing generic names may exist in many varieties thus the tuning of physical characteristics may be referred in for their usage. The alteration of the conditions during polymerization affects the chemical composition of a product through the alterations of the length of the chain. The physical characteristics such as heat resistance, color, abrasion, hardness, transparency, mechanical and the tensile strength will be dependant on the composition of the final product.

Organic Synthesis

Organic synthesis consists of a design where target molecules are cut into pieces according to their established reactions. This is done through the selection of optimal reactions as opposed to starting materials. This latter is followed through the utilization of the reactivity of the functional groups involved.

Importance of Organic Compounds

Organic compounds are used in the making of construction materials, polythene bags fragrances Et cetera. These compounds have different characteristics thus differ in formation and composition. Certain foods also contain organic elements thus are synthesized to achieve this.

The study of organic chemistry has enabled the creation of materials that have been synthesized. The synthesis which proved to be somehow tiring in earlier times has been simplified as through a known set of properties, synthesis can quickly take place thus the final product is generated. Due to this factor, organic chemistry has brought change to how products and other organic compounds are prepared.

Have NO Inspiration to write your essay?

Ask for Professional help

Search Free Essay

Please note!

Some text in the modal.

321 Interesting Chemistry Topics & Writing Tips

Chemistry studies matter and what it’s made of. It tells us how substances change and what properties they have. Chemistry seeks to answer questions such as: What is the Universe made of? How do elements react with each other?

Our specialists will write a custom essay specially for you!

Read our article to dive deeper into this intricate subject. What is more, we’ve prepared a list of 300 exciting chemistry-related topics. You can choose between organic, nuclear chemistry, biochemistry, and other branches. Our interesting topics in chemistry will make your studies more enjoyable!

Don’t forget that writing is our element. Is your assignment’s deadline closing in? Our custom writing service will take the pressure off you!

🔝 Top 10 Interesting Chemistry Topics

• ✅ Branches of Chemistry
• ✍️ Writing Tips

⭐ Top 10 Chemistry Essay Topics

• 🔬 General Chemistry Topics
• 🧑🥼 Chemistry Project Topics
• 🤔 Advanced Chemistry
• 🦠 Biochemistry
• 🧬 Organic Chemistry
• ♻️ Green Chemistry
• ⚗️ Inorganic Chemistry
• ⚛️ Nuclear Chemistry
• 🧮 Analytical Chemistry
• 🧪 Physical Chemistry

🔍 References

• Biochemistry in nursing
• Crystalloids vs. colloids
• The purpose of dilutions
• Principles of electrochemistry
• Why is stoichiometry so difficult?
• Are there alternative periodic tables?
• The polarity of bonds classification
• How is nuclear chemistry used?
• The importance of Lewis electron dot structure
• Endothermic reactions vs. exothermic reactions

✅ Main Branches of Chemistry

Chemistry is a broad subject that uses various methods of study. Because of this, scientists divide it into five main branches. These are organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, and biochemistry . Let’s investigate them:

• Organic chemistry examines life. It seeks to understand the molecular structure and behavior of living beings.
• Inorganic chemistry focuses on materials rather than living beings. Chemists of this field aim to advance technology.

• Physical chemists examine the atomic level of matter. This branch uses physics to study the processes in chemical systems.
• Analytical chemists investigate what matter consists of. They look for new analyzing procedures and ways to enhance existing ones.
• Biochemistry studies the fundamental biological systems. It improves our understanding of essential medical issues.

Now that we’ve sorted out chemistry basics, we can examine how to write about it. Whether you’re in high school or already in college, the following guide will help you compose an excellent chemistry paper!

✍️ Tips on How to Write a Chemistry Paper

Each subject has its own rules when it comes to writing papers. In chemistry, the organization is the key. That’s why the first step is to have your lab notes in order. Keep your notebook neat and tidy, and you will see that writing becomes much more manageable.

Just in 1 hour! We will write you a plagiarism-free paper in hardly more than 1 hour

On top of that, it’s good to have an idea of what an excellent paper should be like. There are three major points you should keep in mind: objectives, style, and structure.

• Objectives. Your goal is to identify and convey valuable information. If you want to share it with others, it should be presented as credible scientific work.
• Introduction. Say what your paper will be about.
• Methods. Present the methods and materials you use.
• Results. Describe what you observed during the experiment.
• Discussion. Analyze the results and summarize the relevance of your study.
• Style. Grammatically correct writing is a must. Your style should be formal, concise, and clear. Use the right tense: write your methods and results in the past. For general truths, you can switch to the present.

Finally, don’t forget that for any type of writing, the right topic is crucial. For inspiration, check out our excellent chemistry paper topics!

• The history of neurochemistry
• Astrochemistry vs. astrophysics
• Is radiochemistry a dying field?
• Pros and cons of being a biochemist
• New concepts of chemical engineering
• What makes quantum chemistry difficult?
• The importance of agricultural chemistry
• The impact of WW2 on computational chemistry
• Ernest Rutherford’s contribution to nuclear chemistry
• Computer chemistry vs. computational chemistry

🔬 General Chemistry Topics to Write About

Chemistry surrounds us in our everyday life. Have you ever seen moldy bread or boiling water? That’s chemistry in action. Have a look at these 30 easy topics for an introduction into chemistry:

• What happens to your body when it lacks vitamins ? 
• How does acid rain form? 
• Understanding pheromones: how do they affect humans? 
• Explain what atoms are made of. 
• Ionic and covalent compounds: a comparison. 
• How do you solve stoichiometry problems? 
• Give an overview of the states of matter. 
• A delicate balance: how do chemicals in our brains create moods? 
• Describe the noble gas configuration. 
• Marie Curie and her extraordinary legacy. 
• An introduction into acids and bases . 
• Write about hydrologic cycles.  
• What happens when a substance oxidizes? 
• Explain substitution reactions. 
• Compare the Bohr model with the plum-pudding and the Saturnian models. 
• How does a Geiger counter work? 
• Describe the significance of Rutherford’s gold foil experiment. 
• How Michael Faraday forever changed the scientific landscape. 
• What does Prout’s hypothesis state? 
• The history of european alchemy.  
• What are the periodic trends? 
• Explain how to analyze amino acids using protein hydrolysis. 
• What do catalysts do? 
• Everything about lab safety. 
• The radium craze of the early 20th century. 
• How does substance abuse impact your body? 
• Why is it essential to study chemistry in high school? 
• Reaction rates: how do we define them? 
• Before chemistry: ancient philosophy of things changing.  
• Examine how radioactive decay occurs. 

🧑🥼 Chemistry Projects Topics for Science Fair

Experiments are, without a doubt, the most fun part of chemistry. It’s exciting to watch colorful substances fizzle and bubble. If you need ideas for your next project, look no further. Just make sure to follow safety rules!

• Discover what determines the color changes when iodine and starch react.  
• Find out how to make photosynthesis visible. 
• Try to synthesize Aspirin. 
• Develop film and explain how you did it. 
• Fiddle a wire through an ice cube without drilling holes. 
• Assess the quality of water and find out what contaminates it.  

• Extract plant oil and study its properties.
• Observe what happens if you dye wool with different colors.
• Learn how to make a solution change color.
• Determine the amount of caffeine in various sorts of tea.
• How do you produce biogas or liquid from organic waste?
• Analyze the contents of your toothpaste . Can you find any health hazards?
• Make a water filter from scratch.
• Why does lemon juice stop apples from browning?
• Make a safe smoke bomb.
• Document the process of growing crystals .
• Identify the pollutants in the air around you.
• What makes a flame change color?
• Biometric technologies: how do they work?
• Study invisible ink. What makes it disappear?
• Wine: how do its chemical compounds relate to its taste?
• Emulsions: how to make and break them.
• Compare the effectiveness of different vegetable oils in biodiesel manufacturing.
• Assess the residue of pesticides in vegetables from various markets.
• Measure the density of soft drinks . How does sugar affect it?
• Conductivity: what types of solutions are the best electrical conduits?
• Food and science: how much energy do nuts and chips produce when burned?
• Analyze your hair and check for nutrients.
• Examine what soap needs to foam properly.
• Change a penny’s color to gold.

🤔 Advanced Chemistry Topics for an Essay

Once you’ve mastered chemistry’s fundamental concepts, you’re ready for the advanced part. Here, you will explore topics such as kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics. Consult our list for 30 interesting advanced chemistry topics:

Receive a plagiarism-free paper tailored to your instructions. Cut 20% off your first order!

• Polymers : what do we use them for? 
• How do spectroscopes work? 
• What chemical information can we find in meteorites? 
• Spectroscopy and its many applications. 
• Schrödinger’s Cat: what did it reveal about radioactive decay? 
• Examine the properties of imino-disaccharides. 
• The importance of carbohydrate-protein interactions in immunology. 
• CRISPR : how does it work? 
• Compare the types of noncovalent bonding. 
• Investigate how molecular recognition can be produced synthetically. 
• Describe the impact of nanotechnology.  
• How does nanoscience change our lives? 
• What does Le Châtelier’s principle state? 
• CBD: what advantages does it have? 
• What causes a chemical process to result in equilibrium? 
• Compare the types of equilibrium . 
• BPA : how toxic is it? 
• Behavior of ideal vs. non-ideal gases. 
• Magnetism and coordination compounds. 
• The principles of molecular orbital theory. 
• Why do certain compounds not exist? 
• How does water recycling work?  
• Cloud seeding: when is it useful? 
• What causes the weather to change? 
• Why do some plants rely on photosynthesis more than others? 
• Describe the properties of hydrogen. 
• Explain the connection between collision theory and concentration. 
• How do the ab initio methods work? 
• Chemistry and the brain: impact of neurotransmitters.  
• Examine the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. 

🦠 Biochemistry Topics to Research

Have you ever wondered what chemical processes happen inside living organisms? Here’s an example: when we breathe, we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. Biochemistry combines biology and chemistry to find out how life works on a molecular level. It’s a life science that deals with the cells, proteins, and lipids that form the core of every being. Clinical research highly benefits from biochemical knowledge.

• Explain enzyme inhibitors and their mechanisms.
• What are the benefits of epigenetics?
• Enzyme activity: how can you regulate it?

• Understanding the role of lipase in pathophysiological processes.
• The chemical processes behind metabolism .
• Amino acids: industrial applications.
• Consequences of a protein deficiency.
• Dietary supplements : help or hazard?
• How does the Citric Acid Cycle work?
• Glycolysis : how does it convert glucose?
• How do solutes move through biological membranes?
• Explain the sodium-potassium pump.
• Describe networks and alliances of the biotechnology industry.
• How does the body react to chlorine exposure?
• Cells gone rogue: the origins of cancer .
• Investigate the functions of hormones.
• How can we develop new vaccines?
• Discuss the ethics of stem cell research .
• The legacy of Dolly the sheep.
• SCNT: process and applications.
• What are the chemical compounds of blood ?
• How do you treat hemophilia ?
• The development of prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes .
• Discuss the cloning of a DNA fragment and Southern blotting.
• How does oxidative phosphorylation synthesize ATP?
• Compare the three types of crystallography.
• Copying DNA: the principles of PCR .
• How does recombination repair work?
• What causes redoximorphic features in various soils?
• Obtaining protein structures with x-ray crystallography.

🧬 Organic Chemistry Topics for Papers

Organic chemistry serves as the foundation for biochemistry. It is centered on carbon, which is essential to life. Carbon often bonds with other elements as well as itself. That’s what makes it the basis for all organic structures.

• Describe the properties of a chiral molecule.
• Atmospheric chemistry: methods and observations.
• Write about antioxidant potency of polyphenol-rich beverages.
• Enantiomers and the Fischer projection practice.
• Investigate possible relationships between stereoisomers.
• What are the benefits of chemoenzymatic synthesis?
• Explore the history of vitalism.
• The production of chemicals using carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions.
• Hydrocarbon : types and reactions.
• Examine the four essential types of organic compounds.
• How do free-radical reactions work?
• Pathogens: infection cycle and disinfection methods.
• Give examples of esters in everyday life.
• How do you turn alcohols into alkyl halides?
• Mechanisms of aerosol formation.
• Recent discoveries in molecular tuning.
• Chemical warfare: the dark side of organic chemistry.
• What makes a plant poisonous?
• What makes aromatic compounds unreactive?
• Phosgene: what makes it toxic?
• Explain the mechanism of the Diels-Alder Reaction.
• Alpha carbon reactions: when do aldol condensations occur?
• How do you identify organic compounds using infrared spectroscopy ?
• Bonds as springs: the mechanical molecular model.
• Antibiotic resistance: causes and effects.
• Identify factors that influence proton chemical shifts.
• What does the electron dot structure show?
• The properties and reactions of functional groups.
• What defines a compound as aromatic ?
• How do you name amines?

♻️ Green Chemistry Topics to Write About

If you’re concerned with sustainability, green chemistry is your area of choice. It finds ways to make chemical products less harmful to the environment. Research is done at every stage, from the product’s design to its disposal.

• How do you prevent pollution ?
• What do you do with toxic waste ?
• Discuss the twelve principles of green chemistry .
• Source reduction: what are the most effective ways?
• Biomimicry : is it the best way to sustainability?
• Eco-friendly packaging and its issues.
• Compare the effectiveness of various materials used in solar cells .
• What are the advantages of molar efficiency?
• Ionic liquids: are they the future of eco-friendly reagents?
• The U.S. acid rain program: pros and cons.
• How can the toxicity of paint be reduced?
• Innovative ways to avoid pesticides in agriculture.
• What are the types of bio-based renewable feedstocks?
• Are bioplastics beneficial for the environment?
• How do metathesis reactions help reduce greenhouse gas emissions?
• Computer chips: how do we make them more sustainable?
• Alternative energies: making fuel from chicken feathers.
• Is carbon capture effective?
• Will cultivated meat become a green alternative to traditional farming?
• How does the Plantrose process work?
• Discuss the petroleum products problem in the U.S.
• What are efficient ways to extract and use critical elements more
• How efficient is artificial photosynthesis?
• What are the best ways to remove carbon pollution?
• Electrocatalysis as a way to generate and consume fuels.
• Discuss the most pressing issues in green chemistry today.
• How does LCA work?
• What are efficient ways to extract and use critical elements more sustainably?
• Recycling and recovery of plastic.
• Describe the advantages of Levulinc Acid use.
• How can we make nuclear energy more viable?

⚗️ Inorganic Chemistry Topics for a Paper

Metals and minerals are parts of inorganic chemistry. Scientists in this field want to understand the behavior and properties of inorganic compounds. Practical uses include the manufacturing of fertilizers, adhesives, and coatings.

• What are the types of nucleosynthesis?
• In which ways are chemicals able to bond?
• How does molecular symmetry predict the chemical properties of a molecule?
• Vibrational spectroscopy: what is it used for?
• Discuss the importance of inorganic compounds in biochemistry.
• The history of atomic theory : an overview.
• Hematite: matter and mineral.
• The peculiarities of hydrogen bonds and polarity.
• What are the uses of point groups in inorganic chemistry?
• Determine the factors that impact Brønsted-Lowry acidity.
• How does HSAB explain reaction mechanisms ?
• What is lattice energy, and how can you measure it?
• How do you use coordination compounds as catalysts?
• Red Ferrosols: soil management issues.
• Examine the drawbacks of the crystal field theory.
• Define the selection rules for vibrational transitions.
• What is the most effective way to grow synthetic diamonds?
• How do you use the angular overlap model?
• Explain ligand effects.
• The magnetic properties of transition metal oxides.
• Gold: how does it serve medicine?
• The use of chemistry in jewelry manufacturing.
• How does the chemical structure of a gemstone determine its color?
• Alexandrite: what makes it so unique?
• How do ligand substitution reactions work?
• Determine the properties of the light types.
• What are the fundamental laws of photochemistry?
• What causes phosphorescence?
• Alloys: what are their benefits?
• The history of brass and its usage.

⚛️ Nuclear Chemistry Topics for an Essay

You’ve probably been x-rayed before. It means you’ve been exposed to radiation. Nuclear chemistry seeks to understand radioactivity-related processes. One of atomic science’s most critical problems is the disposal of radioactive waste.

Get an originally-written paper according to your instructions!

• How do you calculate an element’s half-life? 
• Compare the three different types of radiation. 
• What are the common uses of radioactive elements? 
• How do we know that a nucleus is stable? 
• Fukushima and Chernobyl disasters: a comparison.  
• How do elements transmute in the process of nuclear fission? 
• Cold fusion: will it ever be possible? 
• Radiation : how does it harm biological systems? 
• Describe the types of decay. 
• Nuclear waste: reprocessing, disposal, and transportation.  
• How is nuclear chemistry used in medicine? 
• Ways to destroy toxic organic compounds using irradiation. 
• Interactions between water and radioactive elements. 
• How are chemosensors used in radiation chemistry? 
• What are the biological applications of radiochemistry? 
• The nuclear fuel cycle: managing the disposal of nuclear fuel. 
• Discuss reactive hazards in the chemical industry.  
• Compare the efficiency of different extraction methods. 
• Fission products and surfaces: what happens when 9TcO2 gets in contact with steel? 
• Isotopic chemistry: what distinguishes it from nuclear chemistry? 
• Explore the history of NMR. 
• Henri Becquerel and the discovery of radioactivity. 
• The relevance of hydrogen in nuclear fusion. 
• What causes radioactivity? 
• The adverse effects of ionizing vs. non-ionizing radiation. 
• Why are some people skeptical about the term “ nuclear ?” 
• The Big Bang : how did it create the Universe as we know it? 
• Discuss the unsuccessful efforts in nuclear arms control.  
• How does radiocarbon dating work? 
• Mass spectrometry : ionization techniques. 

🧮 Analytical Chemistry Topics for Essays

The matter comes in all forms and shapes. It can be a compound or a single element. If you want to know how matter is structured, analytical chemistry has the answer. Scientists of this branch ensure that our food and other products are safe to consume.

• How does activation analysis work?
• Why is analytical chemistry important for the environment?
• How do you find iron in a mixture of metals?
• What are the ways to measure the amount of a specific substance in a compound?

• Identifying hazardous substances in cheese.
• A simple way to separate chemical compounds: gas chromatography .
• Aspirin vs. Ibuprofen: comparing the chemical mechanisms of pain relievers.
• Genetically modified foods and their impact on human health.
• Food allergies : where do they come from?
• The best techniques for quantitative chemical analysis.
• What are the standard techniques to measure the endpoint of a titration?
• Mass-based analysis: gravimetric analysis.
• How do you neutralize WVO?
• Drug safety approach in administration and nursing.
• Describe the three types of electroanalytical methods.
• How do you measure temperature using a calorimeter?
• Understanding thermodynamics : the Carnot cycle.
• The process of analyzing salt.
• How do you identify the shelf life of a medicine?
• Ways to find adulterants in drugs.
• Compare the healthiness of bottled water based on its chemical compounds.
• How can you test cholesterol in blood samples?
• Examine how analytical chemistry is used in forensic science .
• What are the advantages of spectrochemical methods?
• How do you detect pesticides using immunoassays?
• Miniaturization: how does it advance analytical chemistry?
• Capillary Liquid Chromatography: an overview.
• Immunochemistry: applications in environmental analysis .
• The development of analytical technology in the past 20 years.
• Explain how to determine PAH sources in soil.

🧪 Physical Chemistry Topics for Papers

Is chemistry not enough for you? Try combining it with physics! For physical chemists, it is crucial to understand how molecules and atoms act. They use various models to study the structure and behavior of these tiny particles.

• Explain how to determine an atom’s electron configuration.
• Describe the structure of an atom.
• Isotopes: why do they exist?
• What is the Time-of-Flight principle?
• How do you calculate the mass of an atom?
• Define successive ionization energies.
• What are the gas laws?
• Equation of state: ideal vs. real gases.
• Explain why the Earth is considered a closed thermodynamic system.
• What is the Avogadro constant?
• The difference between empirical and molecular formulae.
• Calculating percentage yields: balanced equations.
• How do intermolecular forces affect the melting point of a substance ?
• What are the four types of crystal structures?
• Define the types of forces that exist between molecules.
• Explain how to relate the melting point and conductivity of a substance to their type of structure.
• What is fire in terms of chemistry and thermodynamics?
• Reasons why molecules with polar bonds might not have a permanent dipole.
• How do internal combustion engines work?
• Endothermic or exothermic? Determining enthalpy change.
• What are the applications of Hess’s law?
• Explain the use of mean bond enthalpy.
• When does a collision not cause a reaction?
• How does temperature affect the reaction rate ?
• How do catalysts work?
• Describe what Born-Haber cycles are used for.
• Explore the history of thermochemistry .
• Give examples of quasi-static processes.
• The study of chaos: calculating entropy.
• When is a reaction reversible?

We hope that you found a topic you like. Now good luck with your essay!

You might also be interested in:

• 501 Research Questions & Titles about Science
• A List of 212 Brilliant Research Proposal Topics to Investigate
• 220 Best Science and Technology Essay Topics to Write About
• A List of 300+ Research Paper Topics: Interesting & Unique
• 281 Best Health & Medical Research Topics
• 150 Best Environmental Essay Topics & Questions
• 625 Excellent Presentation Topics & Tips
• 560 Unique Controversial Topics & Tips for a Great Essay
• Chemistry: Encyclopedia Britannica
• Different Types of Chemistry: University of Wisconsin
• General Chemistry Topic Review: Purdue University
• General Chemistry: University of Tennessee Chattanooga
• Topics in Advanced Chemistry: University of Otago
• Biochemistry Topics List and Learning Tools: Vital-IT
• Organic Chemistry: Khan Academy
• Basics of Green Chemistry: US EPA
• Exploring the Role of Green Chemistry at a Research University: Harvard
• Inorganic Chemistry: American Chemical Society
• Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Syllabus: Westfield State University
• Nuclear Chemistry: University of Pennsylvania
• Analytical Chemistry: American Chemical Society
• Physical Chemistry: AQA
• Share to Facebook
• Share to Twitter
• Share to LinkedIn
• Share to email

Culture is a set of knowledge, behaviors, and beliefs shared by a group of people. You would probably agree that it’s an integral part of humanity. It’s no wonder that students are often assigned to write about it. That’s why we came up with a list of interesting and creative...

The Earth is a complex system. To understand it, geologists examine the lithosphere and its layers. They trace our planet’s history by using physical and chemical methods. At the same time, geographers observe environmental patterns. They also focus on the interaction between humans and nature. Keep reading to find out...

Mathematics is the science of numbers and shapes. Writing about it can give you a fresh perspective and help to clarify difficult concepts. You can even use mathematical writing as a tool in problem-solving. In this article, you will find plenty of interesting math topics. Besides, you will learn about...

Cause and effect essays examine how an event happened and what consequences it had. Gaining weight after eating lots of fast food is an example of a cause-and-effect relationship. Possible topics cover a variety of subjects ranging from mental health to history and politics. This article gives you an outline...

An analysis essay aims to break down the subject in order to understand it. You can choose to analyze a text, a process, or an idea. This article will help you write a great essay! Selecting an interesting topic makes writing a lot easier. We’ve prepared a list of excellent...

Everybody knows that being healthy requires effort. We should exercise regularly and maintain a balanced diet. However, the reward is worth it. A healthy lifestyle prevents chronic illnesses and leads to better body performance. Besides, if you improve your physical well-being, your mental health will strengthen as well! In this...

Our code of ethics is derived from what we think is right or wrong. On top of that, we have to agree to the moral standards established by the society we live in. Conventional norms generally label theft, murder, or harassment as bad. However, there are many influences that impact...

A definition explains the meaning of a term or a concept. In a dictionary, you’ll find a definition in a single sentence. A definition paper, however, encompasses several paragraphs. Such an essay, amongst other things, can include personal experience and examples. To write a successful definition paper, you need to...

As simple as it is, the purpose of the descriptive essay is to explain or portray its subject. It can focus on any topic or issue you want to write about. Be sure that any middle school, high school, or college student can manage this type of creative writing assignment!...

Rhetorical analysis essay focuses on assessing the method used for delivering a message. This assignment isn’t about giving an opinion on the topic. The purpose is to analyze how the author presents the argument and whether or not they succeeded. Keep reading to find out more strategies and prompts for...

A narrative essay tells a story about a series of events. At the core of this kind of essay can be a personal experience or a fictional plot. Any story can be a basis for a narrative essay! Narratives can look similar to descriptions. Still, they are different. A descriptive...

Similar to the instructions in a recipe book, process essays convey information in a step-by-step format. In this type of paper, you follow a structured chronological process. You can also call it a how-to essay. A closely related type is a process analysis essay. Here you have to carefully consider...

Organic Chemistry Essays

Organic chemistry: hybridization, popular essay topics.

• American Dream
• Artificial Intelligence
• Black Lives Matter
• Bullying Essay
• Career Goals Essay
• Causes of the Civil War
• Child Abusing
• Civil Rights Movement
• Community Service
• Cultural Identity
• Cyber Bullying
• Death Penalty
• Depression Essay
• Domestic Violence
• Freedom of Speech
• Global Warming
• Gun Control
• Human Trafficking
• I Believe Essay
• Immigration
• Importance of Education
• Israel and Palestine Conflict
• Leadership Essay
• Legalizing Marijuanas
• Mental Health
• National Honor Society
• Police Brutality
• Pollution Essay
• Racism Essay
• Romeo and Juliet
• Same Sex Marriages
• Social Media
• The Great Gatsby
• The Yellow Wallpaper
• Time Management
• To Kill a Mockingbird
• Violent Video Games
• What Makes You Unique
• Why I Want to Be a Nurse
• Send us an e-mail

Chemistry Extended Essay Topic Ideas and RQs for IB Students

Table of contents

• Writing Metier

Greetings, future innovators and explorers of the chemical world! As a co-founder of Writing Metier , a platform dedicated to fostering the academic growth of IB students, it’s my pleasure to introduce you to THE LIST of good and the most important – working IB Chemistry extended essay topics. 

The adventure through chemistry is a quest for knowledge, spanning the micro to the macro, from the intricacies of molecular bonds to the grandeur of environmental chemistry. 

Our mission is to light the path for your exploration, offering a rich array of topics that serve as academic pursuits and as gateways to real-world impact. 

Thanks to the help of our IB writers , no I am able to break the list into various categories to cover as many ideas as possible.

Here’s a comprehensive guide that spans various aspects of chemistry, designed to spark curiosity and encourage in-depth exploration.

Organic Chemistry

• Synthesis of Biofuels : Investigating methods for producing biofuels from organic waste materials.
• Pharmaceutical Chemistry : Exploring the synthesis and analysis of pharmaceutical compounds.
• Green Chemistry : Developing sustainable and environmentally friendly synthesis methods.

Inorganic Chemistry

• Coordination Compounds : Examining the properties and applications of coordination compounds in medicine and industry.
• Catalysis : Investigating the role of catalysts in speeding up chemical reactions, with a focus on industrial applications.
• Metal Extraction : Analyzing methods for extracting metals from ores using different chemical processes.

Physical Chemistry

• Thermodynamics : Exploring the energy changes that occur during chemical reactions.
• Kinetics : Investigating the factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions.
• Spectroscopy : Using spectroscopy techniques to identify chemical compounds.

Environmental Chemistry

• Atmospheric Chemistry : Studying the chemical composition of the atmosphere and its impact on climate change.
• Water Quality Analysis : Analyzing pollutants in water sources and their effects on the environment.
• Soil Chemistry : Investigating soil contamination and remediation techniques.

Analytical Chemistry

• Food Chemistry : Examining the chemical processes involved in food production and preservation.
• Forensic Chemistry : Using chemical analysis to solve forensic cases.
• Pharmaceutical Analysis : Determining the composition and purity of pharmaceutical products.

Theoretical Chemistry

• Quantum Chemistry : Exploring the application of quantum mechanics to chemical problems.
• Computational Chemistry : Using computer simulations to solve chemical problems and predict the properties of molecules.
• Molecular Modeling : Designing and modeling new molecules for specific applications.

Materials Chemistry

• Nanotechnology : Investigating the synthesis and application of nanomaterials.
• Polymer Chemistry : Studying the synthesis and properties of polymers.
• Battery Technology : Exploring the chemistry behind battery materials and energy storage solutions.

Whether you’re passionate about creating sustainable solutions or unraveling the complexities of chemical reactions, this guide is designed to spark your imagination and set the stage for a journey of significant discovery.

Before I proceed to the list, I’ll also suggest that everyone who is interested in Chemistry check our article with the awesome IB IA Chemistry topics list. Moreover,you can always get assistance with writing your IB Chemistry extended essay from our experts at Writing Metier.

Each topic you’ll encounter is a step toward not only mastering the principles of chemistry but also applying them in ways that challenge, innovate, and inspire.

Are you ready for the list?

IB Chemistry EE Topic Ideas List

Below is a list of Chemistry Extended essay topics and research questions for each subcategory I’ve mentioned above, designed to align with IB Extended Essay criteria and, most importantly, spark interest in ambitious students who selected IB Diploma Program.

We’re stepping into an arena where the building blocks of life become the playground for our curiosity. 

Here, we explore how everything from the fuels that power our world to the medicines that keep us healthy are crafted. It’s a space where creativity meets science, transforming simple carbon chains into complex life-improving compounds.

Synthesis of Biofuels

• Research Question: How do varying feedstocks affect the efficiency and sustainability of biofuel production?
• Research Question: Which method offers a more sustainable and efficient pathway for biodiesel production: enzymatic or chemical?

Pharmaceutical Chemistry

• Research Question: How does the synthesis process affect the purity and effectiveness of aspirin?
• Research Question: Can specific chemical compounds enhance the effectiveness of existing antibiotics against resistant bacteria?

Green Chemistry

• Research Question: How do catalysts improve the efficiency and environmental impact of biodegradable plastics synthesis?
• Research Question: How can the principles of green chemistry be applied to reduce waste in industrial chemical syntheses?

Moving on from the carbon-centric universe of Organic Chemistry, we find ourselves in the diverse and often colorful world of Inorganic Chemistry. 

This is where metals, minerals, and other non-carbon elements take center stage, revealing a spectrum of compounds that influence everything from technology to medicine.

In Inorganic Chemistry, we venture beyond the realm of carbon to explore the vast array of elements that make up our world. From the coordination compounds that color our fireworks to the metals at the heart of our electronic devices, this field is about the endless possibilities that arise when we combine different elements from the periodic table.

Coordination Compounds

• Research Question: How does changing ligands in coordination compounds affect their color and absorption spectra?
• Research Question: How do specific coordination compounds enhance the efficiency of photocatalytic reactions?
• Research Question: How do heterogeneous catalysts compare in efficiency and selectivity in the production of biofuels?
• Research Question: Can nano-catalysts significantly improve the decomposition rates of common industrial pollutants?

Metal Extraction

• Research Question: How do different hydrometallurgical techniques affect the efficiency and purity of copper extraction?
• Research Question: Is bioleaching a more environmentally friendly method for gold extraction compared to traditional methods?

As we leave the tangible world of compounds and crystals, we approach the more abstract but equally thrilling domain of Physical Chemistry. 

Here, we zoom in even further, examining the very essence of chemical reactions and the energy that powers them.

Welcome to Physical Chemistry, where the micro meets the macro in the most fascinating ways. This is where we get to decode the secrets behind the energy changes in reactions , the speed at which they occur, and the advanced techniques we use to peek into the molecular realm. 

It’s like being a detective, but for molecules, uncovering clues about how and why reactions happen.

Thermodynamics

• Research Question: How do temperature changes affect the efficiency and voltage output of electrochemical cells?
• Research Question: How do energy changes in endothermic and exothermic reactions compare in terms of reaction spontaneity?
• Research Question: How does the introduction of different catalysts affect the decomposition rate of hydrogen peroxide?
• Research Question: How does varying the temperature influence the rate of esterification reactions?

Spectroscopy

• Research Question: How effective is UV-Vis spectroscopy in measuring the concentration of specific pollutants in water samples?
• Research Question: How can infrared spectroscopy be used to identify and distinguish between different organic compounds?

From the microscopic interactions in Physical Chemistry, we broaden our view to the impact of chemicals on our planet in Environmental Chemistry. It’s about understanding how chemical reactions don’t just happen in labs but are ongoing in the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the soil that feeds us.

Environmental Chemistry takes us into the heart of our natural world, examining how chemicals play a role in everything from the air quality in our cities to the health of our oceans. 

This is our chance to see how chemistry directly impacts our environment and what we can do to protect it. It’s a call to action, using our chemical knowledge for the greater good.

Atmospheric Chemistry

• Research Question: What role do nitrogen oxides play in the formation of urban smog, and how can their impact be mitigated?
• Research Question: How does the chemical composition of rainwater in industrial areas reflect the presence of atmospheric pollutants?

Water Quality Analysis

• Research Question: How do agricultural runoff and the presence of nitrates and phosphates affect the quality of water in local waterways?
• Research Question: What are the sources and potential health impacts of heavy metal contamination in urban drinking water supplies?

Soil Chemistry

• Research Question: How does acid rain alter soil pH levels and affect the availability of essential nutrients for plant growth?
• Research Question: What are the most effective chemical remediation techniques for restoring oil-contaminated soils?

After considering the broad environmental impacts, let’s zoom back in on the specifics with Analytical Chemistry. Here, we focus on the tools and techniques that allow us to measure, analyze, and understand the chemical makeup of our world.

In Analytical Chemistry, it’s all about the details. Whether we’re testing food for safety, analyzing forensic evidence, or ensuring the quality of pharmaceuticals, this field equips us with the precision to quantify the chemical components of various substances. 

It combines chemistry and detective work, where accuracy can solve mysteries and save lives.

Food Chemistry

• Research Question: How can chromatographic techniques be used to detect and quantify adulterants in olive oil?
• Research Question: How do different cooking methods affect the retention of vitamin C in commonly consumed vegetables?

Forensic Chemistry

• Research Question: How can chemical analysis of bodily fluids contribute to determining the time of death in forensic investigations?
• Research Question: How can the composition and distribution of gunshot residue be used to reconstruct crime scenes?

Pharmaceutical Analysis

• Research Question: How do different storage conditions affect the stability and efficacy of vitamin supplements?
• Research Question: What methods can be used to evaluate the purity and dosage accuracy of over-the-counter painkillers?

Leaving the hands-on world of analysis, we venture into the theoretical landscapes of Theoretical Chemistry. This is where imagination and mathematics converge , allowing us to predict and model the behaviors of atoms and molecules in ways we can’t always see.

Theoretical Chemistry invites us into a world of possibilities, where we use computers and equations to unlock the mysteries of chemical behavior. 

Here, we’re not just observing what happens; we’re predicting what could happen, exploring everything from the quantum level to complex molecular structures. It’s about pushing the boundaries of what we know and venturing into new territories of understanding.

Quantum Chemistry

• Research Question: How does quantum chemistry contribute to predicting the interaction between drugs and their target molecules?
• Research Question: How can quantum mechanics principles be applied to explain the bonding and structure of complex molecules?

Computational Chemistry

• Research Question: How can computational chemistry techniques be used to predict protein folding and its implications for diseases?
• Research Question: How accurate are computational methods in estimating the energies of chemical reactions compared to experimental data?

Molecular Modeling

• Research Question: How can molecular modeling be used to design efficient catalysts for use in green chemistry applications?
• Research Question: How does molecular modeling aid in the development of new materials for renewable energy sources, such as solar cells?

From the abstract models of Theoretical Chemistry, we transition to the tangible innovations of Materials Chemistry. This field is where theory meets application, leading to the development of new materials that shape the future of technology and society.

Materials Chemistry is where innovation takes form. From the nanomaterials that could revolutionize medical treatments to the polymers that reduce our environmental footprint, this field is about creating the future. 

It’s an exciting intersection of chemistry, engineering, and imagination, driving us towards solutions for some of the world’s biggest challenges.

Nanotechnology

• Research Question: How can nanoparticles be engineered to improve the efficiency and targeting of drug delivery systems?
• Research Question: How do nanomaterials contribute to enhancing the efficiency of solar panels?

Polymer Chemistry

• Research Question: How do biodegradable polymers decompose, and what is their environmental impact compared to conventional plastics?
• Research Question: How can conductive polymers be used in the development of flexible electronic devices?

Battery Technology

• Research Question: What are the key chemical reactions that occur in lithium-ion batteries, and how do they affect battery life and efficiency?
• Research Question: What are the most promising chemical alternatives to lithium-ion batteries for sustainable energy storage solutions?

These topics and research questions aim to inspire IB Chemistry students to explore the frontiers of chemical science, fostering a deep understanding and appreciation for the subject’s potential to address real-world challenges.

I hope these ideas will help in understanding the fundamental processes that shape our world and how we can harness them to improve our lives and protect our planet.

Select IB Chemistry EE Topic Wisely, My Friend

As I wrap up this guide with an amazing and detailed list of IB Chemistry Extended essay topics, I hope you feel inspired and ready to take on the challenge. 

The journey ahead is one of inquiry and perseverance, where your questions and experiments can lead to insights that resonate far beyond the classroom. At Writing Metier, our commitment to your success is unwavering. 

We’re here to assist you with all the complexities of your research and writing process, ensuring that your Extended Essay stands as a testament to your dedication and intellectual curiosity. 

As you select your topic, remember that your work has the potential to illuminate unknown aspects of chemistry and make a meaningful contribution to the scientific community. 

With Writing Metier’s chemistry essay writers by your side, your exploration into chemistry is not just an academic requirement; it’s an opportunity to leave your mark on the field. Together, let’s turn curiosity into discovery, transforming the theoretical into the tangible.

Free topic suggestions

Vasy kafidoff.

Vasyl Kafidoff is a co-founder and CEO at WritingMetier. He is interested in education and how modern technology makes it more accessible. He wants to bring awareness about new learning possibilities as an educational specialist. When Vasy is not working, he’s found behind a drum kit.

Similar posts

Biology extended essay topics and rqs for ibdp.

Whether you're fascinated by the intricate workings of ecosystems or intrigued by the complexities of cellular processes, this article offers a diverse range of IB Biology extended essay topics collected by expert academic writers to suit your interests. 

Business Management Extended Essay Topic Ideas and RQs

Looking for the perfect topic for your IB Business Management Extended Essay? Dive into our comprehensive guide, covering everything from organizational leadership to the latest trends in 2023. And if you need a bit of extra help, Writing Metier is just a click away to assist with topic suggestions, writing, and editing.

Economics Extended Essay Topic Ideas for IB Students

This article serves as a launchpad for students crafting their Economics Extended Essays, offering a diverse array of topics that span from the intricacies of microeconomic market structures to the broad strokes of macroeconomic policy. It provides a rich tapestry of ideas, inviting exploration into the complex interplay between economic theory and real-world application across various branches such as labor, environmental, and health economics.

English B Extended Essay Topic Ideas

Discover the perfect English B Extended Essay topic with our curated list, designed to spark your creativity and intellectual curiosity. And if you're looking for a bit of expert assistance in crafting your masterpiece, Writing Metier is just a message away. Let's turn your Extended Essay into a standout success!

Film Extended Essay Topic Ideas for IB Diploma

Explore a world of captivating Film extendedeEssay topics, perfect for cinema enthusiasts eager to delve into the art and industry of filmmaking. Discover your ideal subject for an insightful and academically rewarding exploration of film.

Global Politics Extended Essay Topics and Research Questions

Dive into the dynamic world of Global Politics with our curated list of Extended Essay topics for 2023. From the digital revolution in democracy to the environmental challenges reshaping our planet, these topics offer a gateway to understanding and analyzing the pressing issues of our time.

We rely on cookies to give you the best experince on our website. By browsing, you agree to it. Read more

Maintenance work is planned for Wednesday 1st May 2024 from 9:00am to 11:00am (BST).

During this time, the performance of our website may be affected - searches may run slowly and some pages may be temporarily unavailable. If this happens, please try refreshing your web browser or try waiting two to three minutes before trying again.

We apologise for any inconvenience this might cause and thank you for your patience.

Journal of Materials Chemistry A

Functional group substitution strongly influences the performances of covalent organic frameworks in the photocatalytic metal-free oxidase reaction †.

* Corresponding authors

a Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai, China E-mail: [email protected] , [email protected]

The exceptional performance of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) serving as metal-free photocatalysts has been demonstrated in numerous oxidation reactions. However, the intricate structure–activity relationship between the components, structures and reactivity of COFs remains poorly understood. This is due to their photocatalytic activity being influenced by various factors, including light absorption, charge carrier generation, separation, transport, and surface adsorption. In this study, a series of COFs with different functional group substitutions but similar topological structures were employed to investigate the relationship between the molecular structure and catalytic activity. The results reveal an activity trend in the representative superoxide radical-mediated Aza–Henry reaction, with COF-Br > COF-Cl > COF-H > COF-OMe > COF-H. Both the experimental results and density functional theory calculations confirm that the catalytic activities of COFs are closely linked to the band gap and electron affinity of the initial monomers. This study of the relationship offers a rational, time- and energy-saving strategy for developing effective COF-based photocatalysts. This approach involves evaluating the physical properties of COF monomers rather than conducting catalytic screenings on final solid COFs.

• This article is part of the themed collection: Journal of Materials Chemistry A HOT Papers

Supplementary files

• Supplementary information PDF (2511K)

Article information

Download citation, permissions.

Functional group substitution strongly influences the performances of covalent organic frameworks in the photocatalytic metal-free oxidase reaction

H. Chen, Q. Zhou, J. Hai, M. Zhu and F. Zhang, J. Mater. Chem. A , 2024, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D4TA00473F

To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .

If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.

If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content .

Social activity

Search articles by author.

This article has not yet been cited.

Advertisements