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Ph.D. in India: Cost, Duration, and Eligibility for Admission

Complete guide to ph.d. in india: duration, costs, eligibility, and recent updates.

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How many years is a ph.d. in india, how much does a ph.d. cost in india, what qualifications are required for a ph.d. in india, what is the age limit for a ph.d. in india is 25 too old to start a ph.d., can i do a ph.d. without the national eligibility test (net), who is eligible for direct ph.d. admission, is it okay to do a ph.d. without a master’s degree, what are the recent rules for ph.d. admissions in india, 25 tips to join phd in india, 10 steps to join ph.d. in india.

Embarking on a Ph.D. journey in India is a significant academic and professional pursuit. Aspiring research scholars often have questions regarding the duration of a Ph.D., the associated costs, eligibility criteria, and recent developments in the field. In this comprehensive guide, ilovephd aims to address these queries and shed light on the essentials of pursuing a Ph.D. in India.

A Ph.D. program in India typically takes around 3 to 5 years to complete, depending on various factors such as the discipline, research area, individual progress, and university regulations.

The duration may vary, but it is important to be prepared for a substantial commitment of time and effort.

The cost of pursuing a Ph.D. in India varies across institutions. Generally, public universities offer Ph.D. programs with minimal or subsidized tuition fees. Private universities may have higher fees.

It’s advisable to explore funding options such as scholarships, fellowships, or research grants provided by government bodies, funding agencies , or individual institutions to support your Ph.D. journey.

To pursue a Ph.D. in India, a candidate typically needs a postgraduate degree (Master’s or equivalent) in a relevant field. It is important to note that specific eligibility criteria may vary between universities and disciplines.

Additionally, universities often require candidates to clear entrance exams or interviews and meet minimum academic standards to be considered for admission.

In most cases, there is no strict age limit for pursuing a Ph.D. in India. As long as you meet the eligibility criteria and demonstrate the necessary academic qualifications, you can pursue a Ph.D. at any age.

Therefore, 25 is certainly not too old to start a Ph.D. Many scholars begin their doctoral studies later in life, bringing valuable experiences and perspectives to their research.

While the National Eligibility Test (NET) is a common requirement for lectureships and research fellowships in India , it is not mandatory for all Ph.D. programs. Some universities may have their own entrance exams or selection processes.

It is important to check the specific requirements of the university or institution where you plan to pursue your Ph.D.

Direct Ph.D. admission is a pathway for exceptional candidates who have completed their undergraduate studies and wish to pursue a Ph.D. without a Master’s degree.

However, this option is typically available to a limited number of candidates, and universities may have specific criteria and guidelines for direct Ph.D. admissions. It is advisable to consult with individual institutions to understand their policies regarding direct Ph.D. admissions.

While a Master’s degree is generally the standard qualification for pursuing a Ph.D., some universities in India offer integrated Ph.D. programs that allow students to directly enter the Ph.D. track after completing their undergraduate studies.

However, this option may be limited to certain disciplines or institutions. It’s important to research and identify institutions that offer such programs if you wish to pursue a Ph.D. without a Master’s degree.

The rules and regulations for Ph.D. admissions in India are subject to change and can vary between universities and disciplines.

It is advisable to stay updated with the guidelines provided by individual universities and regulatory bodies such as the University Grants Commission (UGC) or the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) to ensure compliance with the latest requirements.

25 tips to help you join a Ph.D. program in India:

Research your field of interest thoroughly to identify potential research areas and topics.
Explore various universities and research institutes in India that offer Ph.D. programs in your chosen field.
Check the eligibility criteria and admission requirements of each institution you are interested in.
Take note of application deadlines and ensure you submit your application well in advance.
Prepare a strong statement of purpose (SOP) that highlights your research interests, goals, and why you are interested in pursuing a Ph.D.
Contact potential supervisors or faculty members whose research aligns with your interests to discuss your research proposal.
Prepare for entrance exams that may be required for admission, such as the UGC-NET, GATE, or university-specific entrance exams.
Enhance your academic profile by participating in research projects, publishing papers, or presenting at conferences.
Build a strong recommendation letter portfolio by reaching out to professors or mentors who can attest to your academic abilities and research potential.
Seek out scholarships, fellowships, or research grants offered by government bodies, universities, or funding agencies to fund your Ph.D.
Familiarize yourself with the research facilities, laboratories, and resources available at the institutions you are considering.
Attend research seminars, workshops, and conferences related to your field to stay updated with the latest developments and network with researchers.
Develop good communication and writing skills, as they are essential for presenting research findings and publishing papers.
Create a well-structured and feasible research proposal that clearly outlines your research objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes.
Be prepared for interviews or presentations as part of the selection process, where you may need to defend your research proposal or discuss your academic background.
Gain teaching experience by assisting professors or taking up teaching assignments to enhance your profile for future academic positions.
Connect with current Ph.D. students or alumni of the institutions you are interested in to gain insights into the program and research environment.
Stay updated with any changes in the rules, regulations, or policies related to Ph.D. admissions in India.
Develop a strong work ethic and time management skills, as Ph.D. programs require dedication, self-discipline, and long hours of research.
Consider the location and infrastructure of the institution, ensuring it suits your research needs and provides a conducive environment for learning.
Explore interdisciplinary opportunities and collaborations to broaden your research scope and gain different perspectives.
Discuss funding options and financial support with the institutions you are applying to, and be prepared to seek external funding if necessary.
Keep track of your research progress and maintain regular communication with your supervisor or mentor.
Attend preparatory courses or workshops on research methodology or academic writing to enhance your research skills.
Finally, be passionate, persistent, and proactive in pursuing your Ph.D. dream. Embrace the challenges, stay motivated, and enjoy the journey of knowledge creation.

Remember, each institution may have its own specific requirements and procedures, so it’s crucial to carefully review their official websites or contact the admissions offices for accurate and up-to-date information.

Here are 10 steps to join a Ph.D. program in India:

Research your field: Explore different research areas and identify your specific field of interest for pursuing a Ph.D. in India.
Shortlist institutions: Identify universities or research institutes in India that offer Ph.D. programs in your chosen field.
Review eligibility criteria : Check the eligibility requirements of the institutions you are interested in, including minimum educational qualifications and entrance exam scores.
Prepare application documents: Gather the necessary documents, such as academic transcripts, recommendation letters, statement of purpose (SOP), and research proposal.
Prepare for entrance exams: If required, prepare for entrance exams like UGC-NET, GATE, or university-specific exams. Familiarize yourself with the syllabus and exam pattern.
Apply to institutions: Submit your applications to the shortlisted institutions within the specified deadlines. Pay attention to the required application fees and submission procedures.
Attend interviews (if applicable): Some institutions may conduct interviews or presentations to assess your research aptitude and fit for the program. Prepare well for these interactions.
Secure funding: Explore funding opportunities such as scholarships, fellowships, or research grants. Check if the institutions offer any financial support or external funding options.
Accept an offer : Once you receive acceptance letters from the institutions you applied to, carefully evaluate and select the most suitable offer based on research facilities, faculty expertise, funding, and overall fit.
Complete admission formalities: After accepting an offer, complete the necessary admission formalities as specified by the institution. This may include submitting additional documents, paying fees, and fulfilling any other requirements.

It’s important to note that the specific steps and procedures may vary between institutions. Therefore, always refer to the official websites and admission guidelines of the institutions you are applying to for accurate and up-to-date information.

Pursuing a Ph.D. in India is a rewarding and intellectually stimulating endeavor. Understanding the duration, costs, eligibility criteria, and recent developments is crucial to navigating the process effectively.

By considering these factors and conducting thorough research, aspiring Ph.D. scholars can embark on their academic journey with confidence and clarity.

Remember to reach out to universities or institutions directly for specific information and seek guidance from mentors or faculty members who can provide valuable insights into the Ph.D. application process in your chosen field. Good luck with your Ph.D. pursuit!

Also Read: Best 100 Institutions to Study PhD in India – 2023

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Home » Career Guidance » A Comprehensive Guide to Applying for a PhD in India [2024]

A Comprehensive Guide to Applying for a PhD in India [2024]

Quick Summary

A PhD is a postgraduate research degree in India. It’s the highest academic degree in the country.
The cost of a PhD course in India differs based on the kind of university people choose. However, if you take estimates, it can cost you around 80k to 2 lacs.
For admission in PhD in India, students require a Master’s degree in a relevant field. An overall grade point average of at least 55% (or equivalent) is required.

Did you know that India produces over 20 thousand PhD holders , making it one of the top 5 countries with the most PhD holders?

Sounds great right?

And this number of PhD holders is only going to increase in upcoming years, with the rise in new technologies and scientific research more and more people will pursue a PhD in India.

If you are also thinking about pursuing PhD degree, then read this article till the end to know all about doing PhD in India.

PhD in India- Course Highlights

Reasons to pursue a phd in india.

It is known that the purpose of a PhD is to teach individuals how to conduct research in a field. Candidates learn how to write scholarly papers and present findings, along with gaining skills like critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication. However, there are career-related reasons to choose PhD course, and these reasons are:

Getting monthly allowances from the government to fund research.
A PhD student is seen as an expert in their field, thus, making them eligible for job openings related to teaching and research.
A chance to go to other countries for Academic Exchange Programs and learn various things.
Getting complete control over what you want to study and how you wish to continue with your research.
A PhD student gets to interact and work with the best academicians in their field and the professional experts who will guide them during their research.

Types of PhD Courses in India

There are different types of PhD degrees, some are based on distance and some are based on stream. Here is the list of major types of PhD in India.

Common PhD Degrees

Stream-wise phd degrees.

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Major PhD in India Entrance Exams

Every university takes its entrance exam for admission and checks the qualification for a PhD of every applicant. However, some entrance exams are conducted on a national level and have more importance. These are the major PhD course entrance exams.

Have a read at a Comprehensive Guide to Entrance Exams after Graduation .

PhD in India- Eligibility Criteria

Getting admission in PhD course is not an easy task, and if you are trying to get admission to any PhD program, check for these PhD eligibility criteria beforehand.

The candidate must have completed a Master’s degree i.e. (MTech/ MSc/ MA/ MPhil/ MBA). And it must be a full-time Master’s course from a recognised university by the government.
The overall grade point average of the candidate’s Master’s program must be at least 55% (or equivalent).
Candidates under SC, ST, and OBC categories will be given 5%- or 10%-mark relaxations. Applicants must present their reservation certificate to use these benefits.
The candidate must pass the PhD entrance exam.
A No Objection Certificate (NOC) f rom the educational institution or company where candidates are employed is required. Candidates must have job experience in a related field for a part-time PhD.

PhD Course Structure

1. coursework.

In PhD courses, students take a set have to take core courses or seminars in their field of study to build foundational knowledge. The coursework varies according to university but does includes both required and elective courses.

2. Research proposal

After completing the core courses, students must develop a research proposal outlining the problem they plan to investigate, the research questions they aim to answer, and the methods they will use to collect and analyze data.

3. Comprehensive exams

Before beginning their research for PhD course, students need to pass certain comprehensive exams covering their field of study to demonstrate their competence in the subject matter.

4. Research

Once students have completed their coursework and passed their comprehensive exams, they can begin their research. This typically involves conducting experiments, collecting data, or engaging in other research activities to answer the questions outlined in their research proposal.

5. Dissertation

The final requirement for a PhD course completion is the dissertation, which is a book-length document outlining the student’s research findings, conclusions, and contributions to their field of study. The dissertation has to be defended in front of a committee of faculty members and other experts in the field.

Read more: Complete Guide to Writing a Research Paper

5 Step PhD Course Admission Process

There is Candidates must take the following seven steps to apply for a PhD in India:

Step 1 Find a Mentor

PhD students should find a supervisor willing to support them through their PhD journey. After finding a supervisor, candidates can apply offline or online. Almost all colleges and universities accept online applications now. However, if you wish, you can apply via the offline process by visiting the office of the university.

Step 2 Fill Online Admission Form

Candidates must complete the online PhD admission form before applying on the university or college website. All the needed qualification for PhD is listed on the university’s official website and should be met. The online application is rejected if candidates fail to meet these requirements.

Step 3 Submit Necessary Documents

After completing the online application form, candidates must provide all necessary papers. These documents may include your passing certificate, degree, and migration certificate. Check the list of papers on the website before applying for the PhD admissions.

Step 4 Pass the Entrance Exam

The college/university needs PhD entrance exam. This exam must be taken after completing the application form. Fill out the form for the entrance exam and appear for it.

Step 5 Pass the Interview

Upon passing the PhD entrance exam, candidates will be invited for a doctoral academic interview. Admission is based on the academic doctoral interview and PhD entrance exam results. The institution or college decides the grades of students at each level and after passing the interview and fulfilling some other requirements you get admission.

Top Colleges for PhD in India

Top 10 career options after phd in india.

Source: Ambition Box

Plan Your Career in PhD

Being known as PhD holder is something to be proud of, not just because it’s a symbol of great knowledge but also a great future. If you want a career like this then doing PhD in India is the best choice and if you are confused about how you are going to get admission in PhD, then re-read the article. Do your research, know which specialization you want to choose and excel in your PhD course.

Make sure you carefully explore all your professional options because your career is extremely important. Before making the right decision, look over our career advice.

Frequently Asked Questions

The cost of a PhD course in India differs based on the kind of university people choose. However, if you take estimates, it can cost you around 80k to 2 lacs. This figure can go up or down based on whether you choose a private institute or a government one.

A PhD program lasts for three to five years. Candidates have a maximum of five to six years to finish the program. The course length may be different for different institutes and the time taken by student in completing their thesis.

For admission in PhD in India, students require a Master’s degree in a relevant field. An overall grade point average of at least 55% (or equivalent) is required. In addition to this, candidates must know the language in which the course is taught and evaluated. Now, an MPhil degree is not a must for PhD admissions.

Getting a PhD in India is not easy. Candidates pursuing PhDs in India must pass the entrance exams such as NET. This written exam checks if they have the relevant subject knowledge to conduct advanced research. Candidates must further clear a PhD interview exam. Candidates must clear these rounds before pursuing PhDs in their chosen areas of specialization.

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New Rules For Doing PhD in India (2023)

Jan 2, 2023

Image credit: Unsplash.

Dr Tushar Chauhan

UGC has proposed new rules and regulations in 2022 for doing PhD in India. Here are critical changes for students willing to do PhD in 2023.

A Master’s degree or 4 years of bachelor’s is required to apply for any PhD in India. However, the 4 years bachelor’s will only be used for tech and engineering students, for now.

Qualification

Now the M.Phil degree is optional for getting admission into the PhD.

For 4 years of bachelor’s and 3 + 2 years master’s degree, 75% and 55% marks, respectively are mandatory for the application.

Minimum Marks

University Grant Commissions or any private university conducts an entrance examination for PhD admission.

Primary requirement

In India, one-year coursework is mandatory for doing original research for PhD. Students have to complete their coursework before starting research.

Course work

The ideal duration for doing a PhD in India is 3 years. Students may ask for more time if required.

The previous important requirement for PhD award– research paper publication is now not compulsory for getting the doctorate honor.

Publication

Besides, all other previous important rules and regulations are unchanged., i hope you like this story. please share it and visit our blog for more content., next story- 9 benefits of gantt chart for phd..

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PhD Admission 2024: Important Dates, Eligibility Criteria, Entrance Exams, Admission Process, Top Colleges

Updated On: February 28, 2024 04:32 pm IST | IIT JAM

PhD admissions 2024 has officially started. Everything you need to know about PhD Admission 2024 is right here, including PhD eligibility criteria, application and admission processes, job opportunities, and a list of PhD-granting colleges and universities.

PhD Admission 2024: Quick Updates

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PhD admission 2024 are determined by entrance exams such as the UGC/CSIR NET, IIT JAM, etc. Nevertheless, some universities offer PhD admissions based on merit, which are then followed by an in-person interview. In order to grant PhD Admission 2024 at prestigious central universities like JNU, DU, etc., NTA administers the UGC NET. In order to grant PhD admission to DU, JNU, BHU, and BBAU for candidates who did not qualify for the UGC NET and JRF, NTA also administers a PhD Entrance Exam. The IIT JAM 2024 Answer Key has been published by IIT Madras. In order to offer Integrated PhD Admission 2024 in a number of IITs and the IISc Bangalore, the results of the IIT JAM exam will be announced on March 22, 2024. The GATE exam is also used for PhD admissions at IITs, NITs, NISER, and other institutions. In order to offer PhD Admission 2024 at several prestigious universities, the GATE 2024 result is anticipated to be released on March 16, 2024. Furthermore, the UGC/CSIR NET is held in two sessions, in June and December, with the purpose of providing PhD admission in 2024. For the June session, registration is open in the months of March and April. To be able to apply for PhD Admission 2024 at Top PhD Colleges , applicants must have secured a minimum of 50% aggregate marks or equivalent CGPA in their postgraduate degree, as well as a valid cut-off score in an entrance exam. Please note that IIT Bombay, IIT Roorkee, IIT Guwahati, and other IITs have begun their PhD admissions process.

Here are the latest updates of PhD admission 2024:

The entrance exam for the RGUHS PhD programme is scheduled for April 19 and 20, 2024.
The PhD entrance exam for Lucknow University will take place on February 24 and 25, 2024.
VIT Vellore PhD Admission is now accepting applications through April 25, 2024, based on VITREE.
The IIM Jammu PhD programme for working professionals is accepting applications through March 31, 2024.
By February 29, 2024, register for the PhD programme at IIM Bodh Gaya.
By July 29, 2024, register for the PhD programme at ICFAI Jaipur.
By February 29, 2024, register for IIM Rohtak PhD Admission 2024.
Register by March 31st in the PhD programme at IIM Jammu.
Register in the PhD programme at IIT Roorkee by February 28, 2024.
Register in the PhD programme at XIMB by February 29, 2024.

PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) is the highest degree or doctorate awarded for research in a specific subject. PhD programs last 3 to 5 years. As per PhD eligibility criteria, PhD qualifications require a master's degree or an MPhil with a minimum aggregate score of 55% is required for a PhD. The CSIR UGC NET is a national-level PhD entrance exam that is held twice a year amongst the other entrance exams. In India, there are numerous PhD Scholarships available to students who wish to pursue a PhD. After completing their PhD degrees, students can choose from a variety of PhD Jobs and earn an average annual salary of INR 5 - 10 LPA. PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) is a programme that involves substantial research work and presentation of the thesis, which is to be accredited by fellow academicians. One can pursue a PhD course in a discipline or stream that he/she has studied in his/her post-graduation. PhD requires a great level of commitment and an eye for detail. Candidates interested in PhD admissions in India are required to give presentations on their research work, submit their progress reports, and defend their thesis in an open defence viva-voce. PhD admissions 2024 are mainly determined by entrance exams but few universities also accept merit-based admissions. For entrance-based PhD admission, universities and colleges will hold the following PhD Entrance Exams; CSIR-UGC NET, UGC NET, DBT JRF Biotech Entrance Test, JRF-GATE, and IISC PhD Entrance Exam. In this article, check all the details about PhD admission process, PhD entrance exams, PhD eligibility criteria, the application process, preparation tips, job prospects, list of colleges /universities offering a PhD and more. To know about PhD syllabus and subjects , click here!

Also Check: List of Private PhD Colleges in Maharashtra

The table below includes the top PhD colleges and their application dates for PhD Admission 2024:

PhD admissions 2024 are primarily based on entrance exams.Applicants can select from a number of PhD specialisations, including mathematics, engineering, education, and engineering. The table below shows the exam schedules for India's most competitive PhD entrance exams.

Also Read: Top Government PhD Colleges in Maharashtra

PhD is considered one of the most valued degrees not just in India but abroad as well. When it comes to your career graph, a PhD degree can be a good qualification for the aspirants. There are many colleges or universities that offer a PhD course for aspiring students, however, the question remains – Why should one have a PhD degree or why should a person opt for a PhD course. The answer to this question comes along with the benefits that are associated with a PhD degree.

A PhD degree offers a wide range of employment opportunities. One of the most sought-after jobs for a PhD degree holder is of a lecturer or a professor in a university or a researcher in most fields. Along with this, a PhD degree holder can get a job in publishing houses, educational institutes, law firms, consultancy, etc

Candidates will have in-depth knowledge and develop mastery over the subjects they have chosen for specialisation, which will be extremely useful for them in their careers

Candidates will get an insight into the theoretical aspect of the course and will get practical exposure as well

It is a respectable and reputed qualification

Are you feeling lost and unsure about what career path to take after completing 12th standard?

Say goodbye to confusion and hello to a bright future!

A PhD is an abbreviation for Doctor of Philosophy, which is the highest academic course level.

A doctorate or PhD degree typically takes three years to complete. Candidates accepted into the programme have a maximum of 5 to 6 years to complete their research. However, the duration of the PhD programmes varies by institute.

A PhD programme allows you to specialise in a variety of fields. Chemistry Clinical Psychology Education Physics Electronics and Communications Engineering Educational Leadership and Administration are some of the popular doctorate level courses.

Yes. Candidates interested in pursuing a PhD programme must first complete their master's degree and then apply.

A PhD is the highest educational qualification that can be obtained. A PhD candidate can expect to earn PhD salary between INR 6 and INR 12 lakhs per year.

Humanities, social sciences, education, and other easy PhD courses are among the many available.

Yes. It is every so often possible to forego your master's programme and enrol directly in doctoral courses. You can choose to forego your PG degree by enrolling in a research programme after earning your bachelor's degree.

A specific group of students can finish their PhD in two years. Nothing, however, can be specified as such.

In most cases, a two-year Master's OR MPhil degree in the relevant field from any accredited Indian or foreign university is the minimal requirement for admission to a PhD programme. She or he must have earned a master's degree or a grade equivalent with at least 55%.

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Latest news detail, comprehensive guide to phd admissions in india | latest ugc guidelines for phd admission.

13 Sep 2023

Welcome to this comprehensive guide on PhD admissions in India. Here, we'll break down the ins and outs of pursuing a doctoral degree in the country. Understanding the academic landscape, especially at this advanced level, requires knowing the processes and criteria involved. These latest UGC guidelines for PhD scholars not only explain the basics of applying for a PhD program but also emphasize the importance of the Latest UGC guidelines for PhD admission, particularly focusing on the UGC guidelines for PhD in 2023. By carefully examining and summarizing the most current policies and procedures outlined in the Latest UGC guidelines for PhD scholars 2023, our goal is to provide aspiring researchers with the necessary knowledge and insights regarding UGC guidelines for PhD admission 2023 to start their academic journey confidently and with clear direction.

What are the ways in which one can get PhD admissions in India?

1. National Eligibility Tests (NET) : If you qualify in national-level tests like NET by UGC or CSIR, you become eligible for Junior Research Fellowship (JRF), which can be a criterion for admission.

2. Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE): For engineering and technology fields, GATE scores are often considered for PhD admissions in IITs and other technical institutions.

3. Institutional Entrance Exams : Many universities and research institutions conduct their own entrance exams. For example, JNU, TISS, and others have their specific tests.

4. Research Entrance Test (RET) : Some universities hold their own Research Entrance Tests to admit students directly to PhD programs.

5. Interviews and Written Tests : Alongside standardized tests, universities may conduct interviews and/or written tests to evaluate a candidate's research aptitude.

6. Sponsored Candidates : If you're employed in a research organization or industry, your employer may sponsor you for a PhD. In such cases, you might need to clear the entrance exams or follow the guidelines set by the sponsoring institution.

7. Foreign Students Quota : Some universities reserve seats for foreign students. The admission process for foreign students may differ from that for Indian nationals.

8. UGC/CSIR Fellowship s: If you've qualified for UGC NET/JRF or CSIR NET/JRF, you can apply for PhD positions in institutions that accept these fellowships.

9. Industry Collaborations : Industries sometimes collaborate with academic institutions for research projects. If you're part of such a project, it might lead to a PhD admission opportunity.

10. Direct Admission (Without a Master's Degree) : In exceptional cases, candidates with a robust research background might be admitted directly to a PhD program without having completed a Master's degree.

11. Merit-Based Admission : Some universities may offer PhD admissions based solely on academic merit and previous research experience.

What is the process for getting PhD admissions in India?

1. Pick Your Field of Study : First things first, choose the field you're passionate about. Make sure it aligns with your academic background and career aspirations.

2. Find Potential Advisors : Look for professors or researchers working in your area of interest. Read up on their work and get in touch to express your interest in joining their team.

3. Check Eligibility Criteria : Take a look at the university or department's eligibility requirements. Typically, you'll need a relevant postgraduate degree with a minimum percentage or grade.

4. Gather Application Documents : - CV : Put together a detailed CV highlighting your education, research experience, publications (if any), and other pertinent info. - Statement of Purpose (SOP) : Write a clear statement explaining why you're keen on a PhD, your research interests, and how they align with the department's offerings. - Research Proposal (if needed) : If required, outline your intended research topic, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes. - Academic Transcripts and Certificates : Include copies of your academic records and degree certificates. - Letters of Recommendation : Usually, you'll need a couple of letters from professors or professionals who can vouch for your academic and research capabilities. - Standardized Test Scores (if applicable) : If relevant, provide scores from tests like NET, GATE, or any other required national or international exams. - Application Fee : If there's an application fee, be sure to pay it.

5. Submit Applications : Most universities have an online application system. Fill out the form, upload your documents, and pay any necessary fees.

6. Entrance Exam/Interview (if needed) : Some universities may conduct subject-specific tests or interviews to evaluate your research potential.

7. Shortlisting and Selection : Based on the applications, universities will shortlist candidates. If necessary, participate in interviews or written tests.

8. Admission Notification : Once the selection process is done, the university will let you know their decision. If you're accepted, you'll receive a formal offer letter.

9. Acceptance and Enrollment : If you get an offer, formally accept it and follow the provided instructions for enrollment. This might involve paying fees, providing more documents, and registering for courses.

10. Begin Your PhD Program : Start your PhD program according to the university's academic calendar.

What are the requirements for getting PhD admissions in India?

1. Educational Background : - You should hold a postgraduate degree (Master's or equivalent) in a relevant field from a recognized university. Some institutions may have specific percentage or grade requirements.

2. Qualifying Tests (if applicable) : - If you've cleared national-level exams like NET (conducted by UGC or CSIR) or GATE, it can boost your eligibility for PhD admissions, particularly in specific technical fields.

3. Research Proposal (if asked for): - Certain universities might request a research proposal. This document outlines your planned research topic, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes.

4. Statement of Purpose (SOP) : - You'll need to submit a well-articulated SOP explaining your research interests, academic history, and reasons for pursuing a PhD.

5. Recommendation Letters : - Typically, you'll require two to three recommendation letters from professors or professionals who can vouch for your academic prowess and research potential.

6. Standardized Test Scores (if relevant): - Depending on your field, you may need to provide scores from tests like NET, JRF, or GATE. Some departments may also have their own subject-specific tests.

7. Academic Records : - Supply copies of your academic records, including transcripts and degree certificates.

8. Work Experience (if applicable) : - Relevant work experience may be considered as an additional qualification in some cases.

9. Interview or Written Test (if needed) : - Certain universities or departments may conduct an interview or written test to gauge your research capabilities.

10. Language Proficiency : - Proficiency in the language of instruction, typically English, may be evaluated, especially for international applicants.

11. Meeting Specific Departmental Requirements : - Some departments may have extra prerequisites. For instance, they might expect candidates to have completed specific courses at the Master's level.

12. Category-based Considerations (if applicable) : - Reserved categories (SC/ST/OBC/PwD) might have specific relaxations in eligibility criteria. It's advisable to verify with the respective university.

Funding opportunities for PhD programs in India:

1. Prime Minister’s Fellowship Scheme for Doctoral Research : This initiative offers a monthly stipend ranging from 70,000 to 80,000 INR for four years. It supports PhD scholars engaged in research related to science, technology, engineering, agriculture, or medicine, in collaboration with an industry partner.

2. Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) : Esteemed agencies like UGC, CSIR, ICAR, ICMR, and others award this fellowship to meritorious candidates who excel in national-level entrance exams like UGC-NET, GATE, CSIR-NET, etc. The monthly fellowship amount varies from 25,000 to 31,000 INR, depending on the subject and awarding agency.

3. Senior Research Fellowship (SRF) : This is for JRF recipients who have completed two years of dedicated research and have contributed to at least one research publication in a peer-reviewed journal. The fellowship amount ranges from 28,000 to 35,000 INR per month, depending on the field of study and the conferring agency.

4. Research Assistantship : Some universities or institutes offer this assistantship to their PhD scholars involved in teaching or research activities. The monthly stipend typically ranges from 10,000 to 20,000 INR, depending on the university and the nature of assigned responsibilities.

Revised Guidelines of UGC

If you hold a four-year undergraduate degree with a CGPA of at least 7.5 out of 10, you're eligible to apply for PhD programs without a master's degree. Those who have cleared the National Eligibility Test (NET) or have a Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) are exempt from the entrance test conducted by universities or colleges for PhD admission. Around 40% of the available PhD seats in each subject will be filled through the entrance test, while the remaining seats will be allocated to NET/JRF qualified candidates or those with equivalent fellowships. The entrance test comprises two papers: one on research aptitude and methodology, and another on the specific subject of research. To pass, you need to score at least 50% in each paper. If you clear the entrance test, you'll need to submit a research proposal and attend an interview with a research advisory committee. The PhD program must span a minimum of three years and a maximum of six years. In the first year, you're required to complete coursework amounting to at least 12 credits. Your PhD thesis will be assessed by at least two external examiners, one of whom must be from outside the state or country. You'll also have to defend your thesis in an open viva voce examination.

New Guidelines of UGC

If you have a four-year bachelor’s degree with a CGPA of at least 7.5, or a master’s degree with 55% marks, you're eligible for a PhD program. Candidates who've cleared the NET or JRF exams are exempt from the entrance test conducted by universities or colleges for PhD admission. The entrance test consists of two papers: one on research skills and methods, and another on the specific subject of research. You need to score at least 50% in each paper to qualify. Once you pass the entrance test, you'll need to submit a research proposal and attend an interview with a research advisory committee. The PhD program spans a minimum of three years and a maximum of six years. In the first year, you're required to complete coursework amounting to at least 12 credits. Your PhD thesis will be evaluated by at least two external examiners, one of whom must be from outside the state or country. You'll also have to defend your thesis in an open viva voce examination.

Final Thoughts

Understanding the processes and rules of UGC guidelines for PhD admission 2023 requires some careful consideration. Being familiar with the UGC guidelines for PhD scholars is crucial because they form the foundation for academic pursuits at this level. It's essential to keep up with the latest UGC guidelines for PhD scholars, especially the latest UGC guidelines for PhD admission in 2023. These guidelines provide the necessary structure to ensure a thorough and consistent approach to doctoral education. Following the latest UGC guidelines for PhD scholars in 2023 not only ensures compliance with established norms but also creates an environment conducive to top-notch research and academic achievements.

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Unlocking the Ph.D. Journey: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction

PhD ( PhD full form : Doctor of Philosophy) is an academic doctoral degree. A PhD programme typically lasts three years, with students expected to complete the programme in five to six years. The course duration, however, may differ from one institute to the next.

Importance of pursuing a PhD

PhD, or Doctor of Philosophy, is a research degree that is pursued to further academic or research endeavors. Before enrolling in this course, one must first grasp the requirements of the course. After completing a PhD, one can pursue higher-paying careers such as academia or research.

Courses Highlights

Exploring different types of phd programs.

PhD programs are available in a wide range of disciplines, including natural sciences, social sciences, humanities, engineering, and more. It’s essential to explore various programs to find the one that aligns with your research interests and career goals.

Understanding the course duration and structure

The duration of PhD programs can vary depending on the field of study, research area, and individual progress. Typically, a full-time PhD program lasts for about 3-5 years.

Specializations and interdisciplinary options

PhD programs often offer opportunities for specialization within a broader field of study. This allows students to focus their research on specific areas of interest and become experts in niche topics. Additionally, interdisciplinary options are available, enabling students to combine multiple disciplines to address complex research questions.

All about PhD: Full-Time, Part-Time Research Scholars, and Admission Process

In India, there are three different types of PhD programmes. Full-time, part-time, and online PhD programmes are among them.

Full-Time PhD

A typical Doctor of Philosophy programme is a full-time PhD. These programmes last anywhere from four to six years.
Compared to other options for earning a PhD, a full-time doctor of philosophy programme has the most expensive tuition.
The majority of candidates want to enroll in a full-time PhD programme, including those who have received government or semi-government fellowships, institute research scholars with teaching assistance, and self-financed candidates.

Part-Time PhD

Part-Time PhD programmes can occasionally be completed part-time. The majority of Part-Time PhDs are awarded to candidates who are employed by reputable research organizations, academic institutions, and businesses that are ideally adjacent to the university.
Since part-time doctoral students must complete the same quantity of academic credits and other prerequisites as full-time students, a part-time PhD typically takes 7-8 years to accomplish.

PhD admission 2023 in India process

The PhD admission 2023 involves several common steps.

Firstly, research and identify potential programs and faculty members whose research aligns with your interests.
Check the eligibility criteria, including educational qualifications, prerequisite coursework, standardized test scores, language proficiency, and work experience. Establish contact with potential supervisors to discuss your research ideas.
Prepare application materials such as an application form, statement of purpose, letters of recommendation, transcripts, standardized test scores, resume/CV, and writing samples.
Submit your application by the deadline, and the selection committee will review applications based on academic qualifications, recommendations, statement of purpose, etc.

Eligibility Criteria

Only candidates who have earned a master’s degree in a field or stream that is related to the PhD course of study are qualified to enroll in it. Additionally, some colleges stipulate that in order to enroll in one of their PhD programmes, applicants must have earned an MPhil to get PhD eligibility.

Top Entrance Exams for PhD 2023

In India, there are several entrance exams conducted for PhD admission 2023 in various disciplines. Here are some of the top PhD entrance exams in 2023 in India:

National Eligibility Test (NET):

The National Eligibility Test is conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA) on behalf of the University Grants Commission (UGC). NET is a common entrance exam for eligibility for Assistant Professor positions and for Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) in Indian universities and colleges. Qualifying in NET can often serve as a prerequisite for PhD admission in 2023 in India.

Exam pattern and syllabus : NET is conducted in multiple subjects and follows a computer-based test format. It consists of two papers – Paper 1 (General Aptitude) and Paper 2 (Subject-specific). Both papers are objective-type (multiple-choice questions).

The syllabus for Paper 1 includes teaching and research aptitude, reasoning ability, comprehension, and general awareness. The syllabus for Paper 2 is specific to the chosen subject.

Important dates and application process for each of them: The exam is conducted twice a year, usually in June and December. The exact dates, along with the application deadline and release of notification, can be found on the official NTA website.

Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE):

While GATE is primarily conducted for admission to postgraduate programs in engineering and technology, many universities and research institutions in India also accept GATE scores for PhD admissions. GATE is conducted jointly by the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) and various Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs).

Exam pattern and syllabus: GATE is a computer-based test that assesses the comprehensive understanding of undergraduate subjects in engineering, technology, and architecture. The exam consists of multiple-choice questions and numerical answer-type questions.

The syllabus is specific to the chosen subject, and it covers various topics related to the discipline.

Important dates and application process of each of them: GATE is conducted annually in February. The official notification, application start date, application deadline, and exam dates can be found on the GATE organizing institute’s official website.

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-UGC NET:

CSIR-UGC NET is conducted by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in coordination with the UGC. It is specifically aimed at granting eligibility for lectureship and Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) to candidates in science and technology disciplines.

Exam pattern and syllabus: CSIR-UGC NET is a computer-based test comprising multiple-choice questions. The exam is conducted in various science subjects.

The syllabus is discipline-specific and covers various topics in science and technology.

Important dates and application process of each of them: CSIR-UGC NET is conducted twice a year, typically in June and December. The official notification, application start date, application deadline, and exam dates can be found on the official CSIR website.

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) AIEEA-PG:

The All India Entrance Examination for Admission to Postgraduate (AIEEA-PG) is conducted by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) for admission to PhD programs in agricultural and allied sciences.

Exam pattern and syllabus: AIEEA-PG is a computer-based test with multiple-choice questions. The exam focuses on agricultural and allied sciences.

The syllabus covers subjects related to agricultural sciences, including agricultural engineering, horticulture, agronomy, veterinary sciences, etc.

Important dates and application process for each of them: The AIEEA-PG exam is usually held in May or June. The official notification, application start date, application deadline, and exam dates can be found on the official ICAR website.

Joint Admission Test (JAM):

JAM is conducted by various Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) for admission to postgraduate programs in science. Some IITs also offer integrated PhD programs where JAM scores may be considered for admission.

Exam pattern and syllabus: JAM is a computer-based test with multiple-choice questions and numerical answer-type questions. The exam covers various subjects in science.

The syllabus is specific to the chosen subject and includes topics related to that discipline.

Important dates and application process of each of them: JAM is conducted in February. The official notification, application start date, application deadline, and exam dates can be found on the official JAM organizing institute’s website.

Syllabus for PhD

The syllabus for the PhD programme will be determined by the subject chosen by the student. It is worth noting that the PhD studies are accessible in nearly all major fields, including physics, chemistry, mathematics, bio-sciences, clinical research, zoology, applied sciences, economics, social work, literature, arts, psychology, and social sciences.

Topics for the research paper could include:

Introduction to the subject
Research Design
Research Foundation
Quality Standards
Measuring Structure and Size

Popular PhD Programs

Popular PhD courses in India can vary based on the specific field and institution. However, here are three examples of popular PhD programs across different disciplines:

PhD in Computer Science

The PhD program in Computer Science is highly sought after due to the increasing importance of computer science in various industries. This program focuses on advanced research and development in areas such as algorithms, artificial intelligence, data science, cybersecurity, and software engineering.

Key features: Key features include advanced research opportunities in areas like algorithms, artificial intelligence, data science, and software engineering, collaboration with industry partners, and the guidance of experienced faculty members.
Specializations offered: Specializations offered may include algorithms, artificial intelligence, data science, machine learning, computer vision, cybersecurity, software engineering, human-computer interaction, and bioinformatics.

PhD in Biomedical Sciences

The PhD program in Biomedical Sciences attracts students interested in biomedical research, healthcare innovation, and the advancement of medical knowledge. This interdisciplinary program focuses on topics such as molecular biology, genetics, physiology, pharmacology, and bioinformatics.

Key features: Key features include access to state-of-the-art research facilities, collaborations with healthcare institutions for clinical research, and opportunities for publishing research findings and presenting at conferences.
Specializations offered: Specializations offered may include molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, pharmacology, neuroscience, immunology, microbiology, biomedical engineering, biotechnology, and clinical research.

PhD in Psychology

The PhD program in Psychology is popular among students interested in understanding human behavior, cognition, and mental processes. This program covers various subfields of psychology, including clinical psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, developmental psychology, and neuroscience.

Key features: Key features include a research-driven curriculum, emphasis on research design and data analysis, clinical training (for clinical psychology specialization), and close collaboration with faculty mentors for guidance throughout the doctoral journey.
Specializations offered: Specializations offered may include clinical psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, developmental psychology, neuropsychology, counseling psychology, organizational psychology, forensic psychology, health psychology, and experimental psychology.

PhD Course Structure

A PhD course typically consists of a structured program that enables students to pursue advanced research in a specific field. The course structure can vary depending on the university and discipline but generally includes a combination of coursework and independent research. Students typically start with foundational courses to build expertise in their field, followed by more specialized coursework related to their research area. They are also expected to undertake independent research under the guidance of a supervisor, culminating in the completion of a doctoral dissertation. Additionally, PhD students may be required to participate in seminars, workshops, and conferences to enhance their knowledge and engage with the academic community.

Top Colleges for PhD

The top universities in India which offer the country’s top doctor of philosophy programmes are:

1. IIT Bombay PhD

The minimum requirement for applying is 60% overall in the master’s degree, and the candidate is chosen based on their performance on the GATE, CEED, and UGC-NET exams. A GATE score of at least 660 must be legitimate. PhD fees in India cost INR 1.83 lakh in total. Candidates must have a master’s degree and pass one of the following exams at IIT Bombay: CEED, GATE, or UGC-NET.

Reputation and rankings: IIT Bombay is one of the premier institutes in India, consistently ranked among the top engineering institutions globally. It has a strong reputation for its rigorous academic programs, research excellence, and renowned faculty members.
Research facilities and resources: IIT Bombay offers world-class research facilities and resources to its PhD students. The institute has well-equipped laboratories, cutting-edge technology, and access to a vast range of research databases. It encourages interdisciplinary collaboration and provides ample opportunities for students to engage in high-impact research.

2. IISC Bangalore PhD

MSc or an equivalent degree in Physical Sciences, Mathematical Sciences, or Chemical Sciences, BE/B Tech or an equivalent degree in any subject, or graduates of 4-year Bachelor of Science programmes, is the minimum requirement for IISC Bangalore’s PhD Science programme. Without the need for any additional National Entrance Tests, graduates of any course with a minimum four-year duration and a minimum CGPA of 8.0 are qualified to apply to the normal Ph. D. programme.

Reputation and rankings: IISc Bangalore is a prestigious institution known for its excellence in research and innovation. It consistently ranks among the top scientific research institutions in India and is recognized globally for its academic contributions.
Research facilities and resources: IISc Bangalore provides outstanding research facilities and resources to its PhD students. It houses state-of-the-art laboratories, advanced equipment, and access to extensive scientific literature.

Both online and offline applications are accepted for the VTU Ph.D. programme. The needed 6.5 CGPA is the minimal requirement for eligibility. Selection will be based on prior performance and work history. The PhD admission 2023 is merit-based. Karnataka state candidates must pay PhD course fees of INR 7,970 while those from other states must pay INR 19,470.

Reputation and rankings : VTU (Visvesvaraya Technological University) is a respected institution in India, known for its focus on technical education and research. It has gained recognition for its quality programs and contributions to various engineering and technology fields.
Research facilities and resources: VTU provides research facilities and resources to support the PhD programs. It has well-equipped laboratories, access to relevant research literature, and opportunities for collaboration with industry and academia.

4. Bangalore University PhD

The results of the PhD entrance 2023 administered by the university and the performance in the interview are used to determine admission. Candidates must receive a score of at least 50 percent out of 100 to be eligible to take the exam. The Ph. D Entrance Test is not required for applicants who have passed the CSIR NET, UGC NET, SLET, KSET, GATE, JRF, or hold an approved M. Phil. degree.

Reputation and rankings: Bangalore University is a reputable institution with a long-standing history of academic excellence. It is recognized as one of the top universities in India, offering diverse programs across various disciplines.
Research facilities and resources: Bangalore University provides research facilities and resources to support PhD students in their research endeavors. It has well-equipped laboratories, access to libraries and research databases, and a supportive academic community.

5. Amity University PhD

Amity University PhD admission 2023 is accepted twice a year, in January and July. The PhD application form 2023 must only be completed and submitted online. A Master’s or M.Phil Degree in the relevant discipline from any authorized Indian or Foreign University with 55% marks is necessary for admission to a PhD Programme. Eligible candidates will be required to participate in the Selection Process, which will include a PET (Ph.D. Entrance Test) and an Interview round, in accordance with the UGC’s PhD Guidelines.

Reputation and rankings: Amity University is a leading private university in India, known for its multidisciplinary approach and emphasis on research-driven education. It has gained recognition for its academic programs and industry partnerships.
Research facilities and resources: The university has well-equipped laboratories, access to industry-standard equipment, and collaborations with industry partners. It provides a vibrant research environment with opportunities for interdisciplinary research, conferences, and workshops.

PhD Career Scope and Job Profiles

After completing the PhD programme, job opportunities in all major fields are expected to improve. Also, keep in mind that the PhD programme provides the candidate with a research foundation, which may lead to more job chances.

Here are some of the most common jobs for PhD holders:

Teaching jobs
Government jobs
Financial managers
Work as consultants at corporate firms and companies
Become a research associate
Product Manager
Development writer
Assistant Director, learning programs
Program officer of Think Tanks, Foundations, etc.

Average Salary Offered

Check below for the list of PhD jobs and the average salary offered for the respective job profiles.

1. How long does it take to complete a PhD?

A Ph.D. from India normally takes about six years. However, depending on the subject, programme, and location, the average time to finish a PhD might vary, with some programmes lasting longer than others. A doctorate student’s PhD might take anywhere from six to twelve years to finish.

2. Can I work while pursuing a PhD?

Yes, it is possible to work while pursuing a PhD. Many PhD students work as teaching or research assistants to supplement their income. However, it is important to balance work and study to avoid becoming overwhelmed with the demands of both.

3. What are the funding options for PhD programs?

Funding options for Ph.D. programs can vary depending on the country, institution, and field of study. Some options include university scholarships, research grants, teaching/research assistantships, government fellowships, and student loans. Generally, Ph.D. students should explore all possible funding sources to find the option that best suits their financial needs.

4. How do I choose a research topic for my PhD?

Choosing a Ph.D. research topic can be difficult and requires considerable thinking. Ph.D. candidates should consider selecting a topic that is relevant to their interests, experiences, and research objectives. Students should also assess the project’s feasibility, the availability of funds and resources, and the possible impact of the research.

In conclusion, we have discussed various aspects related to pursuing a PhD. It is important to keep in mind that each PhD program may have its own specific requirements and guidelines, so it is advisable to refer to your institution or program for detailed information.

For aspiring PhD candidates, pursuing a doctoral degree is a bold and admirable endeavor. Surround yourself with mentors, advisors, and peers who can provide guidance and support throughout your journey. Embrace challenges and setbacks as opportunities for growth, and stay motivated by envisioning the impact your research can have on your field and society as a whole.

As you embark on the path towards obtaining a PhD, always remember that you have the potential to contribute new knowledge and make a meaningful impact through your research. The pursuit of a PhD is a transformative experience that shapes not just your academic and professional life but also your personal growth. Stay focused, stay motivated, and believe in yourself.

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The Key Differences between Pursuing a PhD in India and Abroad

Published on May 4, 2023

Pursuing a PhD is a significant academic achievement that requires a considerable amount of time, effort, skills, hard work and dedication. While some students choose to pursue their doctoral degree in their home country such as India in our case, others may opt to explore opportunities abroad. However, there are several differences between pursuing a PhD in India and abroad, from the admission process to the curriculum and research culture. In this article, we will go deep into the various aspects of an Abroad PhD and a PhD in India, highlighting the differences between the two in this article.

PhD in India vs. PhD in Abroad, the key differences.

Table of Contents

1 Admission Process:
2 Research Funding:
3 Duration of PhD:
4 Curriculum and Coursework:
5 Research Culture:
6 Career Opportunities:

Admission Process:

In India, admission to a PhD program typically involves clearing an entrance exam conducted by National Test Agency (NTA) and an interview. This exam makes students eligible for pursuing PhD in India. This is not the only way to get enrolled in the PhD programme in India, there are other National entrance exams for PhD in India as well through which anyone can get admission in the PhD programme in India (Example: GATE).

However, admission to a PhD program abroad is generally more competitive and may involve a variety of criteria such as academic records, research experience, recommendation letters, statement of purpose (SOP), and standardized test scores such as GRE, TOEFL or IELTS to evaluate English speaking, listening, and writing skills.

Research Funding:

PhD in Indian universities are often funded by the government or universities, and students may also receive a monthly stipend through different private scholarships. Central Government scholarships can be availed directly through the JRF (Junior Research Fellowship) programme.

However, PhD programs abroad are usually not funded by the government, and students are often required to secure their own funding through scholarships, grants or fellowships. Abroad PhD can be Partially or Fully funded. Students can get a direct fellowship from their enrolled university or Supervisor fund.

Duration of PhD:

PhD in Indian universities typically takes between 3 to 5 years to complete. First-year of the Indian PhD programme is known as Pre-PhD, in this period usually students go through research coursework and other skill development courses essential for their research. After that, the duration of the PhD programme depends on the student and supervisor.

However, PhD programs abroad may take longer, and the duration can vary depending on the field of study, the research topic, and the country of study. Sometimes the duration of an Abroad PhD purely depends on the funding period, which means for how many years the PhD candidate is getting funding for his/her research.

Curriculum and Coursework:

PhD in Indian universities are generally required to complete coursework in addition to their research work. However, in many countries abroad, such as the United States, students may not be required to complete coursework and can focus solely on their research.

Research Culture:

PhD in Indian universities place more emphasis on coursework and examinations. PhD programs abroad often have a more research-focused culture, with greater emphasis on independent research and publication. Research culture can vary depending on the institution.

Career Opportunities:

Completing a PhD abroad can open up a more comprehensive range of career opportunities, both in India and abroad. PhD graduates from reputable international universities have better job prospects and higher salaries compared to graduates of Indian universities.

The decision of pursuing a PhD in India or abroad requires careful consideration of various factors such as the admission process, research funding, duration, curriculum, and career opportunities. While pursuing a PhD in India is more accessible due to government-funded scholarships and a structured academic curriculum, studying abroad may offer better career prospects and a more research-focused culture. Ultimately, the choice depends on individual preferences, resources, and aspirations. Whatever the choice may be, pursuing a PhD is a commendable achievement that can open up new dimensions and opportunities in the academic and professional world.

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From admission to dissertation. Tips on making the PhD journey happy, productive and successful

Eligibility to do PhD in India

In India the eligibility to do PhD in India is a degree or post graduation. With a 3 year degree, you will have a chance to do integrated PhD or if you have masters, you will have to do regualar PhD.

Eligibility criteria to do PhD in India

Pass a Degree or Post Graduation.
Get at least 55% of marks in your Post Graduation.
There is no age limit as such.
Option to Join a integrated PhD with just a degree.
Crack PhD entrance exam .
Pass a PhD interview.
Prepare a Research Proposal.
Complete pre course work.
Allotment of PhD guide or Co guide

Once you perform the above conditions, you may become eligible to do PhD in India and infact your real PhD research will start effectively. Any thing from the above points are very important for better research. Here is why my detailed explanation.

Minimum Eligibility to do PhD

In many universities, there is a condition to have minimum post graduation level to enter in to PhD course. This is mandatory. Unless you have PG in any subject, only then you are eligible to do PhD. You are not allowed to take a different subject other than the subjects you have studied in Post Graduation. You must study in PG that subject that which you are planning to take in PhD. So take care about your interest. If you have different subject but your interest is with other subject, then there is no way that you can perform well in PhD. You must also become expert in that subject are while you are studying MASTERS. The more knowledge you acquire in your Post graduation, the better the knowledge and scope in your PhD course.

Percentage Eligibility

There is a requirement to have a minimum of 55% marks in your post graduation. There is no other way here. Some private universities even ask for first class percentage. So 60% is also a mandatory thing with some of the reputed deemed to be private universities. If you get less marks, like 54%, you are out of getting admission in your PhD course. Unless you have some recommendation or prove yourself to your supervisor that you can do qualitative research, then you can come up with success in getting admission. So try to impress your supervisor before hand and convince that your percentage will not affect your research. So it all depends on this. But there are 5% chances to get admission in to PhD if your percentage in your Post Graduation is lesser than 55% or even 60-% with some of the good universities out there.

Age Criteria and Limit

There is no such condition that you must do PhD only at some point of time. You can do it even when you are 60s. There is no age limit to do PhD in INDIA. Once you fulfill the said conditions in this article, you are all the time eligible to do PhD. But there must be some health conditions to do PhD. If you have problems with your health, then it is difficult to do research. So think about this once. But these are all personal decisions that you have to make. There is no official age limit or medical report that you have to produce to do PhD. Be active and pro active. This is all any individual requires.

Direct PhD and its eligibility

There are some universities in India offering PhD in a direct mode once you finish you B Tech and BA. This is like the combination of both masters and PhD for six long years with a unique curriculum. So if you want to progress with an early career, you can choose this option that will take you to the other side of life. You can earn good handsome salaries once you have finished this. You can also earn respect at an younger age. You can also continue with Post Doc opportunities and beat the competition in your field. But this type of direct PhD’s are not offered in all subjects. So check clearly which subjects are being offered for direct PhD. Check IIT Ropar where you have this direct PhD.

Appearing for a PhD entrance exam

United Grants Commission has made it mandatory for every university to conduct entrance test to take someone in to PhD. So this is quite important. You are not eligible to do PhD with out clearing the entrance exam. Get to know the syllabus of the entrance exam and try to appear it by studying nicely. If you do not study the exact syllabus, then there are less chance to get admission.

Facing a PhD interview

You need to clear PhD interview. This is the main part of the admission process. The way you convince your interview panel is very crucial in deciding who you are exactly. Research proposal plays a great role here If you are able to defend positively in the panes, you will have or get the selection easily.

A good Research Proposal

You must have a strong research proposal to become eligible to join PhD. If you do not have this research proposal, you cannot really get through the admission. Strong and unique research proposal will make you stand out from others. So do have some convincing and defending and new topics in your proposal. Mention exactly about the topic and methods of research.

Course Work is the required eligibility

In order to really become eligible to join PhD with out any conditions, you need to clear and pass course work. Other wise your conditional admission in to PhD will be terminated all of a sudden. There are 4 subject that you must clear.

Research Methodology.
Technical Writing.
Area of Research.
Literary Theory.

These subjects will teach you how to do research. They will give you the skills to continue your PhD course with out problems. So it has become mandatory to complete pre phd course in India.

PhD supervisor’s Allotment

There is no way that you can do PhD with out having one supervisor or guide. The supervisor will guide you effectively and recommend your admission to your PhD. Before trying to get admission, you must drop an email to a supervisor who is specialized in your subject. This email is very important. Then if the supervisor accepts you, thing will move smoothly till you get fully admitted unconditionally.

Writing Skills in English

In India, writing skills are very poor. Students struggle a lot to write in English . That is why many fake PhD holders are in India. These funny professors get help from abroad in writing by paying money. They are not eligible at all to do PhD or to become professors after buying the PhD. So my request to the world is not to recruit Indian PhD holders as they are shit.

Conclusion: If you want to become eligible to do PhD in India, first you must attain some peculiar qualities to be sincere and active in knowing the present day to day conditions of universities and education. The society is somehow not in a position to accept certain things if you are lacking in some qualities. There is only one way to become eligible in my opinion. You must be at least having that passion and spark to do PhD. This passion about doing PhD makes you automatically eligible to do PhD in India. The skills comes automatically with the spark you have in your heart.

The other thing that I want to mention is that PhD can be awarded in any way. Even to the extent of not studying PhD. Simply for example let us take honorary PhD. This is awarded even with out studying and just for the sake of dedication of a person towards something that is special in the eyes of the society. So if you want to be eligible to study PhD, my best suggestion is have some dedication and work for researching some important key terms that this society is really in need of.

My other point is that when you want to do PhD in India, it is also important not to have too many aspirations. PhD is all about success and failure. There is no certain period when you will complete your PhD. It may take around 6 t 9 years of time to complete PhD or sometime even there are possibilities of quitting PhD.

I know many have quit PhD after some 2 or 4 years because they are unable to bear the struggle. They are unable to adjust with the supervisor. They are not in good terms with the supervisor. It is very important that you must keep up a good relationship with your supervisor. He is the one who can save you in your entire life. He can bring success or failure. So always keep up in good and sound wordings with your PhD supervisor. This way you will make eligible to get some new inspiration and cooperation for him.

Other personal eligibility conditions to do PhD in India

Have good passion for research.

Do not post pone your research.

Be aware of fake universities offering PhD.

Be aware not to buy any PhD related services.

Syam Prasad Reddy T

Hello, My name is Syam, Asst. Professor of English and Mentor for Ph.D. students worldwide. I have worked years to give you these amazing tips to complete your Ph.D. successfully. Having put a lot of efforts means to make your Ph.D. journey easier. Thank you for visiting my Ph.D. blog.

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File photo of the UGC building in New Delhi | Manisha Mondal | ThePrint

New Delhi: Students who have completed a four-year undergraduate course will be eligible for direct admission to a doctorate programme, the University Grants Commission (UGC) said in its revised PhD regulations notified earlier this week.

The new PhD regulations — “University Grants Commission (Minimum Standards and Procedures for Award of PhD Degree) Regulations, 2022” – says a candidate should have a minimum of 75 percent marks in “aggregate or its equivalent grade on a point scale wherever the grading system is followed”.

In case the candidate does not have 75 percent marks in a four-year undergraduate program, she has to pursue a one-year master’s programme and score at least 55 percent.

The new admission rules further say, “A 1-year master’s degree programme after a 4-year bachelor’s degree programme or a 2-year master’s degree programme after a 3-year bachelor’s degree programme or qualifications declared equivalent to the master’s degree by the corresponding statutory regulatory body, with at least 55% marks in aggregate or its equivalent grade in a point scale wherever grading system is followed.”

No more publishing in peer-reviewed journals

The UGC has removed the clause, “publishing paper in a peer-reviewed journal”, as mandatory for a PhD.

PhD regulations of 2016 had said that PhD scholars “must publish at least one (1) research paper in a refereed journal and make two paper presentations in conferences/seminars before the submission of the dissertation/thesis for adjudication”.

Talking about this, UGC chairperson Professor M. Jagadesh Kumar said, “Publication of research papers in peer-reviewed journals may not be mandatory anymore, but it does not mean PhD scholars should stop doing that altogether.”

He added: “Focussing on high-quality research will lead to publications in good journals, even if it is not mandatory. It will add value when they apply for employment or post-doctoral opportunities.”

Part-time PhD allowed with clause

For a PhD, individual institutions can also hold their own entrance tests to admit students, the new rules state. The candidate then need not write the National Eligibility Test (NET) or similar exams. The “entrance test shall consist of 50 percent research methodology and 50 percent subject specific,” the rules say.

The commission was planning on reserving 40 percent seats for students who qualified through NET, but that clause did not make it in the final notification as there was no consensus.

Apart from this, the commission has also allowed candidates to pursue a PhD through part-time mode, “provided all conditions are fulfilled”.

As per the rules, the institute will require a “No Objection Certificate (NOC)” from the appropriate authority in the organisation where the candidate is employed.

The NOC should clearly mention that she is permitted to pursue studies on a part-time basis. “His/her official duties permit him/her to devote sufficient time for research; if required, he/she will be relieved from the duty to complete the course work,” the new rules say.

The regulations are applicable with immediate effect from the date of notification. Any PhD registered after 1 July, 2009 shall be governed by the regulations of 2009 or 2016, the notification further adds.

Also read: Only 34% Indian schools have internet access, less than 50% have functional computers, shows data

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UGC approves use of National Eligibility Test (NET) scores for PhD admissions from 2024-25 session

The announcement came following the 578th UGC meeting held on March 13, where an expert committee's recommendations were considered. The NET is conducted twice a year, in June and December, to award Junior Research Fellowships (JRF) and select Assistant Professors for those holding master's degrees

The announcement came following the 578th UGC meeting held on March 13, where an expert committee's recommendations were considered. Photo: Hiindustan Times (Hiindustan Times)

In a move aimed at streamlining the admission process for doctoral programs, the University Grants Commission (UGC) has announced that scores from the National Eligibility Test (NET) will be valid for PhD admissions starting from the 2024-25 academic session. This decision aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and addresses the challenges faced by candidates who currently have to write multiple entrance exams conducted by various universities for PhD admissions. PhD admission will be done based on UGC NET, and no separate exams will be required as per Mamidala Jagadesh Kumar, the UGC chairman.

The announcement came following the 578th UGC meeting held on March 13, where an expert committee's recommendations were considered. The NET is conducted twice a year, in June and December, to award Junior Research Fellowships ( JRF ) and select Assistant Professors for those holding master's degrees.

Jagadesh Kumar stated that the National Testing Agency (NTA) is planning to launch the application process for the June 2024 NET session next week. "From the academic session 2024-2025, all universities can use NET scores for admission to PhD programs in place of entrance tests conducted by different universities/HEIs," Kumar posted on X.

Under the new rules, candidates who qualify for the UGC NET will be eligible for three categories:

PhD admission with JRF and assistant professor posts
PhD admission without JRF and for assistant professor posts
Admission to PhD programs only

However, it's important to note that for creating a merit list for PhD admissions, 70 per cent weightage will be given to the UGC NET scores, while the remaining 30 per cent will be based on interviews.

The UGC NET June 2024 notification is expected to be released soon on the official website at ugcnet.nta.nic.in. It's worth noting that NET scores remain valid for one year.

This move by the UGC aims to provide a unified and streamlined process for PhD admissions across universities, reducing the burden on candidates who previously had to prepare for multiple entrance exams. By recognizing the national-level NET scores, the commission hopes to enhance the efficiency and accessibility of doctoral programs in the country.

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Join the First Cohort of WIPO’s Graduate Program on IP Law and Management in India!

March 25, 2024

Applications are now open for the first edition of the dual track Master of Laws (LL.M.) / Master’s Degree in Intellectual Property (IP) and Management jointly offered by the WIPO Academy, the Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks of India, and the National Law University Delhi (NLU-D).

The one-year graduate program is offered in-person at the NLU-D campus in New Delhi, India. Eligible candidates are encouraged to apply by June 3, 2024 for the first edition of the program starting on August 16, 2024 .

Apply for the LL.M. / Master’s Degree in IP and Management

Young professionals, students, entrepreneurs, and those wishing to hone their legal and managerial IP skills admitted to the program will benefit from the opportunity to learn from local and international IP experts. The program covers topics addressing the fast-evolving field of IP and its relationship with economics, innovation, public health, including:

IP management strategies;
IP licensing and contract management;
IP economics and innovation, including new business models; and
IP commercialization and technology transfer.

The graduate program is offered in a dual track format with students coming from a law background completing the LL.M. track, and students with a non-law background completing the Master’s Degree track. A limited number of scholarships are offered by WIPO and the Government of Japan for international students from developing countries, least-developed countries and countries in transition.

Special launch event at NLU-D

On October 12, 2023, WIPO Director General Daren Tang signed an agreement for the establishment of this program , which responds to the increasing relevance of IP India, especially for the business and commerce sectors, as well as for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which are key drivers of economic development.

A launch event took place at the NLU-D campus on March 21, 2024 to mark the new graduate program. Honorable Justice Pratibha M. Singh from the Delhi High Court opened the launch event alongside Dr. Pushpendra Rai, WIPO Consultant, Professor (Dr.) Unnat Pandit, Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks, Government of India, and Professor G.S. Bajapi, Vice Chancellor NLU-D.

The launch of this program is a watershed moment, in so far as IP education in India is concerned. It has been a requirement to have specialized courses with a focus on IP so that a new breed of IP professionals can serve towards business enterprises, start-ups and the law and policy making of a nation. The way in which this program is conceived, both domestic and international students will stand to benefit from it and shall create an impact in their communities. It is just a step in the WIPO-India partnership accelerated by the dedication of WIPO, the Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks of India, and the National Law University Delhi. Honorable Justice Pratibha M. Singh, Delhi High Court

This program could not come at a more strategic moment as the first dual-track program to be offered for law and non-law students. By focusing on IP law and management, this program provides a unique opportunity for students not only to acquire solid knowledge in the core areas of IP law but also for strategy and management of IP rights. The collaboration between the WIPO Academy, Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks, and the National Law University, Delhi will guarantee the triumph of this unique program, establishing it as a premier model showcasing how IP serves as a catalyst for growth and development for the benefit of everyone. Mr. Sherif Saadallah, Executive Director, of the WIPO Academy

Find out more

What is intellectual property (IP)?
WIPO Academy Joint Master’s Programs
WIPO Academy Course Catalogue
The Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks of India
The National Law University Delhi
Sign up for the WIPO Academy Highlights newsletter
Join the WIPO Academy Community on LinkedIn

Quick Guide: Your College Degree Options

There are generally four categories of college degrees: associate degree, bachelor’s degree, graduate degree, and doctorate or professional degree. Each category comes with its own particular subcategories, and there are some subtle differences between a doctorate and a professional degree.

If you ever find yourself lost in the sea of abbreviations for degrees, you're not alone. This quick guide is here to clear the air regarding the types of degrees available to you and what each one means.

Guide to College Degrees, Professional Studies & Certifications

Associate degree.

An associate degree is a two-year degree typically offered at community colleges, technical colleges, and career colleges. However, some four-year universities offer them as well. Examples of some associate degrees include Associate of Arts (AA) and Associate of Science (AS).

AS degrees are generally more narrowly focused and prepare students for science and math-related careers. AA degrees are broader and focus on fields outside of math and science such as liberal arts, business administration, criminal justice, and culinary arts.

Some students who earn an associate degree transfer to a four-year program to earn a bachelor’s degree. Others complete associate degrees and then go straight to work.

Bachelor's or Baccalaureate Degree

Bachelor’s degrees require students to complete four- or five-year programs in a specific academic discipline. The two most common types of bachelor’s degrees are bachelor of arts (BA) and bachelor of science (BS). Other types of bachelor’s degrees include the bachelor of fine arts (BFA), and bachelor of architecture (BArch).

Because bachelor’s degrees train students to enter a specific field, many professional careers require them. Earning a bachelor’s degree can open the door to many job opportunities and increase your potential income.

Some institutions offer a liberal arts and career combination program, also called a 3-2 program. This is a type of dual degree in which a student completes three years of liberal arts study followed by two years of professional or technical study. In the end, students earn two bachelor’s degrees, usually a BA and a BS.

An example of this is Columbia University’s 3-2 Combined Plan program in which students can earn a BA and a BS in five years.

Some colleges also let you earn a teacher certification by combining bachelor's degree study with state certification requirements. State requirements vary, but these programs usually feature professional education courses, including student teaching.

Graduate Degree

Graduate degrees are advanced degrees that some students pursue after earning a bachelor’s degree. The two most common are master of arts (MA) and master of science (MS). Other examples include master of fine arts (MFA) and master of business administration (MBA). A graduate degree is like an extension of a bachelor’s degree whereby a student further enriches their knowledge of their field and narrows their f ocus of study .

Graduate degrees usually take around two years to attain, but this can vary based on the degree. Many institutions allow students to enroll in a graduate program in a field unrelated to their bachelor’s degree. This may require some extra credit hours, though.

Professional Degree

Students earn professional degrees to become licensed to work in professions like medicine or law. The M.D. degree is an example. Professional programs generally require a college degree before you start them and then at least three years of study to complete.

Doctoral Degree and Professional Degree

The doctorate and professional degrees are the highest levels of education one can attain. They signify mastery of a subject and often come with the coveted title “doctor.” Although the two are similar, there are some important differences.

A doctorate or doctoral degree is a research-oriented degree focused on scholarly development. The most common doctorate is the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). Despite the name, a PhD covers many disciplines, not just philosophy.

A professional degree is an application-oriented degree, meaning it prepares students for a specific working position. There are many types of professional degrees. Some examples are: doctor of medicine (MD), doctor of pharmacy (PharmD), and doctor of medicine in dentistry (DMD) in the field of medicine, and juris doctor (JD) and doctor of juridical science (SJD) in the field of law.

A graduate degree does not need to precede a doctorate or professional degree. Often, students will go straight into a doctorate or professional program following their bachelor’s, however some programs will require a master’s degree to gain entry. Completion can take anywhere from four to eight years, depending on the field of study.

Many doctoral students work either full-time or part-time while they study in the program. This, along with the field they are studying, will significantly affect the time it takes to complete their degree.

Joint Degrees

Some students may choose to pursue a joint degree, also known as a dual degree, which means they simultaneously study for a bachelor’s degree and a graduate degree. Joint degrees can be pursued in the same college or can be split between two different colleges. For example, Berklee College of Music and Harvard University offer a dual bachelor’s/master’s program in which a student receives a bachelor of arts (BA) at Harvard and a master of music (MM) or master of arts (MA) at Berklee.

Depending on the program, it may be possible to study at the same time for a master's degree and a doctorate. For example, the University of Southern California offers a program leading to doctor of pharmacy and master of public health degrees.

How do academic degrees go in order?

There are four types of degrees. In order of level of education, they rank as associate degree, bachelor’s degree, master’s or graduate degrees, and doctorate or professional degrees.

How many degrees are there in college?

Most community colleges offer only two-year associate degrees, while most four-year colleges offer bachelor’s, graduate, and doctorate or professional degrees. Some four-year colleges may also have associate degree programs.

How many years do you have to be in college to achieve certain degrees?

Though it will vary between academic disciplines, associate degrees usually take two years to achieve, bachelor’s degrees take four years, master’s degrees take two years, and doctorate or professional degrees can take anywhere from four to eight years.

What is an eight-year degree?

An “eight-year degree” typically refers to a doctorate degree or PhD. Although some doctorates can be completed in as little as three years, these degrees typically require more time studying highly specialized subjects. Students in these programs often must defend a dissertation while already working a professional job.

What are the four years of college called?

The first four years of college are the undergraduate years, and a student studying for a bachelor’s degree is called an undergraduate. The four years refer to the total accumulated credit hours; a student may take fewer or more than four years to attain their undergraduate degree.

What does a graduate degree mean?

A graduate degree or master’s degree is an advanced degree that some students pursue after earning a bachelor’s degree. Earning a graduate degree signifies mastery of a particular field of study and focuses more intensely on a subject than a bachelor’s degree does. Graduate degrees usually take two years to attain.

What do you call a master's student?

A master's student is called a graduate student or “grad student” for short. A student still studying for a bachelor’s degree is called an undergraduate student or “undergrad student.”

How many years is a master's degree?

There is unequivocal evidence that Earth is warming at an unprecedented rate. Human activity is the principal cause.

While Earth’s climate has changed throughout its history , the current warming is happening at a rate not seen in the past 10,000 years.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ), "Since systematic scientific assessments began in the 1970s, the influence of human activity on the warming of the climate system has evolved from theory to established fact." 1
Scientific information taken from natural sources (such as ice cores, rocks, and tree rings) and from modern equipment (like satellites and instruments) all show the signs of a changing climate.
From global temperature rise to melting ice sheets, the evidence of a warming planet abounds.

The rate of change since the mid-20th century is unprecedented over millennia.

Earth's climate has changed throughout history. Just in the last 800,000 years, there have been eight cycles of ice ages and warmer periods, with the end of the last ice age about 11,700 years ago marking the beginning of the modern climate era — and of human civilization. Most of these climate changes are attributed to very small variations in Earth’s orbit that change the amount of solar energy our planet receives.

The current warming trend is different because it is clearly the result of human activities since the mid-1800s, and is proceeding at a rate not seen over many recent millennia. 1 It is undeniable that human activities have produced the atmospheric gases that have trapped more of the Sun’s energy in the Earth system. This extra energy has warmed the atmosphere, ocean, and land, and widespread and rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and biosphere have occurred.

Earth-orbiting satellites and new technologies have helped scientists see the big picture, collecting many different types of information about our planet and its climate all over the world. These data, collected over many years, reveal the signs and patterns of a changing climate.

Scientists demonstrated the heat-trapping nature of carbon dioxide and other gases in the mid-19th century. 2 Many of the science instruments NASA uses to study our climate focus on how these gases affect the movement of infrared radiation through the atmosphere. From the measured impacts of increases in these gases, there is no question that increased greenhouse gas levels warm Earth in response.

Scientific evidence for warming of the climate system is unequivocal.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Ice cores drawn from Greenland, Antarctica, and tropical mountain glaciers show that Earth’s climate responds to changes in greenhouse gas levels. Ancient evidence can also be found in tree rings, ocean sediments, coral reefs, and layers of sedimentary rocks. This ancient, or paleoclimate, evidence reveals that current warming is occurring roughly 10 times faster than the average rate of warming after an ice age. Carbon dioxide from human activities is increasing about 250 times faster than it did from natural sources after the last Ice Age. 3

The Evidence for Rapid Climate Change Is Compelling:

Global Temperature Is Rising

The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere and other human activities. 4 Most of the warming occurred in the past 40 years, with the seven most recent years being the warmest. The years 2016 and 2020 are tied for the warmest year on record. 5 Image credit: Ashwin Kumar, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic.

Colonies of “blade fire coral” that have lost their symbiotic algae, or “bleached,” on a reef off of Islamorada, Florida.

The Ocean Is Getting Warmer

The ocean has absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 100 meters (about 328 feet) of ocean showing warming of 0.67 degrees Fahrenheit (0.33 degrees Celsius) since 1969. 6 Earth stores 90% of the extra energy in the ocean. Image credit: Kelsey Roberts/USGS

The Ice Sheets Are Shrinking

The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass. Data from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment show Greenland lost an average of 279 billion tons of ice per year between 1993 and 2019, while Antarctica lost about 148 billion tons of ice per year. 7 Image: The Antarctic Peninsula, Credit: NASA

Glaciers Are Retreating

Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska, and Africa. 8 Image: Miles Glacier, Alaska Image credit: NASA

Snow Cover Is Decreasing

Satellite observations reveal that the amount of spring snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere has decreased over the past five decades and the snow is melting earlier. 9 Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Sea Level Is Rising

Global sea level rose about 8 inches (20 centimeters) in the last century. The rate in the last two decades, however, is nearly double that of the last century and accelerating slightly every year. 10 Image credit: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District

Arctic Sea Ice Is Declining

Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades. 11 Credit: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio

Extreme Events Are Increasing in Frequency

The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950. The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events. 12 Image credit: Régine Fabri, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons

Ocean Acidification Is Increasing

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30%. 13 , 14 This increase is due to humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the ocean. The ocean has absorbed between 20% and 30% of total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions in recent decades (7.2 to 10.8 billion metric tons per year). 1 5 , 16 Image credit: NOAA

1. IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, WGI, Technical Summary . B.D. Santer et.al., “A search for human influences on the thermal structure of the atmosphere.” Nature 382 (04 July 1996): 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1038/382039a0. Gabriele C. Hegerl et al., “Detecting Greenhouse-Gas-Induced Climate Change with an Optimal Fingerprint Method.” Journal of Climate 9 (October 1996): 2281-2306. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2281:DGGICC>2.0.CO;2. V. Ramaswamy, et al., “Anthropogenic and Natural Influences in the Evolution of Lower Stratospheric Cooling.” Science 311 (24 February 2006): 1138-1141. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1122587. B.D. Santer et al., “Contributions of Anthropogenic and Natural Forcing to Recent Tropopause Height Changes.” Science 301 (25 July 2003): 479-483. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1084123. T. Westerhold et al., "An astronomically dated record of Earth’s climate and its predictability over the last 66 million years." Science 369 (11 Sept. 2020): 1383-1387. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094123

2. In 1824, Joseph Fourier calculated that an Earth-sized planet, at our distance from the Sun, ought to be much colder. He suggested something in the atmosphere must be acting like an insulating blanket. In 1856, Eunice Foote discovered that blanket, showing that carbon dioxide and water vapor in Earth's atmosphere trap escaping infrared (heat) radiation. In the 1860s, physicist John Tyndall recognized Earth's natural greenhouse effect and suggested that slight changes in the atmospheric composition could bring about climatic variations. In 1896, a seminal paper by Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius first predicted that changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels could substantially alter the surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. In 1938, Guy Callendar connected carbon dioxide increases in Earth’s atmosphere to global warming. In 1941, Milutin Milankovic linked ice ages to Earth’s orbital characteristics. Gilbert Plass formulated the Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climate Change in 1956.

3. IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, WG1, Chapter 2 Vostok ice core data; NOAA Mauna Loa CO2 record O. Gaffney, W. Steffen, "The Anthropocene Equation." The Anthropocene Review 4, issue 1 (April 2017): 53-61. https://doi.org/abs/10.1177/2053019616688022.

4. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/monitoring https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/temperature/ http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp

5. https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/20170118/

6. S. Levitus, J. Antonov, T. Boyer, O Baranova, H. Garcia, R. Locarnini, A. Mishonov, J. Reagan, D. Seidov, E. Yarosh, M. Zweng, " NCEI ocean heat content, temperature anomalies, salinity anomalies, thermosteric sea level anomalies, halosteric sea level anomalies, and total steric sea level anomalies from 1955 to present calculated from in situ oceanographic subsurface profile data (NCEI Accession 0164586), Version 4.4. (2017) NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/3M_HEAT_CONTENT/index3.html K. von Schuckmann, L. Cheng, L,. D. Palmer, J. Hansen, C. Tassone, V. Aich, S. Adusumilli, H. Beltrami, H., T. Boyer, F. Cuesta-Valero, D. Desbruyeres, C. Domingues, A. Garcia-Garcia, P. Gentine, J. Gilson, M. Gorfer, L. Haimberger, M. Ishii, M., G. Johnson, R. Killick, B. King, G. Kirchengast, N. Kolodziejczyk, J. Lyman, B. Marzeion, M. Mayer, M. Monier, D. Monselesan, S. Purkey, D. Roemmich, A. Schweiger, S. Seneviratne, A. Shepherd, D. Slater, A. Steiner, F. Straneo, M.L. Timmermans, S. Wijffels. "Heat stored in the Earth system: where does the energy go?" Earth System Science Data 12, Issue 3 (07 September 2020): 2013-2041. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020.

7. I. Velicogna, Yara Mohajerani, A. Geruo, F. Landerer, J. Mouginot, B. Noel, E. Rignot, T. Sutterly, M. van den Broeke, M. Wessem, D. Wiese, "Continuity of Ice Sheet Mass Loss in Greenland and Antarctica From the GRACE and GRACE Follow-On Missions." Geophysical Research Letters 47, Issue 8 (28 April 2020): e2020GL087291. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087291.

8. National Snow and Ice Data Center World Glacier Monitoring Service

9. National Snow and Ice Data Center D.A. Robinson, D. K. Hall, and T. L. Mote, "MEaSUREs Northern Hemisphere Terrestrial Snow Cover Extent Daily 25km EASE-Grid 2.0, Version 1 (2017). Boulder, Colorado USA. NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.5067/MEASURES/CRYOSPHERE/nsidc-0530.001 . http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/sotc/snow_extent.html Rutgers University Global Snow Lab. Data History

10. R.S. Nerem, B.D. Beckley, J. T. Fasullo, B.D. Hamlington, D. Masters, and G.T. Mitchum, "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era." PNAS 15, no. 9 (12 Feb. 2018): 2022-2025. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717312115.

11. https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/sotc/sea_ice.html Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS, Zhang and Rothrock, 2003) http://psc.apl.washington.edu/research/projects/arctic-sea-ice-volume-anomaly/ http://psc.apl.uw.edu/research/projects/projections-of-an-ice-diminished-arctic-ocean/

12. USGCRP, 2017: Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I [Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, 470 pp, https://doi.org/10.7930/j0j964j6 .

13. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F

14. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification

15. C.L. Sabine, et al., “The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2.” Science 305 (16 July 2004): 367-371. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097403.

16. Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate , Technical Summary, Chapter TS.5, Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities, Section 5.2.2.3. https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/technical-summary/

Header image shows clouds imitating mountains as the sun sets after midnight as seen from Denali's backcountry Unit 13 on June 14, 2019. Credit: NPS/Emily Mesner Image credit in list of evidence: Ashwin Kumar, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic.

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Ph.D. in India: Cost, Duration, and Eligibility for Admission
What qualifications are required for a Ph.D. in India? To pursue a Ph.D. in India, a candidate typically needs a postgraduate degree (Master's or equivalent) in a relevant field. It is important to note that specific eligibility criteria may vary between universities and disciplines. ... 25 Tips to Join PhD in India. 25 tips to help you join ...
A Comprehensive Guide to Applying for a PhD in India [2024]
The cost of a PhD course in India differs based on the kind of university people choose. However, if you take estimates, it can cost you around 80k to 2 lacs. For admission in PhD in India, students require a Master's degree in a relevant field. An overall grade point average of at least 55% (or equivalent) is required.
New Rules For Doing PhD in India (2023)
UGC has proposed new rules and regulations in 2022 for doing PhD in India. Here are critical changes for students willing to do PhD in 2023. Image credit: Unsplash. A Master's degree or 4 years of bachelor's is required to apply for any PhD in India. However, the 4 years bachelor's will only be used for tech and engineering students, for ...
PhD Study in India
This means that if you studied your Masters degree in the UK, it will automatically be recognised as the equivalent of an Indian Masters (and vice-versa!) This should make the application process easier for UK students looking to do a PhD in India. The Indian PhD application process. Indian PhD applications are usually competitive.
Pursuing a PhD in India: Navigating the Pros and Cons Today
2. Academic Eminence: Completing a PhD in India elevates you to a higher echelon in academia. It's your ticket to gaining the respect and recognition you deserve as a scholar. Example: Dr. Abhijit ...
Pursuing Phd in India: The pros and cons
The admission to a PhD programme requires a master's degree, and it can be pursued full-time or part-time, shares Dr. Jinal Sameer Shah, Assistant Professor of Marketing at Narsee Monjee ...
PhD Admission 2024: Important Dates, Eligibility Criteria, Entrance
For PhD admission, Masters degree is required in India. Some universities in India offer seats to the students having a minimum of 55% or equivalent. In some cases, doing a Master in Philosophy (M.Phil) is a prerequisite to begin a PhD course offered by some universities.
Latest UGC guidelines for PhD admission
Begin Your PhD Program: Start your PhD program according to the university's academic calendar. What are the requirements for getting PhD admissions in India? 1. Educational Background: - You should hold a postgraduate degree (Master's or equivalent) in a relevant field from a recognized university.
PhD Admission 2023 in India
A Master's or M.Phil Degree in the relevant discipline from any authorized Indian or Foreign University with 55% marks is necessary for admission to a PhD Programme. Eligible candidates will be required to participate in the Selection Process, which will include a PET (Ph.D. Entrance Test) and an Interview round, in accordance with the UGC ...
What is a PhD? What are the basic requirements for a PhD in India?
PhD is usually followed by a master's degree while some universities permit students to progress directly to a PhD from their bachelor's degree. Some institutions also offer the opportunity to "upgrade" or "fast-track" your master's degree to a PhD, provided you are deemed to possess the necessary grades, knowledge, and skills and ...
PhD Study in India
PhD applicants in India are normally required to complete a Research Eligibility Test (RET), a written exam that confirms that the candidate has necessary subject knowledge and expertise to do advanced research in the chosen discipline. ... The minimum requirement for entry to an PhD is a Masters degree in a relevant subject, usually with an ...
New Rules on PhD Admission in India, Graduates can do PhDs, No Need for
The University Grants Commission, UGC has implemented new regulations on PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) degrees from 7 November 2022. Known as "UGC Minimum Standards and Procedures for Award of PhD Degree Regulations 2022," these rules have replaced the erstwhile rules notified in 2016.The new regulation modifies the eligibility requirements, admissions process, and evaluation methodologies ...
Complete Guide on How to Apply for a PhD in India/Abroad
Complete Guide on How to Apply for a PhD in India/Abroad: So If you're planning to apply for a PhD Programme either in India or Abroad but have no clue where to begin then you have come to a perfect place. If you're a Post Graduate student and pursuing your Master's degree, now could be the best time to think about applying for a PhD degree.
All You Need to Know About PhD. Admission in IIT: Tips ...
To be eligible for PhD admission to IIT, you need to have a Master's degree in a relevant field with a minimum of 55% marks. However, the eligibility criteria can vary depending on the institute and the program you're applying for. Make sure you check the official website of the institute to know the exact requirements.
What are the Eligibility Criteria for PhD in India?
PhD Educational Qualification. The educational qualifications required to be eligible for a PhD program in India are: A postgraduate degree (Master's or M.Phil) from a recognized university or institution in a related field with a minimum of 55% marks0p or equivalent. Some universities may also accept candidates who have a Bachelor's degree ...
PhD: Full Form, Admission, Courses, Degree, Entrance Exams, Syllabus
PhD in India. Top Universities in India provide the best doctor of philosophy courses in India. ... The minimum education qualification required is master's degree in the relevant Department of Engineering/ Technology and a GATE qualification. Specializations Annual Average Fees; Psychology: INR 78,800: Economics: Physics: IIT Bhubaneswar PhD.
The Key Differences between Pursuing a PhD in India and Abroad
While pursuing a PhD in India is more accessible due to government-funded scholarships and a structured academic curriculum, studying abroad may offer better career prospects and a more research-focused culture. Ultimately, the choice depends on individual preferences, resources, and aspirations. Whatever the choice may be, pursuing a PhD is a ...
Here's how you can be eligible for a PhD in India after a 1-year Master
A one-year Master's degree from a foreign university is not valid in India & doesn't meet eligibility criteria for PhD but a 'credit mapping' report by AIU seeks to change that. New Delhi: A 'credit mapping' exercise has been undertaken by the Association of Indian Universities (AIU), a society that works as a mediator between universities ...
Eligibility to do PhD in India
In India the eligibility to do PhD in India is a degree or post graduation. With a 3 year degree, you will have a chance to do integrated PhD or if you have masters, you will have to do regualar PhD. Eligibility criteria to do PhD in India. Pass a Degree or Post Graduation. Get at least 55% of marks in your Post Graduation. There is no age ...
You can start a PhD after undergrad, or even do it part-time ...
The new PhD regulations — "University Grants Commission (Minimum Standards and Procedures for Award of PhD Degree) Regulations, 2022" - says a candidate should have a minimum of 75 percent marks in "aggregate or its equivalent grade on a point scale wherever the grading system is followed". In case the candidate does not have 75 ...
Students can now pursue PhD after 4-year undergraduate course
NEW DELHI: Students with a minimum CGPA score of 7.5/10 in the four-year-undergraduate programme (FYUP) will now be eligible for PhD admissions, without having to complete a master's programme ...
UGC approves use of National Eligibility Test (NET) scores for PhD
Admission to PhD programs only; However, it's important to note that for creating a merit list for PhD admissions, 70 per cent weightage will be given to the UGC NET scores, while the remaining 30 ...
PhD after BTech
Ans. When it comes to posing a direct Ph.D. after Btech from India or abroad it is not necessary to have a master's degree. Students having an adequate amount of research experience along with an exceptionally great academic background can pursue a Ph.D.
Master's vs PhD: Key differences explained
On paper, Master's programs tend to be cheaper than PhD programs. This difference is not surprising considering the shorter duration required to complete a Master's degree. However, there is usually more funding and financial aid available for PhD students in the form of fellowships, teaching assistantships, or grants.
How to Get PhD Degree in India ? PhD Admission Process
To get admission for PhD in India, applicants must hold a master's in a relevant subject from an accredited university with a minimum of 55% marks. (50% for reserved category students) Part-time ...
Join the First Cohort of WIPO's Graduate Program on IP Law and
The one-year graduate program is offered in-person at the NLU-D campus in New Delhi, India. Eligible candidates are encouraged to apply by June 3, 2024 for the first edition of the program starting on August 16, 2024. Apply for the LL.M. / Master's Degree in IP and Management
Quick Guide: Your College Degree Options
A graduate degree does not need to precede a doctorate or professional degree. Often, students will go straight into a doctorate or professional program following their bachelor's, however some programs will require a master's degree to gain entry. Completion can take anywhere from four to eight years, depending on the field of study.
Evidence
The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere and other human activities. 4 Most of the warming occurred in the past 40 years, with the seven most recent years being the warmest.

Ph.D. in India: Cost, Duration, and Eligibility for Admission

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A Comprehensive Guide to Applying for a PhD in India [2024]

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Unlocking the Ph.D. Journey: A Comprehensive Guide

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All about PhD: Full-Time, Part-Time Research Scholars, and Admission Process

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PhD admission 2023 in India process

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