example of research title with author and date published

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Citing Sources: Sample Reference List Citations

Style Links & Samples
Sample Reference List Citations
Sample Notes and Bibliography Citations
Sample Author Date Citations
Citing Nontraditional Sources in Chicago
Sample Citations
Major Changes to the New MLA
Capitalization and Personal Names in Foreign Languages
Citing Primary Sources
Ancient Texts
Citation Consultations Policy

When formatting a citation in APA style, pay particular attention to italics, punctuation, indentation, and capitalization.

Many more samples of citations presented in the APA style can be found in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . Please consult this book or a librarian for help with unusual resources.

All of the following samples are taken from:

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

(In the above sample, the name of the organization is the author. Note that only proper names are capitalized in the title, and the edition number follows the title.)

Book: (This sample from Purdue OWL )

Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Book with an Editor:

Robinson, D. N. (Ed.). (1992). Social discourse and moral judgment . San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Note: italicize the title of the book and do not capitalize any words in titles except the first word, proper names, and after a colon. Use the author's or editor's initials only for first and middle names.

Chapter from an Edited Volume or Anthology :

Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective well-being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 17-43). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Scholarly Article:

Fuentes, A. (2016). Contemporary evolutionary theory in biological anthropology: Insight into human evolution, genomics and challenges to racialized pseudo-science. Revista Cuicuilco , 23 (65), 293-304.

Note: Do not set off the title of the article with quotes, italics, underlines, or capital letters (except for the first word, proper names or after a colon). Italicize the title of the journal and capitalize all words in the title of the journal. This sample includes the volume number (23) which is italicized to set it off from the other numbers. The issue number (65) appears in parentheses and is not italicized. You will also notice that there is no space left between the volume number and the first parenthesis for the issue number.

Scholarly Article (with multiple authors):

Calvo, M. G., & Lang, P. J. (2004). Gaze patterns when looking at emotional pictures: Motivationally biased attention. Motivation and Emotion, 28 , 221-243. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MOEM.0000040153.26156.ed

Note: This sample includes the volume number (28), which is italicized to set it off from the page numbers. There is no issue number in this example because the journal is paginated by volume. Provide the DOI when available for electronic documents. If a DOI is not available for a scholarly article retrieved online, you should supply the URL of the journal's homepage (NOT the URL from the database). Note authors' names, indentations, spare use of capital letters, page numbers, and use of periods and commas.

Charts and Graphs

Since the APA manual does not give direct information for citing every type of source, including charts or graphs, they instruct you to follow the example that is most like the source you are trying to cite. Be sure to provide enough information so your readers can locate the source on their own. When possible provide author or creator, year of publication, title, and publishing and/or retrieval data. When citing a chart, graph or map it may be best to follow the citation style for the format in which the information is presented.

All captions for charts should follow the guidelines below for captions for figures.

Captions for Figures (Charts, Graphs, and Maps): Publication manual of the American Psychological Association 5.20-5.25

All captions should be labeled as Figure followed by a number. The caption should begin with a descriptive phrase and include a citation to the original source and copyright information at the end.

example of research title with author and date published

Figure 1. Relations between trust beliefs and school adjustment at T1 and loneliness changes during development in early childhood. All paths attained significance at p> .05. Adapted from “The Relation Between Trust Beliefs and Loneliness During Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, and Adulthood,” by K. J. Rotenberg, N. Addis, L. R. Betts, A. Corrigan, C. Fox, Z. Hobson, & … and M. J. Boulton, 2010, Personality and social psychology bulletin , 36, p. 1090. Copyright 2010 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

Documentaries or Feature Films:

David, L., Bender, L., Burns S.Z. (Producers), & Guggenheim, P.D. (Director). (2006). An inconvenient truth [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.

Note : If a film is not available in wide distribution, add the following to the citation after the country of origin: (Available from Distributor name, full address and zip code).

Online Resources

More examples and samples of papers written using the APA style can be found at the following websites:

APA Style.Org The APA Citation Style's official website, as excerpted from the 6th edition.
Excelsior College OWL APA style guide from Excelsior College's Online Writing Lab.
Slate Citation Machine Excellent tool for citing sources in MLA and APA style. Simple fill in the form for the type of source you are citing, i.e. a book, journal article, website, etc., and this tool will show you the way to cite the reference. Be careful of your capitalization.
Cornell University Library Guide to APA Citation Style

Additional Information for Citing Special Sources

Ohio Wesleyan University - Citing Maps
Map Citation Guide from the University of North Carolina
Citation Fox (citation generator)
Knight Cite from Calvin College (citation generator)
Last Updated: Feb 15, 2024 12:48 PM
URL: https://libguides.dickinson.edu/citing

Chicago Citation Guide, Author-Date and NB, 17E: Author-Date Templates and Examples

Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition
Author-Date Templates and Examples
Notes and Bibliography Templates and Examples
Paper Formatting (NB)
Introduction
Collecting Citations
Backing-Up/Syncing
Placing Citations in a Document

Supplemental Files

Chicago Author-Date PDF Printable PDF of this tab
Chicago Author-Date Powerpoint Used in the 25-minute workshop.

Tips Before Turning In

Before submitting your paper to the instructor, be sure to review these tips and make corrections to your reference list.

If your instructor’s preferred style differs from this suggested style, always follow your instructor’s directions.
The Author-Date format uses a reference list, called References or Works Cited or Literature Cited, rather than a bibliography.
The reference list only includes those items cited in parenthetical citations.
The reference list is first alphabetical by author, then chronological by year, then alphabetical by title. Include but ignore initial A, An, and The when alphabetizing by title.
Author-date format does not recommend authors use the ------ for repeated names in a reference list. Repeat the names for each entry, then sort chronologically.
In the reference list, if there are two or more citations with the exact same author(s) AND the same year, place them in alphabetical order by title. Then add a, b, c, etc. directly after the year. Use this year with a letter in the parenthetical citation. Include but ignore initial A, An, and The when alphabetizing by title.
For in-text parenthetical citation, punctuation follows the closed parenthesis, if it is needed at all.
Use et al. in parenthetical citations for four or more authors, using only the first author's last name, then et al., followed immediately by the year (e.g., Caballero et al. 1990, 55). The reference list citation includes all authors in the order they appear on the item.
For a Web page, if there is no publication or revision date, you place n.d. as the publication date then include and access date, using Accessed Month date, YYYY.
Note that n.d. has no space between the letters, takes a comma-space before it with in-text citation, and stays lower case always.
The reference list is formatted using a hanging indent (Ctrl+T). Each entry is single spaced, but there is an empty line between each citation.

For More Information

For more detailed information and examples, please see:

The Chicago Manual of Style , 17 th ed.

Z253 .U69 2017

held at the Reserve Desk and the Reference Desk. Chapter 15 (pp. 891-921) relates to Chicago’s Author-Date format.

Article (two authors)

Book (one author), essay acting like a chapter in an edited book (three authors + editor), web page (no publication or revision date and with a publication date), multiple sources.

An in-text citation with multiple sources separates each of them with a semi-colon. The order in the citation may be alphabetical, chronological, or may be in order of importance. It is the author's choice or what is required by the professor, journal, or publisher.

YouTube Video

Citing a YouTube video or other similar source, starts with the same pieces as previous examples. You need author, date, title, source (YouTube), and URL.

<< Previous: Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition
Next: Notes and Bibliography Templates and Examples >>
Last Updated: Feb 13, 2024 8:43 AM
URL: https://libguides.csusb.edu/chicago

Tilburg University
APA 7th manuals

Citing sources according to APA guidelines

3.5 reference elements: author, date, title, source.

Introduction
1.1 Works with one, two, or three+ authors
1.2 Multiple works
1.3 Works with an organization as the author
1.4 Works with an unknown or anonymous author
1.5 Works with an unknown publication year
1.6 Specific parts of a work: e.g., a page, slide, figure, (audio)visual work
1.7 Personal communications
1.8 Works cited in parenthetical text
1.9 General mentions of websites or periodicals
1.10 Secondary sources (works cited in another work)
1.11 Software and mobile apps
1.12 ChatGPT and other AI tools
2.1 Short and long direct quotations
2.2 Allowed changes to direct quotations
2.3 Textual works without page numbers (e.g., webpages)
2.4 (Audio)visual works
2.5 Reproducing figures or tables from another source: Copyright
2.6 Reproducing a figure from another source Templates & Examples
2.7 Reproducing a table from another source Templates & Examples
3.1 Formatting of the reference list
3.2 Abbreviations
3.3 Order of reference list entries
3.4 Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
3.6 Retrieval dates in references to online sources
3.7 Missing reference information: What to do?
4.1 Periodical works: Journal article ǀ Article from UpToDate, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ǀ Magazine article ǀ Newspaper article ǀ Blogpost, Comment on a blogpost
4.2 Books or e-books: Authored book ǀ Edited book ǀ Chapter in edited book ǀ Multivolume works ǀ Volume in a multivolume work ǀ Chapter in a volume of a multivolume work ǀ Ebook & Audiobook with non-database URL ǀ DSM
4.3 Reference works: Entry in a dictionary ǀ Entry in an encyclopedia ǀ Wikipedia article
4.4 Grey literature: Report ǀ Annual report ǀ Preprint ǀ Working paper ǀ Discussion paper ǀ White paper ǀ Fact sheet ǀ Press release
4.5 Contributions to conferences, congresses, meetings, symposia
4.6 Theses ǀ Dissertations
4.7 Data sets ǀ Software, Mobile apps ǀ Tests, Scales, Inventories
4.8 Audiovisual works: TED Talk ǀ Webinar ǀ YouTube video ǀ Podcast as a whole, Podcast episode
4.9 Visual works: Artwork in a museum or on a museum website ǀ Clip art, Stock image ǀ PowerPoint slides ǀ Infographic
4.10 Social media: Twitter / X ǀ Instagram ǀ TikTok ǀ Facebook ǀ Online forum (e.g., Reddit)
4.11 Webpages
4.12 ChatGTP and other AI tools
5. Formatting an APA Style student paper

A reference is made up of four elements: author, date, title, and source. Each element answers a question:

Cameron, L. D., Thomason, B., & Conzon, V. M. 2021. Risky business: Gig workers and the navigation of ideal worker expectations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106 (12), 1821–1833. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/apl0000993

References in APA Style have a hanging indent, which means the first line is flush left, and all subsequent lines are indented 0,5 inch to the right. How a hanging indent is made (in Word) is explained in Subsection 3.1: Formatting of the reference list .

Explanation by element

Format of the author element .

List surnames first, followed by the initial(s). Use comma’s to separate an author’s surname and initials. Use one space between initials. If there are multiple authors, place an ampersand (&) before the final author. List up to and including 20 authors. Author, A. A. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author C. C., Author, D. D., & Author, E. E.
If there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors’ names, insert an ellipsis, then give the final author’s name (which is not preceded by an ampersand). Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., . . . Author, Z. Z.
Retain hyphens in given names (e.g., Jean-Paul): Sartre, J.-P.
Write particles in surnames (e.g.: van, de, van de(r), von) depending on the spelling the author uses in the work you are citing (this also applies to the corresponding in-text citation.) Dutch authors, for example, typically use lower-case letters for prefixes while American and Flemish authors tend to use capital letters. van der Linden, J. Van Nuys, K. B. In-text citations: ( van der Linden , publication year) and ( Van Nuys , publication year).
Spell out the full name of organizations. When the organizational author is part of a larger organization, mention the larger entity first. American Psychological Association. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. In text, you may abbreviate the organization’s name (after you have mentioned the full name once) if the abbreviation is familiar. How to do this is explained in Subsection 1.3: Works with an organization as the author .
Move the title of a work without a known author to the author position. Capitalize the first word of the title and the subttile (if present), and all proper nouns. Sleep disorders as risk factor for chronic postsurgical pain: A systematic review. In text, a shortened title is used when the title is long. The (shortened) title is enclosed in double quotation marks when the work is part of a greater whole (e.g., book chapters). For titles of stand-alone works (e.g., books) italics are used. For more guidance and examples, see Subsection 1.4: Works with an unknown author .
If a real name and a username name are both known (e.g., for some social media authors), provide the real name of the author, followed by the username in square brackets. Obama, M. [@MichelleObama].
If only a username is known, provide the username. TimmyD.
When referencing an entire edited book, place the editor’s name in the author position, followed by the abbreviation “Ed.” (or “Eds.” when a book has more editors) in parentheses. McLachlan, M. K. (Ed.). Smythe, B., & Jansson, Y. M. (Eds.). For a reference example, see Subsection 4.2: Edited book or e-book .
When referencing a chapter in an edited book, provide the chapter author’s name and initial(s) first, followed by the publication date and the chapter title. Then provide the initial(s) and surname (in that order) of the book editor(s). Precede the name of the (first) editor by the word “In.” and give the title of the edited book (in italics). Note that between the names of the editors and the title of the edited book, there is a comma. Simon, G. (2022). Title of edited book chapter. In B. Smythe, & Y. M. Jansson (Eds.), Title of edited book. For a reference example, see Subsection 4.2: Chapter in an edited book or e-book .

Format of the date element

Immediately after the author’s name, give (in parentheses) the publication date.

For books, this is the publication year. Use the copyright year, as stated on the book’s copyright page.
For manuscripts accepted for publication but not yet published, write “in press” (without capital letters). Schaefer, J. R. (in press).
For magazines, this is the year and month. (2022, August).
For newspapers, newsletters, blog posts, podcast episodes and social media posts, this is the year, month, and day. (2021, January 12).
For a contribution to a conference, this is not the day of the contribution, but the entire time period of the conference. (2022, February21-25).
For a work whose date cannot be traced, this is “n.d.” (for “no date”). Smith, P. (n.d.).
If no specific date is mentioned, but there is a “last updated” date that clearly applies to the content, you can use the “last updated” date.
Use “n.d.” (for “no date”) if there is no specific or “last updated” date.

Retrieval date in references to online sources

You only need to Include a retrieval date in the reference if the online source is unarchived AND designed to change over time. The majority of references to online sources do not include a retrieval date.

For more guidance and examples of online sources that require a retrieval date, see Subsection 3.6: Retrieval dates in references to online sources .

Format of the title element

How the title of a work is written – italicized or not – depends on the type of work.

• Title element of works that stand alone

Italicize the title of stand-alone works.

Books, reports, webpages and websites

Capitalize the first word of the main title and the subtitle (if any), and all proper nouns. Place a colon between the main title and the subtitle.

Periodicals (journals, magazines, newspapers, newsletters, blogs)

Provide only the main title of the periodical (omit subtitles). Capitalize the first word of the title and all major words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and all words with four letters or more (including “Between,” “About,” “From,” “With”).

More examples of stand-alone works include: reports, dissertations, theses, films, press releases, television series, podcasts, Youtube videos, data sets, unpublished manuscripts, blogs, or social media.

• Title element of works that are part of a greater whole

Do not italicize the title of works that are part of a greater whole.

Book chapters, journal articles, magazine articles, newspaper articles

More examples of works that are part of a greater whole include: television episodes, tweets, Facebook updates, encyclopedia/dictionary entries, Wikipedia entries, or podcast episodes.

Descriptions of form

After the title, any description of form is provided (in square brackets) that is important for identification and retrieval of the work.

Other form-specific descriptions include:

Please note

When you used an ebook, do not include “[E-book]” in the title element.
For ebooks, the platform or device (e.g., Kindle) are not included in the title element.

Format of the source element

First, the source element consists of publisher information. Since nowadays many (academic) works are available online, the source element often comprises a DOI or a URL. Never heard of the DOI? Read all about it in Subsection 3.4: Digital Object Identifier (DOI) .

As with titles, sources fall into two categories: works that stand alone and works that are part of a greater whole.

• Source element for works that stand alone

For books and other stand-alone, nonperiodical publications (such as reports, dissertations, theses, films, TV series, podcasts, data sets, and social media) the name of the publisher is included in the source element.

Greenberg, L. S. (2021). Changing emotion with emotion: A practitioner's guide. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000248-000

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

• Source element for works that are part of a greater whole

For works that are part of a greater whole, the source element consists of information about the "parent" publication.

Articles from a periodical work For articles, the source element consists of periodical information: the title of the periodical (e.g., journal, magazine, newspaper, blog, newsletter), and (if applicable) volume number, issue number, and page range or article number/eLocator.

List the title and volume number of the periodical (both in italics). Separate title and volume number with a comma.
Include the issue number for all periodicals that have issue numbers. Place the issue number immediately after the volume number, and enclose it (not in italics) in parentheses. The issue number is not italicized, is enclosed in round brackets and follows immediately – without a space – after the volume number.

Rebora, A. (2021). Zaretta Hammond on equity and student engagement. Educational Leadership, 79 (4), 14–18.

Some online-only journals publish articles that have article numbers (sometimes called “eLocators”) rather than unique page ranges. PLOS ONE, 16 (2), Article e0246739.
Precede page numbers for newspapers articles by “p.” (if the article appears on one page) or “pp.” (if the article appears on a range of pages). Use an en dash (–) to separate page numbers. The Guardian, p. 12 . Financial Times, pp. 6–7. Provide all page numbers (separated by a comma) for newspaper articles printed on discontinuous pages. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.

Salisu, A. A., Adediran, I. A., & Gupta, R. (2022). A note on the COVID-19 shock and real GDP in emerging economies. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 58 (1), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2021.1981854

For journal articles without a DOI in print or from a library database, end the source element with the periodical information. For a reference example, see Subsection 4.1: Journal article without DOI .

Please note You do not need to include a retrieval date before the URL. APA 7 requires this only for a small category of online sources. See subsection 3.6: Retrieval dates in references to online sources for explanation and examples.

Chapters in edited books & Entries in reference works For edited book chapters and entries in reference works (e.g., dictionary definitions) the source is the edited book or the whole reference work. The title of the edited book or the entire reference work is therefore italicized. For reference examples, see Subsection 4.2: Chapter (with DOI) in an edited book and Subsection 4.3: Reference works .

<< Previous: 3.4 Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
Next: 3.6 Retrieval dates in references to online sources >>
Last Updated: Apr 23, 2024 3:19 PM
URL: https://libguides.uvt.nl/apa-manual

Research Guides
Citing Your Sources
Chicago: Author-Date (17th)

Citing Your Sources: Chicago: Author-Date (17th)

Citing Basics
Writing & Citing
Chicago: Notes (17th)
Citation Tools

Chicago Author-Date

About chicago 17th ed.: author-date.

The Chicago Manual of Style Author-Date system is used by scholars in the social sciences and sciences. For arts, history, and humanities, see the Notes/Bibliography system.

Citing sources in this style consists of two parts:

An in-text citation
A reference list

The in-text citation points the reader to the full information about the source found in the reference list.

See How to Format In-Text Citations , How to Format the Reference List , and the examples of types of sources in the left navigation for further details.

How to Format In-Text Citations

An in-text citation provides your reader with two pieces of information:

The the last name of the author(s) used in the corresponding reference list entry
The year the work was published

Standard Formatting of the In-Text Citation

For more detailed information see Chicago Manual of Style , 15.21 - 15.31 .

Enclose the author's last name and the year of publication in parentheses with no intervening punctuation. (Smith 2016)
For no author , see the "How do I deal with ____?" section.
For two to three authors, include the last names of authors using commas and and (Smith, Lee, and Alvarez 2016)
For four or more authors, include the last name of the first author and et al. (Smith et al. 2016)
When editors, translators, or compilers are used as the author, do not include their role (trans., ed., comp.) in the in-text citation.
When the reference list has works by authors with same last name , include their first initial in the in-text citation (B. Smith 2016) (J. Smith 2009)
If an author has published multiple works in the same year , alphabetize the titles in the reference list and then add a, b,c, etc. to the year (Lee 2015a) (Lee 2015b)
To cite specific page(s) , add a comma and the page number(s) (Smith 2016, 21-23)
If the author's name appears in the sentence, do not include the name again in the parentheses Smith (2016) indicates that good citation practices are important.
To cite more than one reference in a single in-text citation, separate the references by semicolons. If the works are by the same author, use just the year and separate with a comma. See CMOS 15.30 for details. (Smith 2016; Lee 2015) (Smith 2016, 2013; Lee 2015)

How to Format the Reference List

General formatting of the reference list.

For more detailed information see Chicago Manual of Style , 1 5.10 - 15.20

The reference list provides the full details of the items you have cited in your paper. Here are some general features of the reference list:

Usually titled References or Works Cited
Entries begin with author(s) and date of work; other required elements depend on the type of source. See examples in the left navigation.
alphabetize using the letter-by-letter system, in which an entry for “Fernández, Angelines” would come before the entry for “Fernán Gómez, Fernando” (d in " Fernández" comes before G in " Gómez")
If there is no author , use the first word of the title of the work (excluding The, A, An).
Single-author entries precede multiauthor entries beginning with the same name.

Du Bois, W. E. B. 1898. "The Study of the Negro Problems." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 11 (January): 1-23. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1009474.

———. 1903. The Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches . Chicago: A. C. McClurg.

———. 1947. The World and Africa: An Inquiry into the Part Which Africa Has Played in World History . New York: Viking.

Olney, William W. 2015a. "Impact of Corruption on Firm-Level Export Decisions." Economic Inquiry 54 (2): 1105–27.

Olney, William W. 2015b. "Remittances and the Wage Impact of Immigration." Journal of Human Resources 50 (3): 694-727.

How do I deal with ___?

Missing citation elements.

(World Bank 2011)

( New York Times 1912)

If the author is unknown, start the reference list entry with the title. For the in-text citation, use the title, which can be shortened as long as the first word matches the reference list entry ( CMOS , 15.34 )

(Human Rights Campaign, n.d.)

(Library of Congress, n.d., under "Slave Narratives and the New Debate about Slavery")

Place: Use n.p. if it is unknown. If it can be surmised, put in brackets with a question mark. ( CMOS , 14.132 )
Publisher: If not listed on the title page or copyright page, use "self-published" or "printed by author." (CMOS, 14.137 )

More than one author

List authors in order they appear on title page
In the reference list, invert the first author's name only and place a comma before and after the first name
Use the word "and," not an ampersand (&)
For works with 4-10 authors, list all names in the reference list, but only use the first author's name followed by et al. in the in-text citation.
For works with more than 10 authors, only include the first 7 authors and et al. in the reference list ( CMOS , 15.9 , 15.16 , 15.29 , 14.76 )

In-text Citations:

(Geis and Bunn 1997, 17)

(Chih-Hung Ko et al. 2009, 600)

Reference List:

Geis, Gilbert, and Ivan Bunn. 1997. A Trial of Witches: a Seventeenth-Century Witchcraft Prosecution . London: Routledge.

Ko, Chih-Hung, Ju-Yu Yen, Shu-Chun Liu, Chi-Fen Huang, and Cheng-Fang Yen. 2009. "The Associations between Aggressive Behaviors and Internet Addiction and Online Activities in Adolescents." Journal of Adolescent Health 44 (6): 598-605.

Using a source quoted in a secondary source

It is always better to consult the original source, but if it cannot be obtained, give information about the original source in the running text and include "quoted in" in your in-text citation for the secondary source. Include only the secondary source in your reference list. ( CMOS , 15.56 )

In his 1844 book Thoughts on the Proposed Annexation of Texas to the United States , Theodore Sedgwick opines "The annexation of Texas instead of strengthening the Union, weakens it" (quoted in Rathbun 2001, 479).

Rathbun, Lyon. 2001. "The Debate over Annexing Texas and the Emergence of Manifest Destiny." Rhetoric & Public Affairs 4 (3): 459-493.

Examples: Books, Chapters

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 15.9 , 15.40 - 15.45

Author Last Name, First Name. Year. Book Title . Place: Publisher.

For e-books, include the provider of the book, the URL, or e-book application/device at the end of the citation. (CMOS, 14.159 - 14.163 )

Feder, Ellen K. 2007. Family Bonds: Genealogies of Race and Gender . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ProQuest ebrary.

Nairn, Tom. 1997. Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited . London: Verso.

Stewart, K. J. 1864. A Geography for Beginners . Richmond: J. W. Randolph. http://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/stewart/stewart.html.

Edited Book

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 15.9 , 15.36

Author Last Name, First Name, ed. Year. Book Title . Place: Publisher.

Dmytryshyn, Basil, ed. 1999. Imperial Russia: A Source Book, 1700-1917 . New York: Academic International Press.

Chapter or Essay in Book

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 15.9 , 14.106 - 14.112

Roell, Craig H. 1994. "The Piano in the American Home." In The Arts and the American Home, 1890-1930 , edited by Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling, 193-204. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

Entry in a Reference Book

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.232 , 14.233 , 14.234

Well-known encyclopedias and dictionaries are usually cited in the running text only. For other reference works, cite as a book or book chapter.

Examples: Articles

Journal article.

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 15.9 , 15.46

Author Last Name, First Name. Year. "Article Title." Journal Title Volume (Issue): Page Range of Article. URL/DOI.

For journal articles consulted online, use a URL based on a DOI (begins with https://doi.org/). Otherwise, use the URL provided with the article.

Hunter, Margaret. 2016. "Colorism in the Classroom: How Skin Tone Stratifies African American and Latina/o Students." Theory into Practice 55 (1): 54-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2016.1119019.

Thompson, Maxine S., and Keith Verna M. 2001. "The Blacker the Berry: Gender, Skin Tone, Self-Esteem, and Self-Efficacy." Gender and Society 15 (3): 336-57. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3081888.

Magazine Article

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 15.4 9

Magazine articles can be cited in the running text (e.g., As Scott Spencer mentions in his May 1979 Harper's article "Childhood's End," ....) and not included in the reference list. However, if a formal citation is needed, follow the example below, repeating the year with the month and day.

Author Last Name, First Name. Year. "Article Title." Magazine Title , Month Day, Year, Page Range of Article.

If citing an online magazine, end the citation with the URL, library database, or app.

Spencer, Scott. 1979. "Childhood's End." Harper's , May 1979, 16-19.

Tobar, Héctor. 2016. "Can Latinos Swing Arizona?" New Yorker. August 1, 2016. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/08/01/promise-arizona-and-the-power-of-the-latino-vote.

Tobar, Héctor. 2016. "Can Latinos Swing Arizona?" New Yorker (iPhone app). August 1, 2016.

Newspaper Article

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 15.49 , 14.191 - 14.200

Newspaper articles can be cited in the running text (e.g., As John Eligon mentioned in his November 18, 2015 New York Times article ....) and not included in the reference list. However, if your professor requires it, follow the examples below, repeating the year with the month and day.

Author Last Name, First Name. Year. "Article Title." Newspaper Title , Month Day, Year. sec. Section.

Page numbers are not included because articles can appear on different pages in different editions. For regularly occurring columns, cite with both the column name and headline or just the column name. If citing an online newspaper, include the URL at the end. If citing from a library database, include the database name.

Eligon, John. 2015. "One Slogan, Many Methods: Black Lives Matter Enters Politics." New York Times , November 18, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/19/us/one-slogan-many-methods-black-lives-matter-enters-politics.html.

Erlanger, Steve. 1998. "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army's Role." New York Times , May 8, 1998, sec. A.

King, Martin Luther, Jr. 1966. "Negro Faces Dixie Justice." My Dream. Chicago Defender , April 23, 1966. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

Examples: Web Pages, Blogs, Social Media

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 15.51 , CMOS quick guide

Author Last Name, First Name. Last Modified Year. "Page Title." Website Title. Last modified Month Day, Year. URL.

If there is no personal author, start with the page title or site sponsor. If there is no last modified date, use n.d.

DeSilver, Drew. 2018. "The Real Value of a $15 Minimum Wage Depends on Where You Live." Pew Research Center. Last modified October 10, 2018. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/10/10/the-real-value-of-a-15-minimum-wage-depends-on-where-you-live/.

Human Rights Campaign. n.d. "Maps of State Laws and Policies." Accessed April 25, 2019. http://www.hrc.org/state_maps.

Blog Posts and Comments

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 15.51 and 14.208

Blog posts and comments are generally cited in the running text and omitted from the reference list. If a reference list entry is needed, follow the example below.

Author Last Name, First Name. Year. "Post Title," Blog Title (blog), Month Day, Year. URL.

If the blog has the word "blog" as part of its name, "(blog)" should not be included in the citation. If the blog is a part of a larger publication, include that title, too.

Stewart, Jenell. 2016. "Natural Hair Creates a More Inclusive Standard," My Natural Hair Journey (blog), Huffington Post , July 12, 2016. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jenell-stewart/natural-hair-creates-a-more-inclusive-beauty-standard_b_10949874.html.

Social Media

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.209 and 15.52

Citations for social media content can often be incorporated into the text:

Reacting to the Obergefell v. Hodges decision, Obama tweeted, "Today is a big step in our march toward equality. Gay and lesbian couples now have the right to marry, just like anyone else. #LoveWins" (@POTUS44, June 26, 2015).

If you cite an account frequently or an extensive thread, use the format below for the reference list. Direct or private messages shared through social media are treated as personal communication (see COMS , 15.53 ).

Use the screen name in the author position if there is no real name. If you have already fully quoted the text of the post, that element is not needed in the note. If relevant, include media type (photo, video, etc.) after the name of the social media service.

Examples: Music, Film, TV, Images

Note: In many cases media can be cited in the running text or grouped in a separate section or discography, but author-date style citation can be created by adapting the format used in the notes/bibliography style, moving the year to the second position. You can choose whom to list as the author depending on the focus of your citation. While you should always cite the format you used, the original date of the work, if known, should be privileged in the citation. ( CMOS , 15.57 )

Music Score

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.255

Published music scores are cited like books and book chapters.

Composer Last Name, First Name. Year. "Song Title." In Book Title , edited by Editor First Name Last Name, Inclusive Pages for Song. Place: Publisher.

Johnson, Charles L. "Crazy Bone Rag." 1997. In Ragtime Jubilee: 42 Piano Gems, 1911-21 , edited by David A. Jasen, 41-45. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.

Music Recording

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.263

Performer or Conductor Last Name, First Name. Original Release Year. Album Title . Record Label Catalog Number, Year of Format Used, Medium or Streaming Service or File Format.

The Beatles. 1970. Let it Be . Capitol 3 82472 2, 2009, compact disc.

Beyoncé. 2016. Lemonade , Parkwood Entertainment, MP3.

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.265

bibliography:

Director First Name Last Name, dir. Original Film Release Year. Film Title . Place: Studio/Distributor, Release Year of Medium Used. Medium.

Scott, Ridley, dir. 1991. Thelma & Louise . Santa Monica, CA: MGM Home Entertainment, 2004. DVD.

Online Video

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 1 4.267

The format of citations depends on the information available. Generally, include details about the original published source (if applicable) and details related to the digitized copy such as source type, length, and where it is posted. See the two examples of format below.

Video Creator Last Name, First Name. Original Release Year. Video Title . Original Production Company. From Provider of Online Video. Source Type, Running Time. URL.

Digitizing Organization. Original Year. "Video Clip Title." Source Type, Running Time. From Original Performance or Source Date. Posted Date. URL.

U.S. Federal Civil Defense Administration.1951. Duck and Cover . Archer Productions. From Internet Archive, Prelinger Archives. MPEG video, 9:15. http://archive.org/details/DuckandC1951.

John F. Kennedy Library Foundation. 1960. "TNC:172 Kennedy-Nixon First Presidential Debate, 1960." YouTube video, 58:34. From televised debate September 26, 1960. Posted September 21, 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbrcRKqLSRw.

Director Last Name, First Name, dir. Year aired. TV Show Title. , Season number, episode number, "Episode Title." Aired Month Day, Year, on Network. Medium or URL for online access.

Silberling, Brad, dir. 2014. Jane the Virgin. Season 1, episode 1, "Chapter One." Aired October 13, 2014, on The CW. https://www.netflix.com/title/80027158.

For more information see: CMOS Shop Talk

Images are usually not included in the reference list. In the running text or caption indicate the artist, year the work was created, title of the work, and where it is located.

Examples: Government Documents

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 1 5.58 and 15.59

If you make extensive use of legal or government documents, cite them in the Chicago Notes format as supplementary footnotes instead of as in-text citations. See CMOS 15.31 .

If you are using just a few documents, cite them in the running text using the legal citation form recommended in The Chicago Manual of Style , 14.269 - 14.305 and in the Chicago Notes section of this guide.

In Griswold v. Connecticut (381 U.S. 479 (1965)), the court ruled that ...

In remarks about the DREAM Act on the Senate floor (156 Cong. Rec. S10259 (daily ed. December 15, 2010)), Senator Durbin discussed ...

Examples: Unpublished/Archival

Interview/discussion.

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 15.48

Unpublished interviews are cited as an in-text citation only; they do not appear in the reference list.

In the parenthetical citation, put "personal communication" after the name of the person being interviewed. (Maud Mandel, personal communication)
For class discussions, put the course number, "class discussion," and the date of the class. (ECON 110 class discussion, April 19, 2019)

Manuscript/Archival Material

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 15.49

Manuscript materials are cited in the running text indicating the date of the cited item and using the name of the manuscript collection in the in-text reference.

The reference list provides details about the manuscript collection only, not the individual items.

If only one item from a collection is cited, the details of that item can be included in the reference list and the author used in the in-text citation.

Collection Name. Repository Name. Place.

Author Last Name, First Name. Year of Item. Item Description. Month Day, Year of Item. Collection Name. Repository Name, Place.

If the item was accessed online, include the URL at the end of the citation.

Hopkins Family Papers. Williams College Special Collections. Williamstown, MA.

(Hopkins Family Papers)

Hopkins, Mark. 1861. Letter to Jaime Margalotti. March 22, 1861. Hopkins Family Papers. Williams College Special Collections, Williamstown, MA.

(Hopkins 1861)

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Chicago Style Q&A Provides official answers to questions submitted by users of the Chicago Manual of Style .
CMOS Shop Talk A blog by the editors and staff of the Chicago Manual of Style , which includes posts and pages for students writing papers.

What Needs to be Cited?

Exact wording taken from any source, including freely available websites
Paraphrases of passages
Summaries of another person's work
Indebtedness to another person for an idea
Use of another student's work
Use of your own previous work

You do not need to cite common knowledge .

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Go to Index

Author-Date: Sample Citations

Go to Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations

The following examples illustrate the author-date system. Each example of a reference list entry is accompanied by an example of a corresponding in-text citation. For more details and many more examples, see chapter 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style . For examples of the same citations using the notes and bibliography system, follow the Notes and Bibliography link above.

Reference list entries (in alphabetical order)

Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. 2015. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life . New York: Simon & Schuster.

Smith, Zadie. 2016. Swing Time . New York: Penguin Press.

In-text citations

(Grazer and Fishman 2015, 12)

(Smith 2016, 315–16)

For more examples, see 1 5 . 40 – 45 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Chapter or other part of an edited book

In the reference list, include the page range for the chapter or part. In the text, cite specific pages.

Reference list entry

Thoreau, Henry David. 2016. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay , edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press.

In-text citation

(Thoreau 2016, 177–78)

In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead.

D’Agata, John, ed. 2016. The Making of the American Essay . Minneapolis: Graywolf Press.

(D’Agata 2016, 177–78)

For more details, see 15.36 and 15.42 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Translated book

Lahiri, Jhumpa. 2016. In Other Words . Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

(Lahiri 2016, 146)

For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the text, if any (or simply omit).

Austen, Jane. 2007. Pride and Prejudice . New York: Penguin Classics. Kindle.

Borel, Brooke. 2016. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ProQuest Ebrary.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The Founders’ Constitution . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Melville, Herman. 1851. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale . New York: Harper & Brothers. http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.

(Austen 2007, chap. 3)

(Borel 2016, 92)

(Kurland and Lerner 1987, chap. 10, doc. 19)

(Melville 1851, 627)

Journal article

In the reference list, include the page range for the whole article. In the text, cite specific page numbers. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. 2017. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

LaSalle, Peter. 2017. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38 (1): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Satterfield, Susan. 2016. “Livy and the Pax Deum .” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April): 165–76.

(Keng, Lin, and Orazem 2017, 9–10)

(LaSalle 2017, 95)

(Satterfield 2016, 170)

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the reference list; in the text, list only the first, followed by et al . (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the reference list, followed by et al.

Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. 2017. “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May): 463–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

(Bay et al. 2017, 465)

For more examples, see 1 5 . 46–49 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

News or magazine article

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. In the reference list, it can be helpful to repeat the year with sources that are cited also by month and day. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in the text but are omitted from a reference list entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.

Manjoo, Farhad. 2017. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times , March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

Mead, Rebecca. 2017. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker , April 17, 2017.

Pai, Tanya. 2017. “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps.” Vox , April 11, 2017. http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.

Pegoraro, Rob. 2007. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post , July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.

(Manjoo 2017)

(Mead 2017, 43)

(Pegoraro 2007)

Readers’ comments are cited in the text but omitted from a reference list.

(Eduardo B [Los Angeles], March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo 2017)

For more examples, see 15 . 49 (newspapers and magazines) and 1 5 . 51 (blogs) in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Book review

Kakutani, Michiko. 2016. “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.” Review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith. New York Times , November 7, 2016.

(Kakutani 2016)

Stamper, Kory. 2017. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

(Stamper 2017)

Thesis or dissertation

Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. 2013. “ King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago.

(Rutz 2013, 99–100)

Website content

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of May 1, 2017, Yale’s home page listed . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, use n.d. (for “no date”) in place of the year and include an access date.

Bouman, Katie. 2016. “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole.” Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA. Video, 12:51. https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.

Google. 2017. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

Yale University. n.d. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

(Bouman 2016)

(Google 2017)

(Yale University, n.d.)

For more examples, see 1 5 . 50–52 in The Chicago Manual of Style . For multimedia, including live performances, see 1 5 . 57 .

Social media content

Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). If a more formal citation is needed, a reference list entry may be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

Conan O’Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015).

Chicago Manual of Style. 2015. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

Souza, Pete (@petesouza). 2016. “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit.” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016. https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

(Chicago Manual of Style 2015)

(Souza 2016)

(Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style 2015)

Personal communication

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text only; they are rarely included in a reference list.

(Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017)

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Finding historical primary sources: by topic, author, title, date.

Getting Started
Primary Sources Online
Search Tools
Finding a Type of Primary Source
By Topic, Author, Title, Date

Find Primary Sources by Topic

Search UC Library Search by keywords or official subject headings. To find official subject headings:

Search by keywords, display the long form of the record for an appropriate item, and then click on one of the subject headings that are listed
Ask for assistance

You may also pair an appropriate subject heading with additional subject terms that identify materials as primary sources. Some of these terms are:

correspondence
early works to 1800
periodicals
personal narratives

Note: these subject terms will not retrieve all possible primary sources but they are a good way to start.

vietnamese conflict 1961-1975 personal narratives
student movements japan history sources
france revolution correspondence

Search article databases by keywords, or official subject terms/descriptors.

Find Primary Sources by Author/Organization

Name of an individual or organization as an author:

alternatively go to the advanced search to pull down the "any field" menu to author and redo the search
Search article databases for the individual or organization as author (last name, first name)
Search article databases for the name of the individual or organization as a subject.

Eadward Muybridge stereograph: Machinist at work

Finding Primary Sources by Title

Specific title

Title of a book, manuscript, diary, etc.: search UC Library Search ; if necessary, go to the Advanced Search, pull down the "any field" menu to title and redo the search.
alternatively, search UC Library Search by title and limit by resource type: newspaper artices, or articles, etc.
Title of an article: search UC Library Search by the name of the journal/ magazine/ newspaper in which the article appeared (as above)
If you do not know the name of the journal/magazine/newspaper in which the article appeared, search for the title, subject, or author of the article in UC Library Search or in an article databases . Find the complete citation (title of journal, date, volume, etc.); then search UC Library Search for the title of the journal
Some journals/magazines/newspapers are available online (scroll down to sections for articles, American or European).

Finding Primary Sources by Date

Search UC Library Search using any of the techniques listed above; use the filters (on the left of the search results screen) to limit by date of publication to find materials published during the time period you are writing about. You can also sort your search results by date.
Search the article databases using any of the techniques listed above; limit by date of publication to find materials published during the time period you are writing about.

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How to write a good research paper title

“Unread science is lost science .”

Credit: Mykyta Dolmatov/Getty

“Unread science is lost science.”

28 July 2020

Mykyta Dolmatov/Getty

With the influx of publications brought on by the pandemic, it’s become more challenging than ever for researchers to attract attention to their work.

Understanding which elements of a title will attract readers – or turn them away – has been proven to increase a paper’s citations and Altmetric score .

“In the era of information overload, most students and researchers do not have time to browse the entire text of a paper,” says Patrick Pu , a librarian at the National University of Singapore.

“The title of a paper, together with its abstract, become very important to capture and sustain the attention of readers.”

1. A good title avoids technical language

Since the primary audience of a paper is likely to be researchers working in the same field, using technical language in the title seems to make sense.

But this alienates the wider lay audience, which can bring valuable attention to your work . It can also alienate inexperienced researchers, or those who have recently entered the field.

“A good title does not use unnecessary jargon,” says Elisa De Ranieri , editor-in-chief at the Nature Communications journal (published by Springer Nature, which also publishes Nature Index.) “It communicates the main results in the study in a way that is clear and accessible, ideally to non-specialists or researchers new to the field.”

How-to: When crafting a title, says De Ranieri, write down the main result of the manuscript in a short paragraph. Shorten the text to make it more concise, while still remaining descriptive. Repeat this process until you have a title of fewer than 15 words.

2. A good title is easily searchable

Most readers today are accessing e-journals, which are indexed in scholarly databases such as Scopus and Google Scholar.

“Although these databases usually index the full text of papers, retrieval weightage for ‘Title’ is usually higher than other fields, such as ‘Results’,” Pu explains.

At the National University of Singapore, Pu and his colleagues run information literacy programmes for editors and authors. They give advice for publishing best practice, such as how to identify the most commonly used keywords in literature searches in a given field.

“A professor once told us how he discovered that industry experts were using a different term or keyword to describe his research area,” says Pu.

“He had written a seminal paper that did not include this ‘industry keyword’. He believes his paper, which was highly cited by academics, would have a higher citation count if he had included this keyword in the title. As librarians, we try to highlight this example to our students so that they will consider all possible keywords to use in their searches and paper titles.”

How-to: Authors should speak to an academic librarian at their institution to gain an understanding of keyword and search trends in their field of research. This should inform how the paper title is written.

3. A good title is substantiated by data

Authors should be cautious to not make any claims in the title that can’t be backed up by evidence.

“For instance, if you make a discovery with potential therapeutic relevance, the title should specify whether it was tested or studied in animals or humans/human samples,” says Irene Jarchum , senior editor at the journal Nature Biotechnology (also published by Springer Nature, which publishes the Nature Index.)

Jarchum adds that titles can be contentious because different authors have different views on the use of specific words, such as acronyms, or more fundamentally, what the main message of the title should be.

Some authors may over-interpret the significance of their preliminary findings, and want to reflect this in the title.

How-to: If you know your paper will be contentious within the scientific community, have the data ready to defend your decisions .

4. A good title sparks curiosity

A one-liner that sparks a reader’s interest can be very effective.

“A title has to pique the interest of the person searching for literature in a split-second – enough that they click on the title to read the abstract. Unread science is lost science,” says Christine Mayer , editor-in-chief of the journal Advanced Therapeutics .

Paper titles such as, "White and wonderful? Microplastics prevail in snow from the Alps to the Arctic" ( 2019 Science ), and “Kids these days: Why the youth of today seem lacking” ( 2019 Science Advances ) are good examples of this principle. Both papers have high Altmetric Attention scores, indicating that they have been widely read and discussed online.

How-to: Take note of the characteristics of paper titles that spark your own interest. Keep a record of these and apply the same principles to your own paper titles.

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Referencing guide: works cited - publisher & publication date.

Systems and Styles
Using in-text citations
Using Turnitin
Managing references
AGLC This link opens in a new window
Health & Medicine examples This link opens in a new window
Transition from Harvard to APA
General principles
In-text citations
Works Cited
Works Cited - Author
Works Cited - Title
Works cited - Title of Container
Works Cited - Other Contributors
Works Cited - Version & Number

Works Cited - Publisher & Publication Date

Works Cited - Location
Works Cited - Optional Elements
Works Cited - More Examples
Simplified Author-date & Writing guide

Author. Title of source . Title of container , Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date , Location.

The publisher is the organisation responsible for producing the work. If multiple organisations were responsible for producing the work, for example, as is the case for most films, cite the organisation which had the primary responsibility. If more than one organisation had the primary responsibility, list each of them, separated by a space and a forward slash ( / ).

Business words such as Company / Co, Corporation / Corp, Ltd, etc should be omitted. University presses are abbreviated to UP.

A publisher's name may be omitted for some types of publications such as:

a periodical / journal / magazine / newspaper
a work published by the author
a website, whose name is the same as the publisher
a website not involved in the production of the work, such as YouTube

The Arabian Nights. Bloomsbury , 1994. Children's Classics.

Hill, John, and Pamela Church Gibson, editors. The Oxford Guide to Film Studies . Oxford UP , 1998, pp. 35-36.

Who Wrote the Movie and What Else Did He Write? : An Index of Screen Writers and Their Film Works, 1936-1969. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , 1970, p. 78.

Publication date

The format for the date of publication will often depend on the type of publication. For a book, the date (usually just the year of publication) will be listed on the title page or at the copyright statement on the reverse of the title page. For a journal, in addition to the year there may also be the month, or a season (e.g. Spring, Summer, etc) related to a specific issue within the year. Web documents or TV series will often have a complete date associated with them. When a source has more than one date, cite the one which is the most meaningful to the actual work you have used.

Some examples:

Light, Alison. "'Returning to Manderley': Romance Fiction, Female Sexuality and Class." Feminist Review, no. 16, Summer 1984 , pp. 7-25, doi:10.2307/1394954.

University of Kansas. "Study Dispels Notion Social Media Displaces Human Contact: Face-to-Face Contact with Friends, Family Unaffected." ScienceDaily , February 15 , 2018 , www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180215125011.htm.

Utell , Janine. Engagements with Narrative. Routledge , 2016 . Routledge Engagements with Literature.

Style Manual

If you cannot find an example for what you are looking for here, consult the MLA website , or the MLA Handbook (below)

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Chicago 17th edition author-date

Introduction

Citing author names

Citing titles.

In-text citations
Book chapter
ChatGPT and other generative AI tools
Journal article
Social media
Book review
Dictionary or encyclopaedia
Personal communication
Newspaper or magazine articles
Conference papers
Legal materials

Authors’ names are normally given as they appear with the source itself. In reference lists, this includes the use of initials. When periods are used, space appears between them (Wells, H. G.). When periods are omitted, as in some journals’ styles, no comma intervenes between last name and initials, and no space appears between the initials (Wells HG). If the author, editor, or translator for the work is unknown, the reference list entry should normally begin with the title. Invert the name in the reference list (e.g. Blanshard, Alastair). In the text, include only the last name. For books with multiple authors only invert the first name. For more information see the specific reference type that you wish to cite.

If a publication issued by an organization, association, or corporation carries no personal author’s name on the title page, the organization may be listed as author in the reference list.

In Endnote, when entering the name of a corporate author, that is, an entity such as a government body or a company, you must place a comma at the end of the name. Commas in the names themselves must be duplicated in Endnote.

Titles and subtitles in reference lists should be treated according to the rules set forth in 14.85–99 . Some of these rules include:

Italics are used for the titles of books, journals, newspapers and blogs, movies, video games, and paintings.

Quotation marks are generally reserved for the titles of subsections of larger works including chapter and article titles and the titles of poems in a collection.

For English-language works, titles are capitalized headline-style in source citations. In headline style, the first and last words of title and subtitle and all other major words are capitalized.

A colon is used to separate the main title from the subtitle even if no colon appears in the source itself.

Some journals in the natural sciences prefer sentence-style capitalization for titles (see 8.158 ), tend not to use quotation marks or italics, and abbreviate journal titles (see 15.46 ). Please check to ensure that the correct style in being used.

Where a full day/month/year date for access dates for websites, dates for conferences etc is required, Chicago 17th ed recommends using in U.S. format e.g. May 13, 2010. However, check with your School to see if dates should be in Australian order e.g. 13 May, 2010.

When citing a reprint or modern edition, it is sometimes desirable to include the original date of publication. The original date is listed first, in parentheses.

When the publication date of a printed work cannot be ascertained, the abbreviation n.d. takes the place of the year in the reference list entry and text citations.

Chicago requires an access date in citations of websites and other sources consulted online only if no date of publication or revision can be determined from the source.

Be careful where you input information into fields in the reference types in Endnote as the same information may need to be placed in different fields for different styles. This is particularly relevant to inputting of dates.

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Reference List: Textual Sources

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Basic Format for Books

Edited book, no author, edited book with an author or authors, a translation.

Note : When you cite a republished work, like the one above, in your text, it should appear with both dates: Plato (385-378/1989)

Edition Other Than the First

Article or chapter in an edited book.

Note : When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title, use "pp." before the numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation, however, does not appear before the page numbers in periodical references, except for newspapers. List any edition number in the same set of parentheses as the page numbers, separated by a comma: (2nd ed., pp. 66-72).

Multivolume Work

Articles in periodicals.

APA style dictates that authors are named with their last name followed by their initials; publication year goes between parentheses, followed by a period. The title of the article is in sentence-case, meaning only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case, and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized. If a DOI has been assigned to the article that you are using, you should include this after the page numbers for the article. If no DOI has been assigned and you are accessing the periodical online, use the URL of the website from which you are retrieving the periodical.

Article in Print Journal

Note: APA 7 advises writers to include a DOI (if available), even when using the print source. The example above assumes no DOI is available.

Article in Electronic Journal

Note : This content also appears on Reference List: Online Media .

As noted above, when citing an article in an electronic journal, include a DOI if one is associated with the article.

DOIs may not always be available. In these cases, use a URL. Many academic journals provide stable URLs that function similarly to DOIs. These are preferable to ordinary URLs copied and pasted from the browser's address bar.

Article in a Magazine

Article in a newspaper.

Chicago Manual of Style - How to Cite Your Sources

Overview & Citation Guide Portal
Formatting the Paper

Author-Date

Text citations, author date references cheatsheet, reference list, reference list - basic citations.

Notes and Bibliography
Citing Electronic Resources
Citation Builders

As you write your paper, your Professor may ask you to use the Author-Date System of CMS. This means you must cite your sources within the text of your paper. These are called in-text or parenthetical citations. The natural and social sciences use this system most often, but again clarify with your professor if you are unsure which they would prefer.

Author-Date Sample Paper - OWL Purdue Online Writing Lab

For more Examples or for more obscure or confusing citations refer to the seventeenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style.

The Text Citations include two pieces of information, Last Name of Creator and Year Published.

The general citation for citing an entire source should look as such:

(Last Name Year)

For citing specific pages:

(Last Name Year, Page Numbers)

For more than one author:

(Last Name, Last Name, and Last Name Year)

(Last Name et al Year)

For Multiple Same Last Names:

(First Initial. Last Name Year)

Author-Date References Basics A cheatsheet for CMOS Author-Date style.

A reference list must always accompany the text citations. The reference list is included at the end of the paper and includes the full citation for each source.

Style Guidelines

Title of Page should be centered and plain text, not bold, italicized, or in quotation marks
As with the rest of the paper the margins should be no less that .5 inches and no more than 1 inch on all sides
Individual citations should be single spaced and each single spaced citation should be double spaced between the next entry.
Font style and size should be consistent with the rest of the paper

Book (1 author)

Last, First M. Book . City: Publisher, Year Published.

Last, First M. “Section Title.” In Book/Anthology , edited by First M. Last, Page(s). Edition ed. City: Publisher, Year Published.

Last, First M., and First M. Last. “Article Title.” Journal Title , Series, Volume, no. Issue (Month Date, Year Published): Page(s).

Last, First M. “Article Title.” Magazine Title , Month Date, Year Published.

Last, First M. “Article Title.” Newspaper Title (City), Month Date, Year Published

TV & Film

Lastname, Firstname. Title of Work . Format. Directed/Performed by Firstname Lastname. Original Release Year. City: Studio/Distributor, Video release year. Medium.

Web Sources

Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Web Page.” Publishing Organization or Name of Website in Italics . Publication date and/or access date if available. URL.

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Works Cited Examples
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Works Cited Page Examples

Work Cited Guidelines
Author Guidelines
Books & E-books
Short Stories
Dictionaries
Government Sources/Reports
Religious Works
Social Media
Classroom Material

MLA Style - Works Cited Quick Guide

The Works Cited list provides all bibliographic information on all sources cited in your work.

Works Cited lists are located at the end of the paper
Works Cited lists are double-spaced with no space between entries
Use hanging indent to indent the second and subsequent entry lines .5 inches from the left margin
Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the first element, usually the author. If there is no author, use the title
Alphabetize letter by letter of the author's name before the comma. Letters after the comma are used only when authors have the same last name
For multiple works by the same author, alphabetize by title. Also, replace the author's name with three hyphens on the second and subsequent entries
Alphabetize titles letter by letter, ignoring initial articles (A, An, The, and foreign equivalents)
The location of an online work should include a URL or DOI
End all citations with a period

Title

" Article Title " is in quotation marks
Journal Title is in italics
If there is no author, begin with the "Article Title."

Multiple Authors

Rettberg, Jill, and Radhika Gajjala
Wright, Chrysalis, et. al.

Page Numbers:

For single pages, use 'p.' followed by the number
For multiple pages, use 'pp.' followed by the numbers
If an article is not printed on consecutive pages, cite only the first-page number in the range, followed by a plus sign: pp. A1+

Publication Date:

When available, it is written as Day Month Year

Two authors

Only the first author's name is inverted.

Last Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name.

Rettberg, Jill, and Radhika Gajjala.

Three or more authors

Use "et. Al."
Only the first author is listed

Last Name, First Name, et al.

Wright, Chrysalis, et al.

Journal Article in a Database

Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal , volume number, issue number, date, page number. Name of the database, doi.

Lee, Derek. "Dark Romantic: F. Scott Fitzgerald and the Specters of Gothic Modernism." Journal of Modern Literature , vol. 41, no. 4, 2018, pp. 125-42. Ebsco, https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113572.

Journal Article in a Database with a Season

Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal , volume number, issue number, season date, page number.

Goldman, Anne. "Questions of Transport: Reading Primo Levi Reading Dante." The Georgia Review , vol. 64, no. 1, spring 2010, pp. 69-88. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41403188 .

Journal Article in Print

Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal , volume number, issue number, date, page number.

Meisenhelder, Susan. "Conflict and Resistance in Zora Neale Hurston's Mules and Men." Journal of American Folklore , vol. 109, no.433, 1996, pp. 267.

Newspaper Article from a Database

Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper, Day Month Year of publication, URL.

Davis, Anna, and Sophia Sleigh. "London Teens in Record A-Level Surge." Evening Standard , 10 Aug. 2021, www.proquest.com/newspapers/london-teens-record-level-surge/docview/2559699413/se-2?accountid=35757 .

Newspaper Article by a Group (Opinion or Editorial Board) from a Database

Name of Group. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper, Day Month Year of publication, URL.

Editorial Board. "The Plight of 'Boarder Babies'." The Christian Science Monitor , 06 Jul. 1992, http://rocky.iona.edu:2048/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/plight-boarder-babies/docview/291210942/se-2?accountid=35757.

Newspaper Article in Print

Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper, D ay, Month, Year of publication, p. page#.

Mueller, Benjamin. "Despite Another Covid Surge, Deaths Stay Near Lows." The New York Times , 21 June 2022, p.A1.

Magazine Article without an Author from a Database

"Title of Article." Title of Magazine , volume number, issue number, day, month and year of publication, page number. Name of the database, DOI, or permalink.

"Gustav Mahler." Billboard , vol. 128, no. 31, 10 Dec. 2016, p. 32. Gale General OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A481243580/ITOF?u=nysl_me_iona&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=89fd9eaa .

Magazine Article in Print

Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Magazine , volume number, issue number, day, month and year of publication, page number.

Coppins, McCay. "The Men Who Are Killing America's Newspapers." The Atlantic , Nov. 2021, pp. 32-40.

E-book from a Database

Last name, First name. Title of the Book. Publisher, Year of Publication. Name of E Provider, URL.

Milne, A A. Winnie-the-Pooh . Illustrated by Ernest H Shepard, McClelland & Stewart, Ltd, 1926, Project Guttenberg , www.gutenberg.org/files/67098/67098-h/67098-h.htm .

E-book from an App

Last Name, First Name. Title of the Book . App Source ed., Publisher, Date.

Swartz, Omar. The View from on the Road: The Rhetorical Vision of Jack Kerouac . Kindle ed., Southern Illinois University Press, 1999.

Print Book with a Single Author

Last Name, First Name. Title of the Book . Publisher, Date.

Mantel, Hilary. Wolf Hall: A Novel . 2nd ed., Henry Holt, 2009.

Print Book with Two Authors

Last Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name. Title of the Book . Publisher, Date.

King, Steven, and Peter Straub. The Talisman . Viking, 1984.

Print Book with Three or more Authors

*Note only the first author is listed, and then all names are combined into et al.,

Last Name, First Name, et al. Title of the Book . Publisher, Date.

Griliches, Zvi, et al., Handbook of Econometrics . North-Holland Pub. Co, 1983.

Print Book with an Author and an Editor/Translator/Illustrator

Last Name, First Name. Title of the Book . Edited/Translated/Illustrated by First Name Last Name, Publisher, Date.

Shakespeare, William. A Midsummers Night's Dream . Edited by Linda Buckle, Cambridge University Press, 2019.

Flaubert, Gustave. Madame Bovary . Translated by Eleanor Marx-Aveling, Independently Published, 2021.

Baum, Frank L. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . Illustrated by W.W. Denslow, SeaWolf Press, 2019.

Book with an Unknown Author and an Editor/Translator/Illustrator

Title of the Book . Translated by First Name Last Name, Edited/Translated/Illustrated by First Name Last Name, Publisher, Date.

The Arabian Nights : Tales of 1,001 Nights. Translated by Malcolm C. Lyons, Edited by Robert Irwin, Penguin Classics. 2010.

Chapter in a Print Book

Last Name, First Name. "Title of Chapter." Title of the Book . Publisher, Date.

Chaucer, Geoffrey. "The Monk's Tale." The Canterbury Tales. Penguin Books, 2007.

Chapter in an Print Anthology

Last name, First name. "Title of Chapter." Title of the Book: Plus a Subtitle, Edited by First name Last name, Publisher, Year of Publication. Inclusive Page Numbers.

Shikibu, Murasaki. "The Tale of Genji." The Norton Anthology of World Literature , Edited by Martin Puchner et al., W.W. Norton & Company, 2019, pp. 1237-1418.

Example of Short Story Posted by Professor on a Course Management Platform:

Note if the Professor provides a link to an external site, then use that site for the citation and not the course management platform.

Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Short Story." Learning Management System, Day Month Year, URL.

Jackson, Shirley. "The Lottery." Blackboard , uploaded by Jane Doe, 5 March 2024, learn.iona.edu .

Short Story on a Website:

Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Short Story." Title of Website, Year, URL.

Jackson, Shirley. "The Lottery." AmericanLiterature.com , 2024, URL.

Short Story from an Anthology:

Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Short Story." Title of Anthology, edited by First Name Last Name and First Name Last Name, Edition, Publisher, Year, pages.

Jackson, Shirley. "The Lottery." Novels and Stories: The Lottery, The Haunting of Hill House, We Have Always Lived in the Castle, Other Stories and Sketche s. edited by Joyce Carol Oates, Library of America, 2010, pp.. 3-33.

General Information on Citing Shakespeare

Italicize the titles of the plays – Macbeth (for the play)

Use standard font for the name of a character Macbeth – (for the character)

You may abbreviate the title of the play in the parenthetical citation ( check with your instructor first )

Macbeth – Mac.
Hamlet – Ham.
Usually use Arabic numbers (1.5.4-5) or (2.1.110-13)
Some instructors prefer Roman numerals (II.iv.4-6)
If the author’s name is mentioned in the text, only put the page number in parentheses; otherwise (author’s last name #).
If there are no different sources between quotes – can use (#)

In-Text Citations

Short Quotes

( Name of Play, Act. Scene, Line) or (Author, Act, Scene, Line)

"Haste me to know't, that I, with wings as swift" ( Hamlet 1.5.35).
"This is a sorry sight" (Shakespeare 2.2.26).

If the quote is more than one line, use the forward-slash between each line/verse.

"Haste me to know't, that I, with wings as swift / As meditation … / May sweep to my revenge" ( Hamlet 1.5.35-37).

The forward-slash is separated from the text by spaces and indicates a new verse.

The ellipsis ... indicates that part of the text was excluded.

Play in a Database

Shakespeare, William. Macbeth . Yale University Press, 2005. JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1nq91p .

Play from a Website

Shakespeare, William. As You Like It , The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. shakespeare.mit.edu/asyoulikeit/index.html .

Play in an E-book

Shakespeare, William. The Winter's Tale. Kindle ed., Simon & Schuster, 2016.

Play in a Print Book

Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Bedford/St. Martins, 1999.

Play in a Print Anthology

Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. T he Complete Works , edited by Stanley Well, Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 2501-2565.

Citing a song is dependent on how you access the song.

Artist or Band name. "Title of Song." Album Name, Label Producer, Date. Format.

Chapin, Harry. "Cat's in the Cradle." Verities & Balderdash, Electra, 1973. Vinyl EP.

Chapin, Harry. "Cat's in the Cradle." Verities & Balderdash, Electra, 1973. Spotify, open.spotify.com/track/2obblQ6tcePeOEVJV6nEGD .

Online Dictionary

"Word, Part of Speech. (Number of the definition used)." Title of Book . Date, URL.

"Victorious, Adj. (2)." Merriam-Webster , 2021, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/victorious .

Print Dictionary

"Word, Part of Speech. (Number of the definition used)." Title of Book . Edition, Publisher, Date, page number.

Example:

"Amity, N. (1)." Shorter Oxford English, 2020 , 5th ed., Shorter Oxford, 2002, p. 69.

Page on a Website

Last Name, First Name. "Page Title." Name of Website, day month year, URL/ DOI.

Carillo, Ellen, et al. "MLA Style Center, the Only Authorized Web Site on MLA Style, Provides Free Resources on Research, Writing, and Documentation." MLA Style Center , 2021, style.mla.org/?_ga=2.84140569.1427309408.1637273253153117140.1635779276 .

Page on a Website without an author

Format:

“Title of Publication.” Title of the Website . Publisher of the site, year of publication. URL.

"It's Time to End Solitary Confinement: Ian Manuel Story." ACLU, American Civil Liberties Union , 4 January 2024, https://www.aclu.org/podcast/its-time-to-end-solitary-confinement-ian-manuels-story .

Page of a Government Website

Name of Government Organization. "Page Name." Title of Source , Date of Source. URL

The United States Department of Justice. "Readout of Meeting between U.S. Deputy Attorney General Lisa O. Monaco and United Kingdom Home Secretary Priti Patel." The United States Department of Justice , 19 Nov. 2021, www.justice.gov/opa/pr/readoutmeeting-between-us-deputy-attorney-general-lisa-o-monaco-and-united-kingdom-home .

Government Source in Print

Name of Government Organization. Title of Source. Date of Source. Publisher, Date of Publication.

United States, Congress, Committee on the Judiciary. Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure. 2010. Government Printing Office, 2020.

Report Published Online

Name of Author or Agency. Title of Source. Date of Source. URL.

D&B Hoovers. Live Nation Entertainment, Inc. Profile. June 2023, w w w.proquest.com/reports/live-nation-entertainment- inc/docview/1860786790/se-2?accountid=35757.

Rules for citing the Bible

Books of the Bible are abbreviated; see the MLA Handbook for standard abbreviations.

Example: (Phil. 3.8)

A period, not a colon, separates chapter and verse.

When you first refer to a particular version, include the name, a comma, and the passage.

Examples: ( New Revised Standard Version , Phil. 3.8)

After this, only include the scripture reference unless you switch versions.

Online version of the Bible

Title. Version, date. URL.

The Bible. King James Bible Online, 2022. www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/ .

Print Religious Texts

Title. Version, Editor, Publisher, year.

The Bible . Authorized King James Version, Oxford University Press, 2010.

The Qu'ran. Translated by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem, Oxford UP, 2015.

The New Jerusalem Bible. Edited by Henry Wansbrough, Doubleday, 1985.

Author Name. "Title of post." Social Media Forum, Day Month year, URL

Example of Post:

Modern Language Association. "If you're just beginning your PhD journey or are still in the early years of your program, these five tips can help you make the most of your experience." LinkedIn , 2021, www.linkedin.com/posts/modern-language-association_lessons-on-how-to-make-the-most-of-ones-activity-6808411708323901440-Xl8Z/.

Author Name. Comment on "Title of post," by Author of Post First Name Last Name. Social Media Forum, Day Month year, URL

Example of Comment:

Varro-reatinus. Comment on U/reggiew07's review of King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa by Adam Hochschild. Reddit , 31 Oct. 2020, www.reddit.com/r/books/comments/jlbrs4/king_leopolds_ghost_a_story_of_greed_terror_and/ .

The description of the image can vary (Photo of or Cover of) and is only italicized if the name of a book,

Author Name. Description. Social Media Forum, Day Month year, URL

Thomas, Angie. Photo of The Hate U Give cover. Instagram , 4 Dec. 2018, www.instagram.com/p/Bq_PaXKgqPw /.

Profile

Name [@name]. "Description of Post." Social Media Platform, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Meg [@literaturewithmeg]. "Finish a book with me." TikTok , www.tiktok.com/@literaturewithmeg/video/ . Accessed 22 April 2020.

Thread

@name. "Description of Post." Social Media Platform, Day Month Year of Post, URL.

@roopikarisam (Roopika Risam). "Thank you, @annetiquate & @caitduffy49 for the opportunity to speak today and to all of you who are participating. . . . " Twitter , 18 July 2019, twitter.com/roopikarisam/status/1151919685149036545 .

Author Last Name, First Name, or Account Name. "Description of Post." Title of Blog , Day Month Year of Post, URL.

Liddon, Angela. "Perfect Little Pumpkin Cookies with Spiced Buttercream." Oh She Glows, An Elite Cafemedia a Food Publisher , 23 Feb. 2021, ohsheglows.com/2020/09/20/perfect-little-pumpkin-cookies-with-spiced-buttercream/.

Sender Last Name, Sender First Name. Email to. day month year.

Kane, Doris. Email to Standards Committee. 21 June 2020.

X (Formally Twitter)

Use X now that Twitter no longer exists as older posts are now hosted on X. Also refer to "posts" rather than "tweets."

Author of the post or the account name "Title of the material or a description." Title of the social media site, Day Month Year of post, URL.

O’Connor, Kim. “Kelly Link on ‘nighttime logic.’” X , 13 Feb. 2024, twitter.com/shallowbrigade/status/1757476492647219227.

Keys, Alicia. “Videos.” TikTok , 2020, www.tiktok.com/@aliciakeys?lang=en.

Creator. "Title." Name of Series, hosted by First name Last name. episode #, day Month Year, URL.

Turow, Scott. "How Scott Turow Writes." How Writers Write , hosted by Brian Murphy, episode 90, 23 Sept. 2021, podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/how-writers-write-by-happywriter/id1484859401 .

Creator. "Title (Video)." YouTube, uploaded by First name Last name, day Month Year of upload, URL.

Frost, Robert. "The Road not Taken (Video)." YouTube, uploaded by QuestioVerum2010, 8 Nov. 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUaQgRiJukA .

Generating citations is a quick and easy way to begin the citation process. Be careful, though, as the generators are not 100% accurate. They will get you part of the way there, and then you will need to tailor each citation.

From the video home screen (the page after selecting a video before playing the video):

Click the more tab
Click the citation tool
Choose between: MLA, APA & Chicago citation styles

TV Series Watched on an App

"Title of Episode." Directed by First Name Last Name. Name of Series, season #, episode #, Film Studio, Date. Name of app app.

"A Seat at the Table." Directed by Mimi Leder. The Morning Show , season 1, episode 2, Amazon Prime, 1 Nov. 2019. Amazon Prime Video app.

Film Watched on an App

Title. Film Studio, Date. Name of app app.

Freedom Writer s. Paramount Pictures, 2007. Netflix app.

TV Series Watched on a Website

"Title of Episode." Name of Series, season #, episode #, Film Studio, Date. Name of Website, URL.

"The One Where the Monkey Gets Away." Friends , season 1, episode 20, Warner Bros., 9 Mar. 1995. Netflix , www.netflix.com .

Film watched on TV or in a Theater

Title. Directed by First Name Last Name, Film Studio, Date.

The Godfather . Directed by Francis Ford Coppola, Paramount Pictures, 1972.

Images Viewed Online

Artist Last Name, First Name. Title of Piece . Date. Name of Institute , URL.

Kandinsky, Wassily. Composition VII . 1913. The State Tretyakov Gallery , artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/vasily-kandinsky-counterpointcomposition-vi-composition-vii/UgKCjKX9MXThIw .

Images Viewed in Person

Artist Last Name, First Name. Title of Piece . Date, Name of Institute, Place.

Matisse, Henri. Dance . 1910, Museum of Modern Art, New York City.

Image Viewed in a Print Book

Artist Last Name, First Name. Title of Piece . Date of Piece, Name of Institute. Title of Book, by First Name Last Name, Publisher, Date, Page.

Hirkoshige, Andō . Yamabushi Valley in Mimasaka Provinces . Circa 1853-56, Österreichische Museum für Angewandte Kunst. Japonisme: The Japanese Influence on Western Art in the 19th and 20th Centuries , by Siegfried Wichmann, Park Lane, 1980, p. 277.

On a learning management system - Blackboard, Moodle, Canvas...

"Slides Name or Number." Title of Course, taught by First Name Last Lame. Learning Management System, University, Day Month Year, URL.

"Slides on Fitzpatrick." English 102, taught by Sally Smith. Moodle, Iona University, 9 Oct. 2019, URL.

In-Text Citation Example:

(Instructor's last name, Slide #)

Example of Short Story Posted by Professor:

Note: if the Professor provides a link to an external site, use that site for the citation and not the course management platform.

If your professor permits the use of AI, you need to create a reference and use in-text citations when quoting or paraphrasing AI-generated information.

"Title of posed request" prompt. Name of AI tool, version of AI tool, Name of company, Date prompt was generated, URL.

"Describe how Animal Farm is an allegory" prompt. ChatGPT, 5 May version, OpenAI, 8 Mar. 2023, chat.openai.com/chat.

MLA Style guidance:

Cite all quotes and paraphrased information generated by AI that you include in your writing
Add an acknowledgment if you use AI to edit your writing
Evaluate all sources suggested by AI

Core Elements:

Author : do not use AI as an author
Title of Source : use the prompt you entered in the AI tool
Title of Container : name of AI tool
Version : version of AI
Publisher: company or creator of the AI tool
Date: date the content was generated
Location : If your generated response is retrievable, use that URL; otherwise, use the general URL of the tool

Additional examples are available on the MLA Style - Ask The MLA - How do I cite generative AI in MLA style page found at style.mla.org/citing-generative-ai/?utm_campaign=sourcemar23&utm_medium=email&utm_source=mlaoutreach .

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Chicago Author-Date (17th ed.): Citation Examples & Essential Rules

For NPS theses, papers, and publications: to cite properly, follow the citation examples and apply the essential rules.

Chicago AD Example List of References

Citation Examples

Essential rules, accessed dates.

Only include date accessed if the source material has no date.

Author Names: Honorifics

Do not include honorifics (Dr., Col., Professor, etc.) when citing author names. Including these titles in the body of your document is acceptable.

Identifying Authors of Official Documents

For the National Security Strategy , cite the president as the author.

For other official documents , the author is the organization immediately responsible for creating the document. In the example below, the author is the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the publisher is the Department of the Navy.

In the example above, the author is NOT an umbrella organization, signatory, or any of the following:

Chief of Naval Operations
Deputy Chief of Naval Operations
W. F. Moran
Department of Defense
Navy Pentagon
R. P. Burke
United States of America

Do not include acronyms for organizations listed as authors in the List of References or footnotes:

YES: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.
NO: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO or OCNO).
NO: CNO or OCNO.

Bibliography vs. List of References

What is the difference between them.

A List of References includes all works cited in a text
A Bibliography lists all works cited and consulted

The NPS Thesis Processing Office prefers a List of References for the following:

Capstone project report
Dissertation

For papers, check with your professors for their preference.

Capitalization: Title Case vs. Sentence case

Note: Always format the information in your citations (titles, author names, etc.) according to the requirements of the citation style you are using, regardless of how it appears in the original source.

Country Names with Government Organizations

When naming government organizations, be consistent: for example, either Department of Defense or U.S. Department of Defense. If citing organizations from multiple countries, ensure that it is clear which organization is associated with which country—for example, Australian Department of Defence, South African Department of Defence, Sri Lanka Ministry of Defence, Singapore Ministry of Defence.

Figures / Images / Graphs

A citation is required if you did not wholly create the figure—i.e., if you used someone else's image or data. A citation is not needed when all elements of the figure are your own creation.

See Figure 1 for placement of the title and the in-text citation.

Put a period and a space after the title.
If you use the figure exactly as it appears in the source, use “Source: ___.”
If you alter the original figure or use someone else's image or data to create the figure, use “Adapted from ___.”

Figure 1. A Figure with a Citation in APA, Chicago Author-Date, or INFORMS Style. Source: Author (2017).

Figure 1. A Figure with a Citation in APA, Chicago Author-Date, or INFORMS Style. Adapted from Author (2017).

For more details, see the Thesis Template .

Thesis Template

How Often to Cite?

Remember: one citation at the end of a string of sentences or a paragraph cannot “cover” the entire section.
Cite a source the first time it is used in each paragraph.
Note: always use a citation (even if you also use a signal phrase) every time you quote material.

In-text Citation Placement & Signal Phrases

Where in the sentence does my in-text citation go.

If you name your source(s) in a given sentence, a parenthetical citation containing only the year always follows immediately after the name(s) of the author(s). Example: In contrast to earlier work by Abbott and Costello (1999), Laurel and Hardy (2008) propose an altogether different model for optimizing hat density.
“If the sentence ends with a quotation, close the quote, then place the citation between the quotation marks and the punctuation, like this” (Woolf 1931, 14).
Do not insert spaces between a parenthetical citation and the punctuation that follows it.

In the paragraph below, the parenthetical in-text citations are highlighted in yellow , and the s ignal phrases are in blue . Note that the second sentence is common knowledge, whereas the final sentence is clearly the opinion of the author.

Using Signal Phrases Effectively

Missing Info

If any information is missing from a source (a journal with no volume number, for example), simply omit that information. For sources consulted in hardcopy, omit the URL and any additional verbiage that introduces it. Anything retrieved online, however, MUST have a link. The only exception is journals retrieved from a subscription database such as ProQuest.

Multiple Authors, et al.

In the reference list, include all of them
In the text, include all of them
In the text, list only the first author, followed by et al. (“and others”)
In the reference list, include only the first seven, followed by et al.
In the text, list only the first author, followed by et al.

Multiple Works by the Same Author / Multiple Sources in One Citation

Examples given are for books; follow the appropriate style for the source type you are citing.

No Date Given

To cite an undated document, use n.d. (no date).

Page Numbers and Other Locators

In-text Citations

Include page numbers in in-text citations when citing quoted material.
Example: (Haynes 2009, 70)
No page number is needed in an in-text citation when you are referring to the source as a whole . For example: “George W. Bush’s Decision Points recounts pivotal moments during his time in office.”

If the source does not contain page numbers, often with electronic formats , include as much information as needed for the reader to locate the material. In citations especially of shorter electronic works presented as a single, searchable document, such locators may be unnecessary.

See CMOS 15.23: Page and volume numbers or other specific locators in text citations .

In the list of references/bibliography For portions of larger documents, such as journal articles and book chapters , include the page range.

R: Cordesman, Anthony H., Adam Mausner, and David Kasten. 2009. Introduction. In Winning in Afghanistan: Creating Effective Afghan Security Forces, edited by John Smith, 1–12. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

Print vs. Online Sources

When citing a source retrieved online, use the "online" format even when you or someone else printed out the material. For example, if you print out a thesis or your advisor provides you with a printed thesis, it is still categorized as an online document.

Only cite as a print source when the material has been produced by a publisher in hard copy. For example, if you obtain a print journal or book from the library stacks, it is categorized as a printed source.

Secondary / Indirect Sources

An indirect source is a source that cites some other work that you discuss in your text.

Whenever possible, consult primary sources and your sources’ sources yourself. Upon investigation of the primary source, you may find you disagree with the indirect source author’s analysis or methods.

How to Incorporate Indirect Sources

The following passage incorporates a properly credited indirect source. The indirect source information is highlighted in yellow; the primary source information is highlighted in blue.

Walker (200 8) describes Miguel Roig's 1999 experiment , which correlates inadequate paraphrasing in student writing with poor reading comprehension. Citing Roig’s data , Walker explains that "students do in fact possess skills necessary for paraphrasing but … may be impeded from applying those skills when dealing with rigorous text" (387) .

Note: Include only the indirect source (the source you consulted) in your reference list.

For more information

See the TPO's " Citing Your Sources’ Sources " handout.

A citation is required if you did not wholly create the table—i.e., if you used someone else's data. A citation is not needed when all elements of the table are your own creation.

See Table 1 for placement of the title and the in-text citation.

If you use the table exactly as it appears in the source, use “Source: ___.”
If you alter the original table or if you use someone else's data to create the table, use “Adapted from ___.”

Table 1. A Table with a Citation in APA, Chicago Author-Date, or INFORMS Style. Source: Author (2017).

Table 1. A Table with a Citation in APA, Chicago Author-Date, or INFORMS Style. Adapted from Author (2017).

For more details, see the Thesis Template .

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Chicago Author-Date
Chicago Notes-Bibliography

Chicago citations: author-date system 17th edition.

The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed. Ref. Z 253.U69 2017 or online ) is composed of two different documentation systems:

Author-Date system : preferred by those in the sciences
Notes-Bibliography style : preferred by those in the humanities

The examples on this page are in the Author-Date system . Be sure to find out from your professor which Chicago documentation system they would like you to use* *Note : The Fairfield University History Department requires its students to use Notes-Bibliography style .

Choose a book type

Book with One Author

Chicago Manual 15.9

Book with Two or Three Authors

Book with four or more authors, book with author and editor/translator, book with organization as author.

Chicago Manual 15.37

Governmental and Organizational Reports

Chicago Manual 15.37 , 15.3 , 14.291 (NB) , and 14.84 (NB)

Chicago Manual 15.34

Foreword, Preface, Introduction, or Afterword

Chicago Manual 14.110 (NB) and 15.3

Book Chapter

Chicago Manual 15.9 and 14.107 - 108 (NB)

Collection of Essays

Chicago Manual 15.9 , 14.104 (NB) , and 14.106 - 107 (NB)

Chicago Manual 15.9 and 14.106 - 108 (NB)

Chicago Manual 14.253 - 254 (NB) , 14.106 - 107 (NB) , and 15.3

Edition Other Than First

Chicago Manual 14.113 (NB) and 15.3

Translated Work

Chicago Manual 15.9 and 14.104 (NB)

Multivolume Work Published over Several Years (Citing Only One Volume)

Chicago Manual 15.41 and 14.116 - 122 (NB)

Multivolume Work Published over Several Years (Citing all the Volumes)

Encyclopedia entry.

Chicago Manual 14.232 - 234 (NB)

Choose an ebook type

Ebook (Chapter)

Chicago Manual 15.9 , 14.106 (NB) , 14.23 (NB) , and 14.159 - 14.163 (NB)

Ebook (Entire Book)

Chicago Manual 15.9 , 14.23 , 14.159 - 14.163 (NB)

Journal Article

Choose a journal type

Note: For the treatment of author variations, such as multiple authors, corporate authors, or no author listed, please see Book citation as a model for this element of the citation.

Journal Article from Library Database

Chicago Manual 15.9 , 14.23 (NB), and 14.175 (NB)

Online Journal Article

Chicago Manual 15.9 , 14.23 (NB) , and 14.175 (NB)

Print Journal Article

Chicago Manual 15.9 , 14.23 (NB) , and 14.168 - 174 (NB)

Chicago Manual 15.9 and 14.201 - 14.204 (NB)

Magazine Article

Choose a magazine type

Magazine Article from Library Database

Chicago Manual 15.49 and 14.188- 189 (NB)

Magazine Article from Online Website

Chicago Manual 15.49, 15.22 , and 14.188 - 14.189 (NB)

Print Magazine Article

Chicago Manual 15.49 , 15.22 , and 14.188 (NB)

Newspaper Article

Choose a newspaper type

Newspaper Article From a Library Database

Chicago Manual 15.49 , 14.191 (NB) and 14.198 (NB)

Article From Newspaper Website

Chicago Manual 15.49 , 14.191 (NB) and 14.198 (NB)

Print Newspaper Article

Chicago Manual 15.49 , 14.191 (NB) and 14.198 (NB)

Newspaper Article with an Unknown Author

Letter to the editor.

Chicago Manual 14.196 (NB) and 14.198 (NB)

Generative AI

For more information see the Chicago Manual of Style’s website.

Always check your syllabus to see what your professor’s policy on AI is. If it’s not on the syllabus, just ask.

Website, Blog, or Social Media

Choose a source type

Chicago Manual 15.50 and 14.207 (NB)

Website, No Author

Chicago Manual 15.50 and 14.207 (NB)

Blog Posting

Chicago Manual 15.50 and 14.208 (NB)

Social Media

Chicago Manual 15.52 and 14.209 (NB)

E-mail, List-serv or Personal Communication

Chicago Manual 15.53 and 14.214 (NB)

Electronic Mailing List (List-serv)

Chicago Manual 15.53 and 14.210 (NB)

Personal Communication

Chicago Manual 15.53 and 14.214 (NB)

Audio/Video

Online video.

Chicago Manual 15.57 and 14.267 (NB)

Motion Picture

Chicago Manual 15.57 and 14.265 (NB)

Sound Recording

Chicago Manual 15.57 and 14.263 (NB)

Television Episode

Chicago Manual 15.3 and 14.265 (NB)

Television Series

Note: The Chicago manual does not provide specific guidance on how to cite a Television Series, but the library suggests that you cite as described below based on guidelines for similar citations.

Image or Advertisement

Online images.

Chicago Manual 15.3, 14.235 (NB) , and 8.198 (NB)

Work of Art

Chicago Manual 15.3, 14.235 (NB) , and 8.198 (NB)

Note: The Chicago manual does not provide specific guidance on how to cite Advertisements, but the library suggests that you cite as described below based on guidelines for similar citations.

Secondary Sources

Chicago Manual 15.56

A secondary source is a source that quotes or paraphrases another source. An example would be Sontag's On Photography cited in Zelizer's book Remembering to Forget . Use the format below only if you are unable to examine the original source material (e.g. Sontag's On Photography). The Chicago Manual of Style discourages the use of secondary sources.

In-Text Citation Examples

Chicago Manual 15.21 - 15.23

Placement of In-text Citations

Chicago Manual 15.25 - 15.26 and 13.68 - 13.72

Multiple References

Chicago Manual 15.30

The Bible and Other Classical Works

Chicago 14.238 , 14.239 , 14.240, 14.241 (NB)

Other Resources

For more examples and information on how to format your paper: , online resources.

Chicago Manual of Style (E-book)
Chicago Manual of Style Quick Guide
Purdue Owl Writing Lab (OWL): Chicago
Author Date Sample Paper - Purdue Owl

Print Resources

The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th ed. (Ref. Z 253.U69 2017)

For additional help, contact a Research Librarian

In-person at the Library Services & Information Desk
By Phone at (203) 254-4000 ext. 2188
By E-mail: [email protected]
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Titles, Abstracts & Keywords

The title of your manuscript is usually the first introduction readers (and reviewers) have to your work. Therefore, you must select a title that grabs attention, accurately describes the contents of your manuscript, and makes people want to read further.

Additionally, Most people rely on electronic search engines to find articles. Usually they search through databases that contain only the title, author list, and abstract of articles, excluding any keywords attached to the article by its authors. It is therefore important to include in the title and/or abstract the words that potential readers of the article are likely to use during a search.

An effective title should:

Convey the main topics of the study
Highlight the importance of the research
Attract readers

Writing a good title for your manuscript can be challenging. First, list the topics covered by the manuscript. Try to put all of the topics together in the title using as few words as possible. A title that is too long will seem clumsy, annoy readers, and probably not meet journal requirements.

This title has too many unnecessary words.
This title doesn’t give enough information about what makes the manuscript interesting.
This is an effective title. It is short, easy to understand, and conveys the important aspects of the research.

Think about why your research will be of interest to other researchers. This should be related to the reason you decided to study the topic. If your title makes this clear, it will likely attract more readers to your manuscript.

TIP: Write down a few possible titles, and then select the best to refine further. Ask your colleagues their opinion. Spending the time needed to do this will result in a better title.

Selecting the most important information

The abstract must outline the most important aspects of the study while providing only a limited amount of detail on its background, methodology and results. Authors need to critically assess the different aspects of the manuscript and choose those that are sufficiently important to deserve inclusion in the abstract.

Once the abstract is ready it can be helpful to ask a colleague who is not involved in the research to go through it to ensure that the descriptions are clear. After you have drafted the manuscript, you should go back to the abstract to check that it agrees with the contents of the final manuscript.

Abstracts should have a structured format, serving several purposes: it helps authors summarize the different aspects of their work; it makes the abstract more immediately clear; and it helps peer reviewers and readers assess the contents of the manuscript.

The abstract structure varies between journals and between types of articles. Authors should check that the abstract of their manuscript is consistent with the requirements of the article type and journal to which the manuscript will be submitted.

Keywords are a tool to help indexers and search engines find relevant papers. If database search engines can find your journal manuscript, readers will be able to find it too. This will increase the number of people reading your manuscript, and likely lead to more citations.

However, to be effective, keywords must be chosen carefully. They should:

Represent the content of your manuscript
Be specific to your field or sub-field
Poor keywords : molecule, optics, lasers, energy lifetime
Better keywords : single-molecule interaction, Kerr effect, carbon nanotubes, energy level structure
Poor keywords : neuron, brain, OA (an abbreviation), regional-specific neuronal degeneration, signaling
Better keywords : neurodegenerative diseases; CA1 region, hippocampal; okadaic acid; neurotoxins; MAP kinase signaling system; cell death
Poor keywords : climate change, erosion, plant effects
Better keywords : quaternary climate change, soil erosion, bioturbation

Next : Introduction, Methods & Materials

For further support

We hope that with this tutorial you have a clearer idea of how the publication process works and feel confident in responding to editor and reviewers. Good luck with publishing your work!

If you feel that you would like some further support with writing your paper and understanding the peer review process, Springer Nature offer some services which may be of help.

Nature Research Editing Service offers high quality English language and scientific editing. During language editing , Editors will improve the English in your manuscript to ensure the meaning is clear and identify problems that require your review. With Scientific Editing experienced development editors will improve the scientific presentation of your research in your manuscript and cover letter, if supplied. They will also provide you with a report containing feedback on the most important issues identified during the edit, as well as journal recommendations.
Our affiliates American Journal Experts also provide English language editing* as well as other author services that may support you in preparing your manuscript.
We provide both online and face-to-face training for researchers on all aspects of the manuscript writing process.

* Please note, using an editing service is neither a requirement nor a guarantee of acceptance for publication.

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How to Make a Research Paper Title with Examples

What is a research paper title and why does it matter?

A research paper title summarizes the aim and purpose of your research study. Making a title for your research is one of the most important decisions when writing an article to publish in journals. The research title is the first thing that journal editors and reviewers see when they look at your paper and the only piece of information that fellow researchers will see in a database or search engine query. Good titles that are concise and contain all the relevant terms have been shown to increase citation counts and Altmetric scores .

Therefore, when you title research work, make sure it captures all of the relevant aspects of your study, including the specific topic and problem being investigated. It also should present these elements in a way that is accessible and will captivate readers. Follow these steps to learn how to make a good research title for your work.

How to Make a Research Paper Title in 5 Steps

You might wonder how you are supposed to pick a title from all the content that your manuscript contains—how are you supposed to choose? What will make your research paper title come up in search engines and what will make the people in your field read it?

In a nutshell, your research title should accurately capture what you have done, it should sound interesting to the people who work on the same or a similar topic, and it should contain the important title keywords that other researchers use when looking for literature in databases. To make the title writing process as simple as possible, we have broken it down into 5 simple steps.

Step 1: Answer some key questions about your research paper

What does your paper seek to answer and what does it accomplish? Try to answer these questions as briefly as possible. You can create these questions by going through each section of your paper and finding the MOST relevant information to make a research title.

Step 2: Identify research study keywords

Now that you have answers to your research questions, find the most important parts of these responses and make these your study keywords. Note that you should only choose the most important terms for your keywords–journals usually request anywhere from 3 to 8 keywords maximum.

Step 3: Research title writing: use these keywords

“We employed a case study of 60 liver transplant patients around the US aged 20-50 years to assess how waiting list volume affects the outcomes of liver transplantation in patients; results indicate a positive correlation between increased waiting list volume and negative prognosis after the transplant procedure.”

The sentence above is clearly much too long for a research paper title. This is why you will trim and polish your title in the next two steps.

Step 4: Create a working research paper title

To create a working title, remove elements that make it a complete “sentence” but keep everything that is important to what the study is about. Delete all unnecessary and redundant words that are not central to the study or that researchers would most likely not use in a database search.

“ We employed a case study of 60 liver transplant patients around the US aged 20-50 years to assess how the waiting list volume affects the outcome of liver transplantation in patients ; results indicate a positive correlation between increased waiting list volume and a negative prognosis after transplant procedure ”

Now shift some words around for proper syntax and rephrase it a bit to shorten the length and make it leaner and more natural. What you are left with is:

“A case study of 60 liver transplant patients around the US aged 20-50 years assessing the impact of waiting list volume on outcome of transplantation and showing a positive correlation between increased waiting list volume and a negative prognosis” (Word Count: 38)

This text is getting closer to what we want in a research title, which is just the most important information. But note that the word count for this working title is still 38 words, whereas the average length of published journal article titles is 16 words or fewer. Therefore, we should eliminate some words and phrases that are not essential to this title.

Step 5: Remove any nonessential words and phrases from your title

Because the number of patients studied and the exact outcome are not the most essential parts of this paper, remove these elements first:

“A case study of 60 liver transplant patients around the US aged 20-50 years assessing the impact of waiting list volume on outcomes of transplantation and showing a positive correlation between increased waiting list volume and a negative prognosis” (Word Count: 19)

In addition, the methods used in a study are not usually the most searched-for keywords in databases and represent additional details that you may want to remove to make your title leaner. So what is left is:

“Assessing the impact of waiting list volume on outcome and prognosis in liver transplantation patients” (Word Count: 15)

In this final version of the title, one can immediately recognize the subject and what objectives the study aims to achieve. Note that the most important terms appear at the beginning and end of the title: “Assessing,” which is the main action of the study, is placed at the beginning; and “liver transplantation patients,” the specific subject of the study, is placed at the end.

This will aid significantly in your research paper title being found in search engines and database queries, which means that a lot more researchers will be able to locate your article once it is published. In fact, a 2014 review of more than 150,000 papers submitted to the UK’s Research Excellence Framework (REF) database found the style of a paper’s title impacted the number of citations it would typically receive. In most disciplines, articles with shorter, more concise titles yielded more citations.

Adding a Research Paper Subtitle

If your title might require a subtitle to provide more immediate details about your methodology or sample, you can do this by adding this information after a colon:

“ : a case study of US adult patients ages 20-25”

If we abide strictly by our word count rule this may not be necessary or recommended. But every journal has its own standard formatting and style guidelines for research paper titles, so it is a good idea to be aware of the specific journal author instructions , not just when you write the manuscript but also to decide how to create a good title for it.

Research Paper Title Examples

The title examples in the following table illustrate how a title can be interesting but incomplete, complete by uninteresting, complete and interesting but too informal in tone, or some other combination of these. A good research paper title should meet all the requirements in the four columns below.

Tips on Formulating a Good Research Paper Title

In addition to the steps given above, there are a few other important things you want to keep in mind when it comes to how to write a research paper title, regarding formatting, word count, and content:

Write the title after you’ve written your paper and abstract
Include all of the essential terms in your paper
Keep it short and to the point (~16 words or fewer)
Avoid unnecessary jargon and abbreviations
Use keywords that capture the content of your paper
Never include a period at the end—your title is NOT a sentence

Research Paper Writing Resources

We hope this article has been helpful in teaching you how to craft your research paper title. But you might still want to dig deeper into different journal title formats and categories that might be more suitable for specific article types or need help with writing a cover letter for your manuscript submission.

In addition to getting English proofreading services , including paper editing services , before submission to journals, be sure to visit our academic resources papers. Here you can find dozens of articles on manuscript writing, from drafting an outline to finding a target journal to submit to.

Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.)

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Books (Author-Date Format)
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Bibliographical References – Date and Place of Publication & Publisher

Posted by Rene Tetzner | Nov 9, 2021 | PhD Success | 0 |

7.3.10 Date of Publication

All references should, if at all possible, contain a date of publication, which should be the date of the edition or version you actually used in your thesis. If the source does not bear a date, ‘n.d.’ (for ‘no date’) can be used or, if the date is known from other sources, it can be provided in square brackets: ‘[1995].’ The date can appear in a variety of different places within a reference, from immediately after the author’s name (a necessity in author–date referencing: see Section 7.2.1 above) to after the publication information at the very end of the reference. If the date does not appear after the author’s name in journal references, it generally appears in conjunction with the journal title and volume number. Punctuation around dates varies widely, but publication dates are often enclosed in parentheses: ‘(1995).’ Sources such as works published in several volumes over more than one year should be recorded as a date range (1986–1995), which can be elided (1986–95); most correctly, an en rule is used between the dates (as in the preceding examples), but a hyphen is often used instead (1986-95). Whatever formats are chosen should be used consistently throughout the list. For newspaper articles and for journal articles published online prior to print publication, full dates rather than the year alone tend to be used, and these dates can take different forms: ‘7 November 2014’ in British English, for example, and ‘November 7, 2014’ in American English. The dates recorded for web sites can vary – date of first publication, date of most recent update or date of your most recent access to the site, for instance – as can the format, and more than one of these dates may be provided.

7.3.11 Publisher and Place of Publication

For references to books, both the publisher’s name and the city of publication should be provided in most cases, but either one of these may suffice depending on the guidelines or style guide followed. Usually, the place of publication precedes the publisher’s name with the two separated by a colon, but this is not always the case: the publisher’s name can precede the place of publication, and a semicolon or comma can be used to separate the publisher’s name from the place of publication. Both elements tend to appear at the end of a reference and are often enclosed in parentheses, sometimes along with the publication date: ‘(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).’ Modern English forms of city names should be used if possible, and if the city of publication is not a well-known centre, an abbreviation (or occasionally a full name) indicating the country, state, province or the like usually follows, and this should especially be used if there is a potential for confusion regarding the city intended (e.g., ‘Cambridge, MA’ to avoid confusion with the Cambridge in England). Generally speaking, only the name of the first city noted on the title or copyright page of a book is required. Sometimes presses with names based on their location can be provided in an abbreviated form (‘CUP’ instead of ‘Cambridge University Press’), but only if the place of publication is provided as well. The information recorded and formats adopted should be maintained consistently across all relevant references in your list.

7.3.12 Type of Source

Occasionally, the type of source is indicated in a reference through the use of a word such as ‘Print,’ ‘Web,’ ‘Television,’ ‘CD,’ ‘DVD,’ ‘Videocassette’ and ‘Slide.’ The relevant word usually appears at or very near the end of the reference, as it does in the MLA example in Section 7.2.1 above.

7.3.13 Conference Paper

If it is published in a conference collection or proceedings, a conference paper is usually recorded in the same way as a chapter or essay in a book is or, occasionally, just as an article in a journal would be, citing page numbers in either case and sometimes including details about the conference itself (the date and location of the conference, for example) as well. When unpublished conference papers are cited, however, the author’s name and the title of the paper should be accompanied by the conference name, location, date and any other relevant information about the conference.

7.3.14 Thesis or Dissertation

Although treated in most cases much like a book, the titles of theses and dissertations can use the format of either book or article titles (using italic font or quotation marks, full or partial capitalisation etc.), or a format that differs slightly from both. Instead of the publication information provided for books (place of publication, publisher and publication date), the type of degree, the university and sometimes the department that granted the degree as well as the date the thesis or dissertation was completed should be supplied. Commas are usually used between these elements (D.Phil., University of York, Department of English and Related Literature, 1998), but semicolons can be used instead and a colon can appear before the date.

7.3.15 Audiovisual Sources

When constructing references for CDs, DVDs, works of art, slides and other audiovisual sources, a range of relevant information can be provided: the names of artists, directors and producers; the titles of songs, CDs, paintings and television programmes; and the publishers and places and dates of publication. The names of those responsible for creating the source should be treated as author and editor names are in other sources. Titles should use the formats used for other references, with the title of an individual song or episode of a television programme, for instance, using the format (capitalisation, quotation marks etc.) used for chapter or article titles, while the title of the CD or the television programme uses the format adopted for the titles of books. Similarly, the publication information (publisher, place of publication and publication date) for such sources should be recorded in the same format and order as the publication information for books in the list.

7.3.16 Web Site, Web Page or Online Document

As a fairly recent addition to bibliographical lists, references to web sites, web pages and online documents tend to vary more than other references, and the myriad forms of web sources increase this variation. Author names (both individual and corporate) should be included if available, as should the titles of web sites, web pages and individual documents, often in combination with each other, depending on which elements may be relevant to the information you used and/or required by the guidelines or style guide you are following. Publisher, version and update information can be provided, and at least one date (in some cases more than one) should be included, whether it is the date of publication, the most recent update of the web site or the latest date on which you accessed the source. These dates tend to be given in full – ‘7 November 2013’ (British) or ‘November 7, 2013’ (American) – rather than as years only, and in the case of access dates, they often include some defining information such as ‘Accessed 7 November 2013.’ Either a URL or, in the case of some independent web documents, a DOI must be provided in almost all instances, and for URLs guidelines frequently require something like ‘Available at: http://www.proof-reading-service.com/ ’ as well. URLs are often underlined – Word tends to do this automatically, changing the text to a hyperlink when it recognises a web address – which makes them one of the very few elements of formal writing that still use underscoring. As a general rule, the information provided for web sites and the like should be as thorough and specific as required to document the source accurately and successfully lead the reader to it, and because web-based resources often undergo frequent changes, all such sources should be checked immediately before you submit the final version of your thesis to be sure that the information you recorded is still valid.

PRS Tip: You may want to use a program such as EndNote to format and enter complete bibliographical references in your list automatically, and a tool of this kind can certainly save time and help with consistency, but if you choose to use such a program, do take special care when checking and proofreading any references created via automatic referencing. Never assume that the program has ‘got it right’ because this is all too rarely the case. Although a style very close to what is required will usually be achieved, often one particular detail will consistently be formatted incorrectly, or unusual or complicated references will be formatted in inappropriate ways. It is therefore essential to check every word, every number and every bit of punctuation, to pay attention to font styles and sizes as well as patterns of capitalisation and to correct and adjust manually anything that is inconsistent, incorrect or inappropriate. Automatic referencing can create other editing challenges as well: in-text citations created in this way can sometimes prove difficult to change and therefore correct, and the block format of reference lists constructed via automatic referencing prevents any proofreader whose services you may engage from making marginal comments within Word on individual features of the references, because when any part or element of the list, no matter how small, is selected for a comment, the entire list is highlighted and the comment is attached to the whole list, not to the individual element. This can result in a less precise means of communication between you and your proofreader, so if you are planning to have a professional proofreader check your references, which is always a good idea, you may want to avoid automatic referencing techniques.

Why PhD Success?

To Graduate Successfully

This article is part of a book called "PhD Success" which focuses on the writing process of a phd thesis, with its aim being to provide sound practices and principles for reporting and formatting in text the methods, results and discussion of even the most innovative and unique research in ways that are clear, correct, professional and persuasive.

The assumption of the book is that the doctoral candidate reading it is both eager to write and more than capable of doing so, but nonetheless requires information and guidance on exactly what he or she should be writing and how best to approach the task. The basic components of a doctoral thesis are outlined and described, as are the elements of complete and accurate scholarly references, and detailed descriptions of writing practices are clarified through the use of numerous examples.

The basic components of a doctoral thesis are outlined and described, as are the elements of complete and accurate scholarly references, and detailed descriptions of writing practices are clarified through the use of numerous examples. PhD Success provides guidance for students familiar with English and the procedures of English universities, but it also acknowledges that many theses in the English language are now written by candidates whose first language is not English, so it carefully explains the scholarly styles, conventions and standards expected of a successful doctoral thesis in the English language.

Individual chapters of this book address reflective and critical writing early in the thesis process; working successfully with thesis supervisors and benefiting from commentary and criticism; drafting and revising effective thesis chapters and developing an academic or scientific argument; writing and formatting a thesis in clear and correct scholarly English; citing, quoting and documenting sources thoroughly and accurately; and preparing for and excelling in thesis meetings and examinations.

Completing a doctoral thesis successfully requires long and penetrating thought, intellectual rigour and creativity, original research and sound methods (whether established or innovative), precision in recording detail and a wide-ranging thoroughness, as much perseverance and mental toughness as insight and brilliance, and, no matter how many helpful writing guides are consulted, a great deal of hard work over a significant period of time. Writing a thesis can be an enjoyable as well as a challenging experience, however, and even if it is not always so, the personal and professional rewards of achieving such an enormous goal are considerable, as all doctoral candidates no doubt realise, and will last a great deal longer than any problems that may be encountered during the process.

Interested in Proofreading your PhD Thesis? Get in Touch with us

If you are interested in proofreading your PhD thesis or dissertation, please explore our expert dissertation proofreading services.

Rene Tetzner

Rene Tetzner's blog posts dedicated to academic writing. Although the focus is on How To Write a Doctoral Thesis, many other important aspects of research-based writing, editing and publishing are addressed in helpful detail.

PhD Success – How To Write a Doctoral Thesis

October 1, 2021

Table of Contents – PhD Success

October 2, 2021

The Essential – Preliminary Matter

October 3, 2021

The Main Body of the Thesis

October 4, 2021

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Author-date citation system
For works with an unknown author (see Section 9.12), include the title and year of publication in the in-text citation. Chapter 10 of the Publication Manual (7th ed.) includes more than 100 reference examples, each of which includes examples of the parenthetical and narrative citations. For more guidance and examples, see the Publication Manual.
Research Guides: Citing Sources: Sample Author Date Citations
Citing AI. Citation Consultations Policy. Examples. The following examples display the entry first as it would appear in the References list, then the in-text citation. Books. Books with One Author: References: Pollan, Michael. 2006. The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals.
Research Guides: Citing Sources: Sample Reference List Citations
Note that only proper names are capitalized in the title, and the edition number follows the title.) Book: (This sample from Purdue OWL) Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). ... (Original work published 1977). If the page's author is not listed, start with the title. If the date of publication is not listed, use the abbreviation (n.d.):
Chicago Author-Date Style
Revised on April 9, 2024. The Chicago Manual of Style provides guidelines for two styles of source citation: notes and bibliography and author-date. Author-date style is the preferred option in the sciences and social sciences. In author-date style, an in-text citation consists of the author's name, the publication year, and (if relevant) a ...
Author-Date Templates and Examples
The reference list is first alphabetical by author, then chronological by year, then alphabetical by title. Include but ignore initial A, An, and The when alphabetizing by title. Author-date format does not recommend authors use the ----- for repeated names in a reference list. Repeat the names for each entry, then sort chronologically.
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Citing Your Sources: Chicago: Author-Date (17th)
About Chicago 17th ed.: Author-Date. The Chicago Manual of Style Author-Date system is used by scholars in the social sciences and sciences. For arts, history, and humanities, see the Notes/Bibliography system. Citing sources in this style consists of two parts: The in-text citation points the reader to the full information about the source ...
Author-Date: Sample Citations
The following examples illustrate the author-date system. Each example of a reference list entry is accompanied by an example of a corresponding in-text citation. For more details and many more examples, see chapter 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style. For examples of the same citations using the notes and bibliography system, follow the Notes ...
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Works Cited
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Author, title, date
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Chicago Author-Date
The examples on this page are in the Author-Date system. Be sure to find out from your professor which Chicago documentation system they would like you to use* ... "Title of Web Page." Published, Modified, or Accessed Month Day, Year. URL. 9 News. n.d. "Victorian Smoking Rates Hit Record Low." Accessed August 17, 2012. https://www.9news.com.au ...
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How to Make a Research Paper Title with Examples
Step 4: Create a working research paper title. To create a working title, remove elements that make it a complete "sentence" but keep everything that is important to what the study is about. Delete all unnecessary and redundant words that are not central to the study or that researchers would most likely not use in a database search.
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Chapter in an edited volume originally published elsewhere (Reprint) NOTE: (Author's last name Year, page numbers) (Cicero 1986, 35) BIBLIOGRAPHY: Author's last name, first name. Year. "Chapter or essay title." In Book Title, edited by Editor's first & last names. Vol. number of Series Title, edited by Editor's first & last names, page numbers.
Bibliographical References
7.3.11 Publisher and Place of Publication. For references to books, both the publisher's name and the city of publication should be provided in most cases, but either one of these may suffice depending on the guidelines or style guide followed. Usually, the place of publication precedes the publisher's name with the two separated by a colon ...
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AUTHOR: Dr Sham Naidu . DATE PUBLISHED: 6 March 2012. Abstract . In this article, the researcher narrates the issues faced by novice researchers in choosing the correct lenses to conduct research when searching for the truth via the use of qualitative methodology. It is argued that choosing an appropriate research approach and methodology
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Table 2 exhibits the first top ten authors based on 100 most cited papers and the title of the articles for each authors (see the list of 100 most cited paper in Appendix 1). ... Using a sample of ...
Author-date citation system
For works with an unknown author (see Section 9.12), include the title and year of publication in the in-text citation. Chapter 10 of the Publication Manual (7th ed.) includes more than 100 reference examples, each of which includes examples of the parenthetical and narrative citations. For more guidance and examples, see the Publication Manual.