osi model pdf presentation

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

The OSI Model: Overview on the Seven Layers of Computer Networks

Due to the urgency in the need for standards for heterogeneous computer networks, International Standard Organization (ISO) created a new subcommittee for " Open System Interconnection " (ISO/TC97/SC16) in 1977. The first priority of subcommittee 16 was to develop architecture for Open System Interconnection which could serve as a frame work for the definition of standard protocols. As a result 18 months of studies and discussions, SC16 adopted a layered architecture comprising seven layers (Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application). In july 1979 the specifications of this architecture, established by SC16, were passed under the name of " OSI Reference Model " to Technical committee 97 " Data processing " along with recommendations to start officially, on this basis a set of protocols standardizations to start projects to cover the most urgent needs. These recommendations were adopted by TC97 at the end of 1979 as the basis for the following development of standards for Open System Interconnection within ISO. The OSI Reference Model was also recognized by International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) Rapporteur's Group on " Layered Model for Public Data Network Services ". This paper explains the OSI Reference Model, which comprises of seven different layers. Each layer having their own responsibilities.

Related Papers

International Research Group - IJET JOURNAL

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) layered model was created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). OSI model is designed to be a reference model for describing the functions of a communication system. It has seven layers, with each layer describing a different function of data traveling through a network. A reference model is a conceptual blueprint of how communication should take place. It addresses every process which is required for effective communication and divides it's into logical grouping called layers. When a communication system is designed in this manner, it is known as layered architecture.

Emma Greening

Network architecture provides only a conceptual framework for communications between computers. The model itself does not provide specific methods of communication. Actual communication is defined by various communication protocols. In the following discussion, we will look at the protocols at each layer of the OSI Reference Model and compare to the TCP/IP model. In addition to the OSI network architecture model, there exist other network architecture models by many vendors, such as IBM SNA (Systems Network Architecture), Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC; now part of HP) DNA (Digital Network Architecture), Apple computer's AppleTalk, and Novell's NetWare. We will look at how the adoption of the OSI model has affected the development of networking and considerations on where network architecture may be heading.

Willy Zavaleta

Anuradha Verma

Boyyosaa Korme

Interal Res journa Managt Sci Tech

A reference model is a conceptual blueprint of how communication should take place. It addresses all the process required for effective communication and divides these processes into logical grouping called layers. When a communication system is designed in this manner, it is known as layered architecture. The OSI isn’t a physical model, though. Rather, it’s a set of guidelines that application developers used to create and implement application that run on a network. It also provides a framework for creating and implementing networking standards, devices, and internetworking schemes. Due to the urgency in the need for standards for heterogeneous computer networks, International Standard Organization (ISO) created

ajer research

Importance of protocols to information communication from one entity (Computer, router, person, etc) to another cannot be over emphasized. In this explorative research we examine various definitions of protocols and their implication in a computer network where information in form of texts, images, videos and voices may need to be transmitted from one end to another. A comprehensive review of the fundamental functions of protocols and requirements for their implementation are discussed. Of particular interest is the relationship between the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model and protocols. It is stressed that the OSI reference model or any other reference model are not protocols but have strata of layers, each of which is implemented by defined protocols. A table that illustrates the functions of each of the seven layers of OSI reference model and the corresponding protocols for their implementation is presented. Data flow within the 7 layers of the OSI model is clearly depicted with illustration of the obvious increase/decrease of overhead as data flows from Application layer down to the physical layer and vice versa. In this work we establish the rationale for the overwhelming acceptability of TCP/IP reference model over the OSI model for computer network data communication..

Proceedings of the IEEE

Peter Linington

IJAR Indexing

A computer network is a connection of network devices to data communication. Multiple networks are connected together to form an internetwork. The challenges of Internetworking is interoperating between products from different manufacturers requires consistent standards. Network reference models were developed to address these challenges. Two useful reference models are Open System Interconnection (OSI) and Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) serve as protocol architecture details the communication between applications on network devices. This paper depicts the OSI and TCP/IP models, their issues and comparison of them.

RELATED PAPERS

: G. Clar/J. Doré/H. Mohr (eds.), Humankapital und Wissen - Grundlagen einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung

Gereon Wolters

Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi

YUSUF ALPER

AUDI RIANSYAHPUTRA

Majalah Kedokteran Neurosains Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Saraf Indonesia

Hendra Permana

Revista Colombiana De Psicologia

rafael nunez

Desalination and Water Treatment

Swaranjit Singh

Revista EDUCA UMCH

Israel Rivas Romero

Psympathic : Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi

Eka Fitriyani

AIP Conference Proceedings

Anthony Febrillet Martinez

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics

Savita Mishra

International Review of Advances in Business, Management and Law

Kamarul Zaman Bin Ahmad

Sabrina nurav

IFAC-PapersOnLine

Alejandro González

Tom Grodski

Telmo Adams

Senesie Swaray

The Spanish Journal of Psychology

Claudio Hutz

Research Square (Research Square)

Theresa Sombric Westgard

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

Paul Kattukaran

Giancarlo Carli

Scientific Reports

Mosabber Uddin Ahmed

HANDE ORTAY

IMPACT ON THE HOSPITALITY SECTOR WITH BIOPHILIC ARCHITECTURE IN THE POST-COVID-19 PANDEMIC ERA

Ishan Bakshi

murat akkaya

Transplantation Proceedings

pedro vieira

RELATED TOPICS

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

The OSI Seven Layer Model

• First Online: 24 December 2019

Cite this chapter

• Gerry Howser 2  

1641 Accesses

1 Citations

3 Altmetric

The seven layer OSI Model is an excellent theoretical framework for discussing messaging between processes running on different physical systems. This exchange ofmessages is key for both peer–to–peer and client/server networks.Without a clear model, such as the OSI model, interoperability would be much more difficult. The current status of the lower three layers allows the networking professional to pick and choose cabling and device hardware from multiple vendors with the firm expectation any combination of media and device hardware will work as desired. In the early days of networking, this was not always guaranteed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

• Available as PDF
• Read on any device
• Instant download
• Own it forever
• Compact, lightweight edition
• Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
• Free shipping worldwide - see info
• Durable hardcover edition

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Unable to display preview.  Download preview PDF.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, MI, USA

Gerry Howser

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Howser, G. (2020). The OSI Seven Layer Model. In: Computer Networks and the Internet. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34496-2_2

Download citation

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34496-2_2

Published : 24 December 2019

Publisher Name : Springer, Cham

Print ISBN : 978-3-030-34495-5

Online ISBN : 978-3-030-34496-2

eBook Packages : Computer Science Computer Science (R0)

Share this chapter

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Publish with us

Policies and ethics

• Find a journal
• Track your research

The All-In-One OSI Model Cheat Sheet 2024

If you want to understand the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model or need to brush up on what OSI means, we’ve prepared this OSI model cheat sheet for you. It briefly overviews the seven layers in the OSI reference model, expands on each layer, and compares the OSI model against the TCP/IP reference model.

Once you’ve finished reading this comprehensive OSI reference model cheat sheet and know what it entails, you can apply it properly when challenged, such as in IT and cyber security troubleshooting.

Get a copy of this OSI model pdf here . When you’re ready, let’s go.

What is the OSI Reference Model?

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a way to represent how devices communicate with one another. It consists of seven layers:

• Presentation
• Application

You receive data from layers 1 through 7 and transmit data in the opposite direction. That’s because every layer of the OSI Model handles a specific job and passes data to and from the layers above and below itself.

Although building computing devices doesn’t require the OSI model, it’s proven helpful in troubleshooting computer networking problems. That’s because the OSI model gives technicians an in-depth method to dissect the network problem to find its root cause. The solution often becomes clear by narrowing it down to a specific model layer.

The infographic below summarizes the seven layers of the OSI reference model. If you need a quick refresher, this is the image to download .

The given examples of protocols are for your reference only. For a complete list, check out our Ports and Protocols Cheat Sheet .

What Does Each Layer Do

Let’s consider the scenario of receiving an email on your smartphone. How did the email arrive? What has been going on right up to the moment you got the “New Email” notification?

According to the OSI reference model, the following events have transpired:

Layer 1: The Physical Layer

The virtual world is fascinating, but the matrix requires a physical component. The physical layer of the OSI model is a tangible or intangible medium through which our devices send and receive electronic signals.

Wired Ethernet cables are a well-worn example of the physical layer. Still, given the ubiquity of smart devices, we want our illustration in this article to be relevant to the times.

Suppose you’ve connected your phone to a Wi-Fi access point (AP) . The AP receives electromagnetic signals of ones and zeros called bits all day, some of which correspond to the email message we’ve mentioned.

The physical layer takes out the portions corresponding to the preamble , start frame delimiter (SFD) , and the frame check sequence (FCS) . It then passes the rest to the data link layer as a frame.

Definitions:

• Ethernet: the traditional cabling technology for connecting telecommunication devices in a wired network
• AP: (wireless) access point; a networking hardware device that allows other Wi-Fi devices to connect to a wired network
• Preamble: an indicator of the end of header information used to synchronize a data transmission
• SFD: start frame delimiter; a data field in the header of a transmission frame that marks the start of data
• FCS: frame check sequence; an error-detecting code added to a frame in a communication protocol

Layer 2: The Data Link Layer

The data link layer is usually a network interface card (NIC) in a switch or a bridge. Your smartphone contains networking and routing components, so it has no separate NIC. The NIC or networking circuitry reads the source and destination MAC addresses , which it expects to map to devices on the local area network (LAN) , itself included.

Next, it compares the destination MAC address against the MAC address burned into it. If they match, this layer sends the frame to the network layer as an IP packet. Otherwise, they’re undeliverable and discarded because MAC addresses only make sense within a LAN.

As for the source MAC address, the data link layer keeps it in its memory in case the network layer requires it in a return route. In that scenario, this layer attaches the source MAC address to the data frame as the new destination MAC address.

• NIC: network interface card; for connecting a computer to a computer network
• MAC address: media access control address; a unique identifier assigned to a NIC for use as a network address in communications within a network segment
• LAN: local area network; a series of computers connected as a network in a circumscribed location
• IP: Internet Protocol; for logical addressing across computer networks

Layer 3: The Network Layer

You can no longer rely on MAC addresses to send data packets across distributed networks larger than a LAN, such as in the broader Internet. The network layer is where we use logical addressing, such as IP addresses, to identify different nodes in large networks.

The network layer, usually a router, picks up an IP packet from the previous layer. Using network layer protocols such as Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Network Address Translation (NAT) , it reads the source and destination IP addresses, saves the source IP address for sending responses, and checks if the destination IP address is your device’s.

If yes, it strips both IP addresses of the packet, and the remainder, which is often a TCP segment or a UDP datagram, moves upward to the transport layer. If not, the IP packet is lost because the network layer has discarded it.

Your phone is also a router, so it does the above automatically. As an aside, this is also why you can use your phone as a Wi-Fi hotspot.

• ARP: Address Resolution Protocol; for uncovering the MAC address associated with an IP address
• NAT: Network Address Translation; the process of mapping an IP address to another by changing the header of IP packets while in transit via a router
• TCP: Transmission Control Protocol; a connection-oriented protocol that helps establish and maintain connections until the applications on both ends have completed data exchange.
• UDP: User Datagram Protocol; a connectionless protocol that enables data transfer before reaching an agreement with the receiving party.

Layer 4: The Transport Layer

The transport layer is for processing chunks of data called TCP segments and UDP datagrams. The purpose of this layer is to assemble and disassemble these different pieces of incoming data.

The size of a data link frame has an upper limit, such as 1500 bytes for an Ethernet frame, so the payload of a segment/datagram may be a portion of a larger set of data. The transport layer rearranges these portions as appropriate and either joins them to recover the entire body of data received or splits them up before transmission.

In the case of the email reaching your phone, the transport layer pieces together the TCP segments corresponding to various components of your message—sender, recipient, timestamp, subject line, content, attachments—and passes the data on to the session layer.

Layer 5: The Session Layer

The session layer makes and maintains connections between your local host and remote hosts. Data can travel between your phone’s mail client and the email server if they share an established connection via TCP or UDP.

The data containing your email has reached the session layer, which saves the source and destination port information. It uses the source port number to send data back, such as an acknowledgment receipt or an error message, such as a nonexistent addressee or a full mailbox unable to receive new mail.

Now that the session layer has received the reassembled email data and your mailbox has space, this layer pushes the data forward to the port number of your phone’s email client.

Layer 6: The Presentation Layer

The conventional function of the presentation layer is to ensure the correct application receives the data from the previous layer for processing and that the data is in a valid format for viewing. Data encryption and decryption happen at this layer.

Most email services support the POP3S and IMAPS protocols for receiving emails. The TLS/SSL portion of these protocols belongs to the presentation layer. Or, if you use end-to-end encrypted email services such as Protonmail or Tutanota , this is the layer where your emails stay encrypted until you click each subject line.

Some instructors deem the presentation layer disposable because computer applications have become robust enough to read almost all data types or return relevant error messages. In other words, all data is now machine-readable, even if it outputs gibberish.

Layer 7: The Application Layer

Your phone buzzes. A new notification appears. You’ve got mail. Your email app is working as expected. Is that all to the application layer? For receiving emails, this is it. But for sending emails, no.

This layer is responsible for the features built into the application that make them aware of networks, such as an Application Programming Interface (API). Taking emails as an example, email APIs, such as Mailchimp or Constant Contact , are for sending automated emails, such as payment receipts, password resets, and newsletters.

The TCP/IP Reference Model

The TCP/IP model is a model of digital communications which laid the foundation for the modern Internet and most Internet protocols we use today. Since it’s older than the OSI model, it’s more accurate to say the OSI model is an alternative to the TCP/IP model rather than the other way around.

Therefore, a major point of criticism raised against the OSI model was that it emerged too late in the history of the Internet to be a game-changer. Here’s a graphic comparing both models:

Wherever you are in your IT learning journey, we hope this OSI model cheat sheet helps you understand the OSI reference model. Check out our other networking articles and related courses for more resources. Last but not least, if you’re studying the OSI model for an upcoming exam, we wish you all the best.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do i remember the osi reference model.

The following acronym maps to the seven layers of the OSI model, from Layer 1 (Physical) to Layer 7 (Application):  Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away. See more of our favorite acronyms here .

What is more relevant, the OSI model or TCP/IP model?

It depends on your goal. The TCP/IP model forms the basis for the modern Internet, so it’s more appropriate for engineering projects. Still, the OSI reference model has shown itself more useful in describing network operations and troubleshooting network issues.

What do they mean when they say “Layer 3 Switch”?

Layer 3 is the Network layer in the OSI model, which involves IP addressing, while layer 2 is the Data Link layer, where switches pass around Ethernet frames. Therefore, a Layer 3 switch is an Ethernet switch that can pass on IP packets. This extra feature helps subnets communicate on huge local area networks, such as campus or corporate networks.

Do I need to know the OSI Reference Model for the Network+ exam?

Yes, absolutely. If you haven’t yet, check out our  Network+ cheat sheet  and brush up on your exam preparation. Note that the OSI reference model is in the  CCNA  and  Juniper Networks Certifications  syllabi.

Level Up in Cyber Security: Join Our Membership Today!

Cassandra is a writer, artist, musician, and technologist who makes connections across disciplines: cyber security, writing/journalism, art/design, music, mathematics, technology, education, psychology, and more. She's been a vocal advocate for girls and women in STEM since the 2010s, having written for Huffington Post, International Mathematical Olympiad 2016, and Ada Lovelace Day, and she's honored to join StationX. You can find Cassandra on LinkedIn and Linktree .

Related Articles

Nmap Cheat Sheet 2024: All the Commands & Flags

The one downside to a tool as robust and powerful […]

Read More »

Linux Command Line Cheat Sheet: All the Commands You Need

You may need to open a compressed file, but you've […]

Wireshark Cheat Sheet: All the Commands, Filters & Syntax

Wireshark is arguably the most popular and powerful tool you […]

Common Ports Cheat Sheet: The Ultimate List

Perhaps you’re angsty that you’ve forgotten what a certain port […]

Session expired

Please log in again. The login page will open in a new tab. After logging in you can close it and return to this page.

  Layer 6 Presentation Layer

De/Encryption, Encoding, String representation

The presentation layer (data presentation layer, data provision level) sets the system-dependent representation of the data (for example, ASCII, EBCDIC) into an independent form, enabling the syntactically correct data exchange between different systems. Also, functions such as data compression and encryption are guaranteed that data to be sent by the application layer of a system that can be read by the application layer of another system to the layer 6. The presentation layer. If necessary, the presentation layer acts as a translator between different data formats, by making an understandable for both systems data format, the ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) used.

OSI Layer 6 - Presentation Layer

The presentation layer is responsible for the delivery and formatting of information to the application layer for further processing or display. It relieves the application layer of concern regarding syntactical differences in data representation within the end-user systems. An example of a presentation service would be the conversion of an EBCDIC-coded text computer file to an ASCII-coded file. The presentation layer is the lowest layer at which application programmers consider data structure and presentation, instead of simply sending data in the form of datagrams or packets between hosts. This layer deals with issues of string representation - whether they use the Pascal method (an integer length field followed by the specified amount of bytes) or the C/C++ method (null-terminated strings, e.g. "thisisastring\0"). The idea is that the application layer should be able to point at the data to be moved, and the presentation layer will deal with the rest. Serialization of complex data structures into flat byte-strings (using mechanisms such as TLV or XML) can be thought of as the key functionality of the presentation layer. Encryption is typically done at this level too, although it can be done on the application, session, transport, or network layers, each having its own advantages and disadvantages. Decryption is also handled at the presentation layer. For example, when logging on to bank account sites the presentation layer will decrypt the data as it is received.[1] Another example is representing structure, which is normally standardized at this level, often by using XML. As well as simple pieces of data, like strings, more complicated things are standardized in this layer. Two common examples are 'objects' in object-oriented programming, and the exact way that streaming video is transmitted. In many widely used applications and protocols, no distinction is made between the presentation and application layers. For example, HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), generally regarded as an application-layer protocol, has presentation-layer aspects such as the ability to identify character encoding for proper conversion, which is then done in the application layer. Within the service layering semantics of the OSI network architecture, the presentation layer responds to service requests from the application layer and issues service requests to the session layer. In the OSI model: the presentation layer ensures the information that the application layer of one system sends out is readable by the application layer of another system. For example, a PC program communicates with another computer, one using extended binary coded decimal interchange code (EBCDIC) and the other using ASCII to represent the same characters. If necessary, the presentation layer might be able to translate between multiple data formats by using a common format. Wikipedia

• Data conversion
• Character code translation
• Compression
• Encryption and Decryption

The Presentation OSI Layer is usually composed of 2 sublayers that are:

CASE common application service element

Sase specific application service element, layer 7   application layer, layer 6   presentation layer, layer 5   session layer, layer 4   transport layer, layer 3   network layer, layer 2   data link layer, layer 1   physical layer.

• Engineering Mathematics
• Discrete Mathematics
• Operating System
• Computer Networks
• Digital Logic and Design
• C Programming
• Data Structures
• Theory of Computation
• Compiler Design
• Computer Org and Architecture
• Computer Network Tutorial

Basics of Computer Network

• Basics of Computer Networking
• Introduction to basic Networking Terminology
• Goals of Networks
• Basic characteristics of Computer Networks
• Challenges of Computer Network
• Physical Components of Computer Network

Network Hardware and Software

• Types of Computer Networks
• LAN Full Form
• How to Set Up a LAN Network?
• MAN Full Form in Computer Networking
• MAN Full Form
• WAN Full Form
• Introduction of Internetworking
• Difference between Internet, Intranet and Extranet
• Protocol Hierarchies in Computer Network
• Network Devices (Hub, Repeater, Bridge, Switch, Router, Gateways and Brouter)
• Introduction of a Router
• Introduction of Gateways
• What is a network switch, and how does it work?

Network Topology

• Types of Network Topology
• Difference between Physical and Logical Topology
• What is OSI Model? - Layers of OSI Model
• Physical Layer in OSI Model
• Data Link Layer
• Session Layer in OSI model

Presentation Layer in OSI model

• Application Layer in OSI Model
• Protocol and Standard in Computer Networks
• Examples of Data Link Layer Protocols
• TCP/IP Model
• TCP/IP Ports and Its Applications
• What is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)?
• TCP 3-Way Handshake Process
• Services and Segment structure in TCP
• TCP Connection Establishment
• TCP Connection Termination
• Fast Recovery Technique For Loss Recovery in TCP
• Difference Between OSI Model and TCP/IP Model

Medium Access Control

• MAC Full Form
• Channel Allocation Problem in Computer Network
• Multiple Access Protocols in Computer Network
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
• Collision Detection in CSMA/CD
• Controlled Access Protocols in Computer Network

SLIDING WINDOW PROTOCOLS

• Stop and Wait ARQ
• Sliding Window Protocol | Set 3 (Selective Repeat)
• Piggybacking in Computer Networks

IP Addressing

• What is IPv4?
• What is IPv6?
• Introduction of Classful IP Addressing
• Classless Addressing in IP Addressing
• Classful Vs Classless Addressing
• Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)
• Supernetting in Network Layer
• Introduction To Subnetting
• Difference between Subnetting and Supernetting
• Types of Routing
• Difference between Static and Dynamic Routing
• Unicast Routing - Link State Routing
• Distance Vector Routing (DVR) Protocol
• Fixed and Flooding Routing algorithms
• Introduction of Firewall in Computer Network

Congestion Control Algorithms

• Congestion Control in Computer Networks
• Congestion Control techniques in Computer Networks
• Computer Network | Leaky bucket algorithm
• TCP Congestion Control

Network Switching

• Circuit Switching in Computer Network
• Message switching techniques
• Packet Switching and Delays in Computer Network
• Differences Between Virtual Circuits and Datagram Networks

Application Layer:DNS

• Domain Name System (DNS) in Application Layer
• Details on DNS
• Introduction to Electronic Mail
• E-Mail Format
• World Wide Web (WWW)
• HTTP Full Form
• Streaming Stored Video
• What is a Content Distribution Network and how does it work?

CN Interview Quetions

• Top 50 Networking Interview Questions (2024)
• Top 50 TCP/IP interview questions and answers
• Top 50 IP addressing interview questions and answers
• Last Minute Notes - Computer Networks
• Computer Network - Cheat Sheet
• Network Layer
• Transport Layer
• Application Layer

Prerequisite : OSI Model

Introduction : Presentation Layer is the 6th layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. This layer is also known as Translation layer, as this layer serves as a data translator for the network. The data which this layer receives from the Application Layer is extracted and manipulated here as per the required format to transmit over the network. The main responsibility of this layer is to provide or define the data format and encryption. The presentation layer is also called as Syntax layer since it is responsible for maintaining the proper syntax of the data which it either receives or transmits to other layer(s).

Functions of Presentation Layer :

The presentation layer, being the 6th layer in the OSI model, performs several types of functions, which are described below-

• Presentation layer format and encrypts data to be sent across the network.
• This layer takes care that the data is sent in such a way that the receiver will understand the information (data) and will be able to use the data efficiently and effectively.
• This layer manages the abstract data structures and allows high-level data structures (example- banking records), which are to be defined or exchanged.
• This layer carries out the encryption at the transmitter and decryption at the receiver.
• This layer carries out data compression to reduce the bandwidth of the data to be transmitted (the primary goal of data compression is to reduce the number of bits which is to be transmitted).
• This layer is responsible for interoperability (ability of computers to exchange and make use of information) between encoding methods as different computers use different encoding methods.
• This layer basically deals with the presentation part of the data.
• Presentation layer, carries out the data compression (number of bits reduction while transmission), which in return improves the data throughput.
• This layer also deals with the issues of string representation.
• The presentation layer is also responsible for integrating all the formats into a standardized format for efficient and effective communication.
• This layer encodes the message from the user-dependent format to the common format and vice-versa for communication between dissimilar systems.
• This layer deals with the syntax and semantics of the messages.
• This layer also ensures that the messages which are to be presented to the upper as well as the lower layer should be standardized as well as in an accurate format too.
• Presentation layer is also responsible for translation, formatting, and delivery of information for processing or display.
• This layer also performs serialization (process of translating a data structure or an object into a format that can be stored or transmitted easily).

Features of Presentation Layer in the OSI model: Presentation layer, being the 6th layer in the OSI model, plays a vital role while communication is taking place between two devices in a network.

List of features which are provided by the presentation layer are:

• Presentation layer could apply certain sophisticated compression techniques, so fewer bytes of data are required to represent the information when it is sent over the network.
• If two or more devices are communicating over an encrypted connection, then this presentation layer is responsible for adding encryption on the sender’s end as well as the decoding the encryption on the receiver’s end so that it can represent the application layer with unencrypted, readable data.
• This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent over a network, providing freedom from compatibility problems.
• This presentation layer also negotiates the Transfer Syntax.
• This presentation layer is also responsible for compressing data it receives from the application layer before delivering it to the session layer (which is the 5th layer in the OSI model) and thus improves the speed as well as the efficiency of communication by minimizing the amount of the data to be transferred.

Working of Presentation Layer in the OSI model : Presentation layer in the OSI model, as a translator, converts the data sent by the application layer of the transmitting node into an acceptable and compatible data format based on the applicable network protocol and architecture.  Upon arrival at the receiving computer, the presentation layer translates data into an acceptable format usable by the application layer. Basically, in other words, this layer takes care of any issues occurring when transmitted data must be viewed in a format different from the original format. Being the functional part of the OSI mode, the presentation layer performs a multitude (large number of) data conversion algorithms and character translation functions. Mainly, this layer is responsible for managing two network characteristics: protocol (set of rules) and architecture.

Presentation Layer Protocols : Presentation layer being the 6th layer, but the most important layer in the OSI model performs several types of functionalities, which makes sure that data which is being transferred or received should be accurate or clear to all the devices which are there in a closed network. Presentation Layer, for performing translations or other specified functions, needs to use certain protocols which are defined below –

• Apple Filing Protocol (AFP): Apple Filing Protocol is the proprietary network protocol (communications protocol) that offers services to macOS or the classic macOS. This is basically the network file control protocol specifically designed for Mac-based platforms.
• Lightweight Presentation Protocol (LPP): Lightweight Presentation Protocol is that protocol which is used to provide ISO presentation services on the top of TCP/IP based protocol stacks.
• NetWare Core Protocol (NCP): NetWare Core Protocol is the network protocol which is used to access file, print, directory, clock synchronization, messaging, remote command execution and other network service functions.
• Network Data Representation (NDR): Network Data Representation is basically the implementation of the presentation layer in the OSI model, which provides or defines various primitive data types, constructed data types and also several types of data representations.
• External Data Representation (XDR): External Data Representation (XDR) is the standard for the description and encoding of data. It is useful for transferring data between computer architectures and has been used to communicate data between very diverse machines. Converting from local representation to XDR is called encoding, whereas converting XDR into local representation is called decoding.
• Secure Socket Layer (SSL): The Secure Socket Layer protocol provides security to the data that is being transferred between the web browser and the server. SSL encrypts the link between a web server and a browser, which ensures that all data passed between them remains private and free from attacks.

Please Login to comment...

Similar reads.

Improve your Coding Skills with Practice

What kind of Experience do you want to share?