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Try This: Research Methods for Writers (Practices & Possibilities)

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Derek n. mueller.

Derek N. Mueller is a professor of rhetoric and writing at Virginia Tech. His reading, writing, and teaching practices are guided by questions about writing practices, research methods and methodologies, digital rhetorics, visuality and imagetext, and discipliniographies or accounts of the formation and maturation of rhetoric and composition/writing studies.

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Sep 19, 2022

Research methods for writers.

Try This: Research Methods for Writers (CSU Open Press, 2022) explores interdisciplinary research methods employed in research in writing studies but rarely drawn upon in undergraduate courses. This shifts writing instruction from a model of knowledge delivery and solitary research to a pedagogy of knowledge-making and an acknowledgment of research writing as collective, overlapping, and distributed. Each chapter is organized around methods to approach a particular kind of primary data--texts, artifacts, places, and images. Accompanying "Try This" invention projects in each chapter invite readers to "try" the research methods. Some projects are designed to try during class time and take 5 to 15 minutes, while others are extensive and will take days to accomplish. Each research writing opportunity introduced in a "Try This" invention project is designed to scaffold a research project. Each chapter offers different genres that allow research to circulate and connect meaningfully with audiences, including digital research posters, data visualizations, and short-form presentations.

This book is also available as an open access ebook through the WAC Clearinghouse.

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Try This: Research Methods for Writers (Practices & Possibilities) Paperback – 15 July 2022

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• ISBN-10 1646423127
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• Publisher ‏ : ‎ University Press of Colorado (15 July 2022)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Paperback ‏ : ‎ 178 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1646423127
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1646423125
• Reading age ‏ : ‎ 18 years and up
• Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 20.32 x 1.52 x 20.32 cm

About the author

Derek n. mueller.

Derek N. Mueller is a professor of rhetoric and writing at Virginia Tech. His reading, writing, and teaching practices are guided by questions about writing practices, research methods and methodologies, digital rhetorics, visuality and imagetext, and discipliniographies or accounts of the formation and maturation of rhetoric and composition/writing studies.

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Research Methods for Writers

By jennifer clary-lemon, derek mueller, and kate pantelides.

Practices and Possibilities Series Copublished with the WAC Clearinghouse

“A useful guide for faculty who want to incorporate practices in their own classes.” — Technical Communication

Try This explores interdisciplinary research methods employed in research in writing studies but rarely drawn upon in undergraduate courses. This shifts writing instruction from a model of knowledge delivery and solitary research to a pedagogy of knowledge-making and an acknowledgment of research writing as collective, overlapping, and distributed. Each chapter is organized around methods to approach a particular kind of primary data—texts, artifacts, places, and images. Accompanying "Try This" invention projects in each chapter invite readers to "try" the research methods. Some projects are designed to try during class time and take 5 to 15 minutes, while others are extensive and will take days to accomplish. Each research writing opportunity introduced in a "Try This" invention project is designed to scaffold a research project. Each chapter offers different genres that allow research to circulate and connect meaningfully with audiences, including digital research posters, data visualizations, and short-form presentations.

This book is also available as an open access ebook through the WAC Clearinghouse .

Media New Books Network

Jennifer Clary-Lemon is associate professor of English at the University of Waterloo and past editor of the journal Composition Studies . Her research interests include writing and location, disciplinarity, critical discourse studies, and research methodologies. Her work has been published in Rhetoric Review , Discourse and Society , The American Review of Canadian Studies , Composition Forum , Oral History Forum d'histoire orale , enculturation , and College Composition and Communication .

Derek N. Mueller is professor of rhetoric and writing and director of the University Writing Program at Virginia Tech. A graduate of Syracuse University's Composition and Cultural Rhetoric (CCR) program, Mueller teaches courses in visual rhetoric and information design, rhetorics of science and technology, and computers and writing. His research interests include digital writing platforms, networked writing practices, theories of composing, rhetorical aspects of computational methods, archiving and databases, and discipliniographies related to rhetoric and composition/writing studies. He is coauthor of Cross-Border Networks in Writing Studies and author of  Network Sense: Methods for Visualizing a Discipline . Mueller's work has also appeared in College Composition and Communication, Kairos, Computers and Composition, Composition Forum , and JAC . For more information, visit derekmueller.net .

Kate Pantelides is associate professor of English and director of General Education English at Middle Tennessee State University. She is coauthor of A Theory of Public Higher Education (with Blum, Fernandez, Imad, Korstange, and Laird). Her work has been recognized in The Best of Independent Rhetoric and Composition Journals and circulates in venues such as College Composition and Communication, Composition Studies, Computers and Composition, Inside Higher Ed, Journal of Technical and Professional Writing, and Review of Communication.

• Paperback Price: $22.95
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• Publication Month: July
• Publication Year: 2022
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• Author: by Jennifer Clary-Lemon, Derek Mueller, and Kate Pantelides
• ECommerce Code: 9781646423125

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Top 4 Research Methods For Writers

Research methods can be a tricky subject to master. Learn more about the four standard research methods in this article.

As a writer, you must be able to describe case studies, different types of research, cause and effect relationships , and explain complicated research studies so that your readers can grasp what you’re working to convey. There are four general types of research methods: qualitative research, quantitative research, mixed method research, and secondary data analysis. All four types of research have a place when it comes to providing information to your readers, and you must understand what type of research is the best fit for your topic.

Here, we’ll explore each research method, helping you understand what you need to look for when explaining relationships between variables to your readers.

Why Do Different Research Designs Exist?

Basic research method terminology, why writers need to understand research methods, 1. quantitative research, 2. qualitative research, 3. mixed method research, 4. secondary data analysis, tips for writing about research methods.

When researchers work to answer a question or understand a concept, they must use the type of research that will give them the information most valuable to their concern. Sometimes, the information that researchers want is easily quantified with numbers.

For example, a researcher may want to know how many people are helped by a new drug or how the money a person spends on their education is correlated with the amount of money they make later in life. However, other questions that researchers want to answer are not easily satisfied with numbers. For example, a researcher may want to know how trauma impacts a person’s long-term well-being or how a child’s relationship with their parents affects how they form a friendship with others.

Before we delve into why research matters in writing and the different types of research methods that you should understand, it’s essential that you have a basic grasp of the vocabulary used to describe research methods , below, take a look at some key terms you’ll need to understand when reading and explaining scientific research.

• Independent variable: The factor in research being tested (for example, a medicine being tested on patients).
• Dependent variable: The factor in research that depends on the independent variable (for example, the change in a patient’s condition based on whether they receive medication).
• Control group: The group that does not receive the independent variable.
• Random sampling: A process in which researchers use numbers or other randomizing tactics to decide which research participants will be assigned to the control group and which will receive the independent variable.
• Correlation: A study finding that the independent and dependent variables are related.
• Causation: A study finding that a change in the independent variable directly is solely responsible for a change in the dependent variable.

For example, imagine a researcher working to determine whether drinking Gatorade before a track meet improves an athlete’s speed compared to a track meet before which they did not drink Gatorade. The independent variable would be the Gatorade–the item the researcher is studying. The dependent variable would be the athlete’s change in speed. The control group with be a group of athletes who were not given Gatorade before the second meet.

Random sampling would mean that all athletes were assigned a number, and random participants were assigned to the study and control groups. A correlation of the study could be that athletes who drank Gatorade indeed showed more speed improvement than those who did not, while causation would require researchers to prove that the Gatorade itself (and not other factors, like the athletes believing a sports drink would improve their performance) was responsible for the change in speed.

Thankfully, researchers have developed several research methods that help them learn more about people, behavior, science, the environment, and more. As a writer, understanding research methods is key to creating work that helps your readers understand a concept.

Suppose you’re writing in a non-academic setting, likely. In that case, the people reading your work will not be experts in statistics or research, and you must write in a way that allows them to digest the information you’re providing quickly. This means that you need to understand the difference between standard research methods and explain to your readers why a scientist or researcher would choose one method over another. Here, we’ll look at four standard research methods: quantitative research, qualitative research, mixed method research, and secondary data analysis.

Top Four Research Methods

Quantitative research involves measurable or numerical data (easy hint: the word quantitative contains the letter “n,” making it easier to remember that this type of research involves numbers). Quantitative research requires researchers to use data that can be translated into numbers. Researchers need measurable dependent variables to collect data in a quantitative research study. For example, in a study of how different diets affect weight, researchers would use quantitative research methods, as the amount of weight gained or lost would be the dependent variable.

Quantitative research methods are better at determining causal relationships between variables than qualitative methods. Typically, experiments, surveys, questionnaires, and statistical analysis are methods used by quantitative researchers to draw conclusions. As a writer, it’s important to ensure that the information you’re presenting to your readers is easily digestible. When using a quantitative study to make a point in your writing, link to the study in question so that readers can get more information.

While it’s ok to include charts or other infographics from the study to aid your reader in understanding your point, be sure you aren’t using graphics instead of a proper explanation for the research you’re using to make your point.

Qualitative research differs from quantitative research because it uses anecdotes, stories, and first-hand accounts to learn more about people’s lives, work, and interactions. As a result, researchers who use qualitative research have the advantage of being more flexible with their research methods. Sometimes, qualitative research approaches can make discovering correlational and causal relationships between variables challenging.

In a qualitative study, many factors of an experiment are controlled, making it easier for researchers to determine whether the independent variable affects the dependent variable. In qualitative research, researchers often work to better understand a demographic of people by asking them to answer research questions that provide deep insights into their way of life. While this can provide valuable information for a researcher working to understand a group of people, this research methodology can make it difficult to draw firm conclusions.

When using qualitative research to make a point in your writing, it’s key to remind your readers that the outcomes of a qualitative research process can depend on a wide variety of factors. Typically, qualitative research studies are not as controlled as quantitative research studies.

Research projects that are working to understand how specific experiences are different from human to human can be best suited to a qualitative approach. Often, qualitative researchers use open-ended questions to learn more about how certain situations have affected the people in their study, allowing respondents to discuss their experiences in a way that provides the researcher with a broad understanding.

Depending on the type of research being conducted, it may be necessary for qualitative researchers to work with varying demographics of people to get more information about their research project. This can help researchers gather qualitative data and identify trends that cross gender, cultural, and age-related barriers. For example, qualitative research projects may involve talking with study subjects about an experience they’ve had in the past, or it may involve following them for weeks, months, or years to explore how their perspective on a specific event or experience changes throughout their lives.

As a writer, writing about qualitative research can provide your readers with a first-person view of the subject you’re discussing. When you’re writing about qualitative research, explain to your reader that while you’re providing examples of how events or other factors affected the people in the study, you are not providing statistical examples that imply a causal relationship. It can be helpful to discuss both qualitative and quantitative research with your readers to support your point.

Some research projects are best suited to mixed method research, in which researchers use qualitative and quantitative data to learn more about the topic. Quantitative research can provide a statistical analysis of how an issue, medication, or other independent variable affects a group of people. Qualitative research can add a human aspect to the study, providing researchers and readers with inside information regarding how an independent variable affects a person’s life.

When writing about mixed method research, use the information in the study to show your reader both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the data. This type of research is well-suited for writing, as you can provide your readers with both numerical and anecdotal information to support your argument. For example, suppose you’re struggling to find mixed-method research to support the points you’re working to make in your writing. In that case, you may want to use some quantitative and qualitative studies to provide your readers with a similar explanation to that which you would find in a mixed-method research study.

Sometimes, researchers learn new information that makes them reconsider the conclusions they drew from an original study.  Secondary data analysis  refers to a researcher’s use of existing data to develop new conclusions. This data analysis can help explain how past beliefs about certain concepts have changed. If you’re writing about ways that old data is being used to support new ideas, include some secondary data analysis studies in your writing. Explain to your readers how researchers have formed new beliefs over time. You may also want to discuss how further analysis of existing data could lead to new understandings in the future.

When describing research studies to your readers, keep these tips in mind.

• Consider taking research methods or statistics courses to help you understand how experimental research works. Pay special attention to the complex concepts for you–these concepts will likely also be complex for your readers.
• Always link to the study. This allows your reader to get more information if necessary. If you’re not writing for an online publication, include the web address and the date you accessed the information on your works cited page.
• Don’t forget to take a look at research that contrasts your study. If you can find information that goes against the findings of a study you’re using in your writing, be sure to learn more. Don’t be afraid to mention that conflicting studies exist to your reader.
• Explain real-world significance (not just statistical significance) to your reader. Be sure to tell your reader about what the findings of the study you’re describing mean in real life.
• Know your demographic. If you’re writing is geared towards middle or high school students, you should take a different approach when discussing statistics than if your writing is geared toward college professors.

To learn more, check out our round-up of the best research books !

Amanda has an M.S.Ed degree from the University of Pennsylvania in School and Mental Health Counseling and is a National Academy of Sports Medicine Certified Personal Trainer. She has experience writing magazine articles, newspaper articles, SEO-friendly web copy, and blog posts.

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Derek Mueller Published ‘Try This: Research Methods for Writers’

February 1, 2022

Derek Mueller , a professor in the Department of English , published Try This: Research Methods for Writers (Fort Collins, Colorado: The WAC Clearinghouse, and Louisville, Colorado: University Press of Colorado, 2022), with Jennifer Clary-Lemon and Kate Pantelides. The full manuscript and additional information are available online .

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Try this: research methods for writers (practices & possibilities) - softcover, clary-lemon, jennifer ; mueller, derek n. ; pantelides, kate.

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The Impact of a Regional Business School on its Communities pp 87–108 Cite as

Writing and Research Methodology: How This Book Was Written

• Rob Warwick   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1926-7074 10 &
• Bob MacKenzie   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8312-0256 10  
• First Online: 13 April 2024

Part of the book series: Humanism in Business Series ((HUBUS))

Here we explore methods, ethics and experiences arising from writing this book. The timescale begins before this book was envisaged, with the formation of a community of writing practice in the business school that led to a collection of articles for a special issue of a journal (MacKenzie and Warwick, Eds, e-Organisations and People, 26(2), 2019). This achieved, we set our sights on this book with a considerable degree of confidence. From this, we address two main issues: what we had originally planned, and what turned out to be the case. During the writing of this book, several things blew us off course, and we trace how our methods adapted in the context of the ethics of maintaining relationships with stakeholders to enable this book to be written. As co-editors, our general invitation to authors was to ‘write about what you know’ of life in a small business school. We held regular gatherings of a couple of hours each to support and encourage each other in what we called ‘Writing in a Social Space’ (Murray, Writing in social spaces: A social processes approach to academic writing, 2014). These conversations were also important in enabling more critical exploration of subjects, through relating with curiosity and asking open questions.

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‘If the linguistic turn is defined by the epistemological assumption that social reality is constructed through language, the digital turn is based on the assumption that social reality is increasingly defined by digitization …. The concept of a digital turn opens avenues for further research concerning how digital communication changes social relations’ (Kergel & Heidkamp, 2017 , p. 16).

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Write it down, then throw it away: Research confirms a simple method for reducing anger

by Nagoya University

A research group in Japan has discovered that writing down one's reaction to a negative incident on a piece of paper and then shredding it or throwing it away reduces feelings of anger.

"We expected that our method would suppress anger to some extent," lead researcher Nobuyuki Kawai said. "However, we were amazed that anger was eliminated almost entirely."

This research is important because controlling anger at home and in the workplace can reduce negative consequences in our jobs and personal lives. Unfortunately, many anger management techniques proposed by specialists lack empirical research support. They can also be difficult to recall when angry.

The results of this study, published in Scientific Reports , are the culmination of years of previous research on the association between the written word and anger reduction. It builds on work showing how interactions with physical objects can control a person's mood.

For their project, Kawai and his graduate student Yuta Kanaya, both at the Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, asked participants to write brief opinions about important social problems, such as whether smoking in public should be outlawed. They then told them that a doctoral student at Nagoya University would evaluate their writing.

However, the doctoral students doing the evaluation were plants. Regardless of what the participants wrote, the evaluators scored them low on intelligence, interest, friendliness, logic, and rationality. To really drive home the point, the doctoral students also wrote the same insulting comment: "I cannot believe an educated person would think like this. I hope this person learns something while at the university."

After handing out these negative comments , the researchers asked the participants to write their thoughts on the feedback, focusing on what triggered their emotions. Finally, one group of participants was told to either dispose of the paper they wrote in a trash can or keep it in a file on their desk. A second group was told to destroy the document in a shredder or put it in a plastic box.

The students were then asked to rate their anger after the insult and after either disposing of or keeping the paper. As expected, all participants reported a higher level of anger after receiving insulting comments. However, the anger levels of the individuals who discarded their paper in the trash can or shredded it returned to their initial state after disposing of the paper. Meanwhile, the participants who held on to a hard copy of the insult experienced only a small decrease in their overall anger.

Kawai imagines using his research to help businesspeople who find themselves in stressful situations. "This technique could be applied in the moment by writing down the source of anger as if taking a memo and then throwing it away when one feels angry in a business situation," he explained.

Along with its practical benefits, this discovery may shed light on the origins of the Japanese cultural tradition known as "hakidashisara" ("hakidashi" refers to the purging or spitting out of something, and "sara" refers to a dish or plate) at the Hiyoshi shrine in Kiyosu, Aichi Prefecture, just outside of Nagoya. Hakidashisara is an annual festival where people smash small disks representing things that make them angry. Their findings may explain the feeling of relief that participants report after leaving the festival.

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