he had not done his homework yet

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• I 've already visited three universities.
• She 's just won the match.
• I haven't made a decision yet .
• ‘ Have you seen that new film yet ? ’   ‘ Yes, I have . / No, I haven't . ’
• visit  →  visit ed   arrive  →  arriv ed
• have, had  →  had   lose, lost  →  lost
• do, did  →  done   eat, ate  →  eaten
• They 've just made a big announcement.
• Have you finished that book yet ?
• Spring has already arrived in Madrid!
• Practice 1   Gap-fill
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• Practice 3   Multiple choice
• Practice 4   Multiple choice
• Practice 5   Gap-fill
• Practice 6   Multiple choice
• Practice 7   Multiple choice
• Practice 8   Gap-fill
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• Practice 11   Gap-fill

• B1-B2 grammar

Present perfect: 'just', 'yet', 'still' and 'already'

Do you know how to use just , yet , still and already with the present perfect? Test what you know with interactive exercises and read the explanation to help you.

Look at these examples to see how just , yet , still and already are used.

I've just seen Sai. He's really enjoying his new job. We haven't decided what to do yet. I still haven't called Yumi to see how she is. I've already had lunch but I'll join you for coffee.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

'just', 'yet', 'still' and 'already': Grammar test 1

Read the explanation to learn more.

Grammar explanation

We often use just , yet , still and  already with the present perfect because they are related to the present moment. This page focuses on the meaning and use of these words when they are used with the present perfect.

Just used with the present perfect means 'a short time before'.

I've just seen Susan coming out of the cinema. Mike's just called. Can you ring him back, please? Have you just taken my pen?!

Just comes between the auxiliary verb ( have/has ) and the past participle.

Yet used with the present perfect means 'at any time up to now'. We use it to emphasise that we expect something to happen soon. Yet (in this context) is only used in negative sentences and questions.

Have you finished your homework yet? I haven't finished it yet. I'll do it after dinner. A. Where's Sam? B: He hasn't arrived yet.

Yet comes at the end of the sentence or question.

Still used with the present perfect means that something hasn't happened. We use it to emphasise that we expected the thing to happen earlier. Still (in this context) is only used in negative sentences.

I've been waiting for an hour and the bus still hasn't come. They promised me that report yesterday but they still haven't finished it. She still hasn't replied to my email. Maybe she's on holiday.

Still comes between the subject ( the bus, they, etc.) and auxiliary verb ( haven't/hasn't ).

Already used with the present perfect means 'before now'. We use it to emphasise that something happened before something else or earlier than expected.

I've already spent my salary and it's two weeks before payday. He wanted to see Sudden Risk but I've already seen it. The train's left already!

Already can come between the auxiliary and the main verb or at the end of the clause.

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

'just', 'yet', 'still' and 'already': Grammar test 2

Language level

Hello, Could you tell me the difference in meaning between these two sentence? I just moved in I've just moved in

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Hello Khangvo2812,

Generally, we use the present perfect ( I have moved in ) when an action in the past (moving in) has a present result or effect (here I am/I'm your new neighbour). We use the past simple ( I moved in ) when an action is solely in the past without any present echo.

However, for very recent actions in the past with just there is a difference in British and American English. British English speakers tend to use the present perfect with just while American speakers often us the past simple instead. I would say that that is the main difference here. A British English speaker would choose the second sentence, while an American English speaker would be more likely to choose the first.

You can read more about the present perfect and past simple here:

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/past-simple-or-present-perfect

https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/learning-english/activities-for-learners/b1g003-past-simple-and-present-perfect

The LearnEnglish Team

Hi, team! Can you please clarify why we use "yet" and present perfect tense (we have been to the restaurant...) in the last sentence? As far as i know "yet" mostly used in negetive and questions with present perfect tense. The context is following: B: I ate sushi for the first time on my dad's 50th birthday. He invited the whole family to a Japanese restaurant. A: Did you like it? B: Absolutely. In fact, it was so good that we have been to that restaurant three times yet. And on my mum's birthday, we ordered some sushi and had it at home.

Hello Babanova,

That does not look like a correct use of 'yet' to me. I would use 'already' or 'since then'.

Hello, I think your website is good but it's better to have more practices and tests because for example when we've just studied grammer,we need many perfect tests and challenge to overcome over the grammer subject. We also need advance grammer , if you could add to this site,please. Thank you

Hello mr_bahrami2011,

Thanks for your feedback. There are quite a few advanced grammar points covered in our English grammar reference . There are also usually more exercises on those pages.

I'm also pleased to say that we are working on a C1 grammar and hope to publish it here soon.

You might also want to consider some of the options in our Online courses section if you'd like more in-depth work.

All the best, Kirk LearnEnglish team

Hello I think this is a real good place to learn English, but I am new here I can't find the worksheet in grammar B1 section.

Hello samayullah,

We're glad you found LearnEnglish!

Most of our site has worksheets, but I'm afraid our Grammar and Vocabulary sections do not. One day we'd like to create them, but at the moment it's simply too much work for our small team.

Hi there, I hope you are fine, and doing well. I, personally, think that this is the best website for English learners. However, I have a feedback which is what if you share a video with the grammar lessons, this way I think we will better learn each lesson.

Hi johny-jan,

Thanks for your message! We're always glad to hear that people find LearnEnglish useful and are happy to get suggestions.

That's a great idea about video lessons for grammar. We did a series of webinars on different grammar points which you can find in General English > LearnEnglish webinars .

There are also quite a lot of resources focusing on grammar on our Facebook page  that I expect you might find useful. 

I hope you find something useful there too!

All the best, Kirk LearnEnglish Team

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Past Perfect Tense Exercises with Answer

Table of Contents

Past Perfect Tense Exercise

Write down the correct form of the verb given in the bracket to make a sentence into the  Past Perfect Tense .

• She _________ a novel on humanity. ( write )
• He ________ his homework yesterday. ( do )
• They _________ a bad man very badly on the road. ( beat )
• You ____ already _______the rules of our organization. ( read )
• She had ______ a beautiful dress at the party. ( wear )
• John __________ to the wedding ceremony. ( come )
• ____the snake _______ on his leg? ( bite )
• He __________ any cash amount to the dealer. (not/pay)
• They ____ already ______ a knife to the boy to cut fruits. ( give )
• We _________ any game from yesterday. ( not/play )
• The car _________ far away in the tornado. ( blow )
• She _________ her pup[py on the road. ( not/leave )
• The cloth ________ high on the sky. ( fly )
• ______ you _______ about that company before? ( hear )
• I ________ that file on your table yesterday. ( keep )
• She had written a novel on humanity. ( write )
• He had done his homework yesterday. ( do )
• They had beaten a bad man very badly on the road. ( beat )
• You had already read the rules of our organization. ( read )
• She had worn a beautiful dress at the party. ( wear )
• John had come to the wedding ceremony. ( come )
• had the snake- bitten on his leg? ( bite )
• He hadn’t paid any cash amount to the dealer. (not/pay)
• They had already given a knife to the boy to cut fruits. ( give )
• We hadn’t played any game from yesterday. ( not/play )
• The car had blown far away in the tornado. ( blow )
• She hadn’t left her pup[py on the road. ( not/leave )
• The cloth had flown high on the sky. ( fly )
• had you heard about that company before? ( hear )
• I had kept that file on your table yesterday. ( keep )

Past Perfect Tense Worksheet

More Exercise

• Exercise of Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• Exercise of Past Continuous Tense
• Exercise of Simple Past Tense

You might also like

Simple Past Tense Exercise with Answer

Simple Present Tense Exercise with Answer

Present Perfect Continuous Tense Exercises with Answers

Pronoun Exercise with Answers

Present Continuous Tense Exercises with Answers

Determiners Exercises with Answers

He … not done his homework.

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English Notes

English notes latest questions, he said, “he has done his homework.” change into indirect speech.

Indirect Speech:  He said that he had done his homework.

Explanation : When the reporting verb is in the past (said) and the direct speech is in the present perfect tense, then the indirect (reported) speech will change into the past perfect tense.

Present Perfect tense > Past Perfect tense.

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He told me that he had done his homework honestly

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Direct and Indirect Exercises With Answers

We often convey a message or give information about what someone said, thought, or felt to somebody else. In order to do this, you can use the grammar structure named indirect or reported speech. direct and indirect rules have already talked about, below we have prepared direct and indirect exercises with answers for ESL learners.

• Direct And Indirect Speech Complete Rules
• Direct and Indirect Objects Exercise With Answers

Direct and Indirect Exercises

Attempt the exercises below then compare your answers with the correct answers given below.

Exercise 1:

Turn into reported speech. 1. “It’s hot” Tom said that _______________________________________________________. 2. “I have done my homework.” Tom said that __________________________________________________. 3. “I will give you a book” Tom said that _______________________________________________________. 4. “Do you smoke?” Tom asked me if ____________________________________________________. 5. “Where does Bob live?” Tom asked me where _______________________________________________. 6. “Jane has not arrived yet” Tom told us that________________________________________________________. 7. “I’m so worried,” Tom, told us that_______________________________________________________. 8. “I want to go away”. Tom told us that ____________________________________________________. 9. “You should eat less.” The doctor advised me that _______________________________________. 10. “Don’t shout” The teacher told me________________________________.

Exercise 2:

Turn into direct speech. 1. Mary said she was very tired. Mary said, “____________________________________________________________.” 2. The teacher told the boys to open their books. The teacher said to the boys, “___________________________________________________________.” 3. Tom’s mother told him not to eat any ice cream. Tom’s mother said to Tom: “_____________________________________________________________.” 4. My friend said that he was going skiing at the weekend. My friend said: “__________________________________________________at the weekend.” 5. Bob’s mates told the teacher that Bob was ill that day. Bob’s mates said: “Teacher,__________________________________________________________ today.” 6. Mary told Jane she would help her. Mary said to Jane,”____________________________________________________.” 7. I said I would have bought a new car if I had had the money. I said,”_______________________________________________________________________________.” 8. My father told me to look for a job if I wanted more money. My father said:”_____________________________________________________________.” 9. Tim wrote to his brother that their cat had died that day. Tim wrote to his brother: “________________________________________________________________.” 10. The teacher informed the students that the break lasted ten minutes. The teacher said to the students,”____________________________________________________________.”

Exercise 3:

Turn the following questions into reported speech. 1. “Where do you live?” Mary asked Tom, “______________________________________________.” 2. “How are you going to travel to Italy?” Mary asked Tom__________________________________________________. 3. “Why did you buy that book?” Mary asked Tom___________________________________________________. 4. “What’s the time?” Mary asked Tom__________________________________________________. 5. “Who helped you with your work?” Mary asked Tom______________________________________________.

Choose the right option 6. I (said/told) her not to disturb me. 7. My friend never (told/said) me about his plans. 8. The teacher (that/said) that we had to study harder. 9. Don’t (tell/say) me what I have to do. 10. He did not (say/tell) why he was late.

Exercise 4:

The following sentences use quoted speech. Change the following sentences from quoted speech to reported speech. 1.) James said, “I am watching TV.” 2.) Professor Jones said, “I worked all day!” 3.) The president said, “I will be visiting Italy in December.” 4.) The weatherman announced, “It may rain today.” 5.) My father screamed, “I have to go to the airport, now!” 6.) Then my mother said, “I must take your father.” 7.) The psychologist said, “You should calm down.” 8.) I responded, “I ought to leave the office.” 9.) Mark said, “I love visiting China and Korea.” 10.) Martin said, “I can be a great president!” 11.) Sung-He said, “Close the windows” 12.) Bobby will say, “I have already done direct and indirect speech exercises.”

Related Articles:

• Direct and Indirect of Modal Auxiliaries
• Direct and Indirect of Future Perfect Progressive
• Direct and Indirect of Future Perfect Tense
• Direct and Indirect of Future Progressive Tense
• Direct and Indirect of Simple Future Tense
• Direct and Indirect of Past Perfect Progressive
• Direct and Indirect of Past Perfect Tense

Exercise 1.

• Tom said that it was hot.
• Tom said that he had done his homework.
• Tom said that he would give me a book.
• Tom asked me if I smoked.
• Tom asked me where Bob lived.
• Tom told us that Jane had not arrived yet.
• Tom told us that he was so worried.
• Tom told us that he wanted to go away.
• The doctor advised me that I should eat less.
• The teacher told me not to shout.

Exercise 2.

• Mary said, “I am very tired.”
• The teacher said to the boys, “open your books.”
• Tom’s mother said to Tom: “Don’t eat any ice cream.”
• My friend said:” I am going skiing on the weekend.
• Bob’s mates said: “Teacher, Bob is ill today.”
• Mary said to Jane, “I will help you.”
• I said, “I will have bought a new car if I had had the money.”
• My father said: “look for a job if I want more money.”
• Tom wrote to his brother:” Our cat died today.”
• The teacher said to the student, “the break lasts ten minutes.”

Exercise 3.

• Mary asked Tom, “Where he lived.”
• Mary asked Tom how he was going to travel to Italy.
• Mary asked Tom why he bought that book.
• Mary asked Tom what was the time.
• Mary asked Tom who helped him with his work.
• I told her not to disturb me.
• My friend never told me about his plans.
• The teacher said that we had to study harder.
• Do not tell me what I have to do.
• He did not say why he was late.

Exercise 4.

• James said that he was watching TV.
• Professor Jones said that he had worked all day.
• The president said that he would be visiting Italy in December.
• The weatherman announced that it might rain that day.
• My father screamed that he had to go to the airport, then.
• Then my mother said that she had to take my father.
• The psychologist said that I should calm down.
• I responded I ought to leave the office.
• Mark said that he loved visiting China and Korea.
• Martin said that he could be a great president.
• Sung-He ordered to close the windows.
• Bobby will say that he has already done Direct and Indirect Exercises.

I hope the direct and indirect exercises were helpful to you and if you would like to know more about direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech, check out more in the book below.

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Active and passive voice of present perfect tense, future perfect continuous tense exercises with answers, future perfect continuous tense active and passive.

Exercise 3 Mary asked Tom why he HAD bought that book. Mary asked Tom who HAD helped him with his work.

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Here's what happens if Trump can't pay his $454 million bond

Andrea Bernstein

Rachel Treisman

Forty Wall Street, a Trump-owned building, stands in downtown Manhattan. Former President Trump says he can't secure a bond to appeal the $454 million penalty in his civil fraud case. But New York Attorney General Letitia James says she is prepared to seize the former president's assets, including the building at 40 Wall Street, if he is unable to pay. Spencer Platt/Getty Images hide caption

Forty Wall Street, a Trump-owned building, stands in downtown Manhattan. Former President Trump says he can't secure a bond to appeal the $454 million penalty in his civil fraud case. But New York Attorney General Letitia James says she is prepared to seize the former president's assets, including the building at 40 Wall Street, if he is unable to pay.

Former President Donald Trump needs to arrange a $454 million bond to comply with a New York court ruling in less than a week, but the presumptive Republican presidential nominee says he can't find a company to put up the bond.

Trump's lawyers are asking an appeals court to stay the judgment, but the clock is ticking.

How did Trump come to owe the state of New York some $454 million?

Trump ordered to pay over $355M for fraudulent business practices in New York

This is the ruling that Judge Arthur Engoron issued last month , after finding that Donald, Eric and Donald Trump Jr., along with Trump Organization employees, engaged in a decade-long conspiracy to lie about the value of their assets.

In New York, if you make money by persistently committing fraud, you owe the ill-gotten portion back to the state. In this case, Judge Engoron determined that Donald Trump made over $350 million more than he should have if he'd been honest and when you add in interest, you get to $454 million.

Why does Trump have to come up with the money now?

Trump doesn't have to actually pay that money now, but he has to get a company to make a guarantee to the court that they will pay the money if he loses his appeal. That's the bond part.

But to get a bond, you have to put up assets, and in a court filing Monday Trump lawyers said they'd approached 30 companies but that getting a bond was a "practical impossibility," because they'd need a billion dollars in cash, which they don't have.

Trump unable to post $450M bond in New York fraud case, his lawyers say

They submitted an affidavit from an insurance executive who had testified at trial, and whom the trial judge had already discredited.

Trump says he's a billionaire. Why can't he just come up with the money himself?

Trump said during a deposition for this case, taken about a year ago, that he had plenty of cash. He said, "I believe we have substantially in excess of $400 million in cash ." And, he added, it's "going up very substantially every month."

News organizations have estimated that Trump actually has about $300 million in liquid assets — but he already had to set aside $100 million or so to put up a bond to pay the verdict in the E. Jean Carroll civil case . The rest of his money is largely tied up in buildings and golf courses, and while he could sell a property, that can't happen right away. Trump said Tuesday that would be a "fire sale," though he said many times during the trial he could always find a buyer to pay top dollar.

Jury orders Trump to pay $83 million for defaming columnist E. Jean Carroll

While Trump's political action committees have spent millions of dollars on his legal fees, they're unlikely to be of help to him in this case because of campaign finance laws .

Trump has accused the judge in the case of trying to take away his rights, posting on social media that any assets he may be forced to sell would be gone even if he ultimately wins his appeal.

That's a concern that any defendant could raise, whether they're liable for $450 or $450 million, says Adam Pollock, a former assistant attorney general in New York.

"But if you want to bond the appeal — stop enforcement of the judgment — you have to put up the full amount," he told Morning Edition . "That's what the law says. And that's a policy decision that Albany has made."

The deadline is Monday. What does Trump do if the appeals court doesn't rule his way?

He can appeal to New York's highest court and ask that court to stay the judgment. If they don't, he can ask a benefactor or he could try and stall some more until he comes into money from the upcoming sale of his social media company, or he could — though it has many disadvantages — declare bankruptcy.

But New York Attorney General Letitia James has been clear: If Trump doesn't pay, she will move to seize his assets.

"If he does not have funds to pay off the judgment, then we will seek judgment enforcement mechanisms in court," she said. "And we will ask the judge to seize his assets."

Trump's noncash assets run to $3 billion, Forbes estimates, so there's plenty of value there. The law limits the AG to seizing properties that were a part of the case, but there's about two dozen of those, everything from the Doral Golf Club to 40 Wall Street to Trump Tower. She's not limited to New York properties, though there are extra steps if she chooses to go out of state.

She could, in theory, send a sheriff or a marshal to enforce the judgment, and that brings on another legal process with many more opportunities for delay.

Can Trump be forced to pay up?

James can begin enforcement of the judgment immediately after the 30-day grace period expires next week, says Pollock. And there are several devices she can use to try to get him to pay.

For one, he says, she could serve Trump a restraining notice that would restrict his spending in other areas until he pays his bond.

"The restraining notice would say: 'Don't spend money, don't fill up your jet at the pump, until you pay the state of New York, or you'll be held in contempt of court,' " Pollock says. "And my impression is that ... Engoran, the judge here in New York, would be quick to hold him in contempt of court."

He says it's theoretically possible that James' could consider settling, especially if Trump were to write a check for something like $250 million. But short of that, he doesn't see any reason for her to proactively lower his bond, especially since she has the tools to go into banks and drain his accounts.

"The entire trial was effectively a roadmap to his financial assets," Pollock adds. "She can now send out a sheriff or a marshal of the city of New York to go walk into a financial institution holding what's known as an execution and empty his bank account short of $3,000, which is the statutory floor."

Pollock acknowledges that Trump has said he doesn't have $450 million in cash. But if he wants to stave off enforcement, "he needs to find a way to raise it."

• Letitia James
• court ruling
• Donald Trump

From 'practical impossibility' to done deal: How Trump posted the $175 million bond in his civil fraud case

Lawyers for former President Donald Trump were in discussions to pull off what they'd described as a "practical impossibility" when a New York appeals court reduced the size of the bond they had to post because of a judgment in his civil fraud case by almost $400 million.

Don Hankey , the billionaire chairman of Knight Insurance Group, told NBC News he was negotiating to post a far heftier bond of $557 million with the Trump Organization when the state Appellate Division lowered the required bond to $175 million.

A bond for that amount was posted Monday night , underwritten by Hankey's Knight Specialty Insurance Co. Hankey said the bond was fully collateralized by cash from Trump's company. "It was a good experience," Hankey said.

The posting of the bond prevents New York Attorney General Letitia James from collecting on the $464 million judgment against Trump and his co-defendants in a civil fraud case while the appeals process plays out.

Judge Arthur Engoron handed down the massive judgment — an award of over  $350 million that ballooned to $464 million with pre-judgment interest — after he found Trump, his company and top executives had committed “persistent” fraud over several years.

Trump immediately appealed the award, arguing that it was filled with errors and that the judge had double- and triple-counted some of the damages. In New York, if people or companies want to pause judgments while they appeal, they typically have to post security for the full awards, and then some.

Because state law requires a 9% annual interest rate on judgments while a party appeals, courts in New York generally require a security of 120% of the award. For Trump and his co-defendants, that would total $557 million, their lawyers said in court filings.

Trump's attorneys pleaded with the appeals court to reduce the amount they had to post, to $100 million. They argued that having to post the full amount was "impossible" and that it would require Trump and his company to start selling off assets because they didn't have that much cash on hand.

A single appeals court judge rejected that request in late February but gave Trump an expedited briefing schedule to make his case to a full panel of judges ahead of the time frame when James would begin collecting on the judgment.

Trump's lawyers then elaborated on the struggles to come up with the necessary funds.

“Defendants’ ongoing diligent efforts have proven that a bond in the judgment’s full amount is ‘a practical impossibility,’” they said in a March 18 filing. “These diligent efforts have included approaching about 30 surety companies through 4 separate brokers.”

They went on to say their efforts had proved that “obtaining an appeal bond in the full amount” of the judgment “is not possible under the circumstances presented.” That was in large part because most of the bond companies would not “accept hard assets such as real estate as collateral” but “will only accept cash or cash equivalents (such as marketable securities),” their filing said.

Experts told NBC News that Trump needed the appeals court to hit pause because if James started seizing assets, the results could have been disastrous for his company, potentially leading to bankruptcy.

Attorneys for Trump asked the appeals court to spare the defendants from posting any security at all while the appeal process plays out, contending that Trump's "real estate holdings — including iconic properties like 40 Wall Street, Doral Miami, and Mar-a-Lago, — greatly exceed the amount of the judgment" and could be used to satisfy the award if they lost their appeal.

Soon after, Hankey — who told Forbes he has supported Trump's political campaigns in the past — got involved. He told NBC News he'd been following Trump's troubles getting a bond in the news and "let it be known to an acquaintance of mine" with ties to Trump that the huge bond was something he could "consider."

He said he was on his second day of negotiations with a lawyer from the Trump Organization when the Appellate Division reduced the bond amount to $175 million and gave Trump 10 days to come up with it. That deadline was set to expire Thursday.

"When the bond was reduced, we thought they could cover the damages themselves and didn’t think we’d hear back from them again, but they called us back" a couple of days later, Hankey said. The talks went quickly, with the company saying it would collateralize the full amount using a combination of cash and bonds. The money it eventually did put up appeared to be all cash, Hankey added.

"We've done bonds in the past, but this is a large size for us — and everyone," he said, adding that his involvement had nothing to do with politics.

"This is what we do," he said. "I'd be happy to do this for a Republican or a Democrat."

Dareh Gregorian is a politics reporter for NBC News.

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After doing/having done his homework, he watched TV

• Thread starter angelene001
• Start date Nov 26, 2019

angelene001

Senior member.

• Nov 26, 2019

Can the word "after" be followed by either the present participle or the perfect participle without any change in meaning? 1. After doing his homework, he watched TV. 2. After having done his homework, he watched TV. Is it similar to "after" + the past simple/ the past perfect, where we can use the past perfect but it isn't necessary because the word "after" makes the order of the events clear: 1. After he did his homework, he watched TV. 2. After he had done his homework, he watched TV.  

Edinburgher

Thank you. What I've found in the grammar book (Grammarway 4) is: After taking/ having taken his Master's degree, he applied for a job. However, when I checked the key to the exercises in the same book, I found only "After doing" or just "Having done" as the correct answers. Just as you say. And that's what I've always thought: After doing, Having done, After somebody had done,  

Watch CBS News

Trump's bond is now $175 million in fraud case. Here's what the New York attorney general could do if he doesn't pay.

By Katrina Kaufman , Graham Kates

Updated on: March 25, 2024 / 7:46 PM EDT / CBS News

Former President Donald Trump and other defendants in his fraud case won an appeal Monday to have their bond reduced , requiring them now to put up $175 million within 10 days to pause enforcement of a $464 million judgment against them . If Trump fails to post bond, it could leave some of his prized real estate and other assets vulnerable to seizure by the state.

The bond was lowered from $464 million on the day that a 30-day grace period for payment expired. New York Attorney General Letitia James had indicated her office would pursue Trump's assets if he failed to post bond.

"If he does not have funds to pay off the judgment, then we will seek judgment enforcement mechanisms in court, and we will ask the judge to seize his assets," she said during a February interview with ABC News.

Attorneys for Trump wrote in a March 18 filing in the case that it was a "practical impossibility" for the defendants to secure such a large bond. 

"Very few bonding companies will consider a bond of anything approaching that magnitude," wrote the lawyers, Alina Habba, Clifford Robert, Christopher Kise and John Sauer. They noted that surety providers often require collateral up to 120% to guarantee the bond, driving the amount Trump might need over $500 million.

Trump claimed to have nearly $500 million in cash in a Truth Social post on March 22. In depositions and testimony in 2023,  he claimed to have between $300 and $400 million.

JD Weisbrot, managing director of the surety operation at Risk Strategies, said Trump's options for amassing the full $464 million were "frankly very limited."

"The issue is that this type of bond is very hazardous in nature to a surety company. And why is that? It's a demand instrument, the bond guarantees that in the event that the defendant loses the appeal, that the sum be immediately made available to the plaintiff," Weisbrot said.

As a result, Weisbrot said surety companies want liquid assets as collateral, specifically cash or a letter of credit, and not hard assets like real estate.

The judgment stems from a civil case in which a judge found Trump and others connected to his company liable for a decade-long scheme to use falsified real estate and net worth valuations to obtain favorable loan and insurance rates. The judge concluded Trump and others gained more than $364 million through the scheme.

Bruce Lederman, an attorney who specializes in real estate law  for the New York firm DL Partners, said James' office has a range of options to choose from in its effort to enforce the judgment if Trump fails to post bond.

Once the deadline passes, "the attorney general can start enforcement proceedings, which could include sending restraining notices, could include sending executions to the sheriff for real property, could include tying up security accounts, could include sending notices to companies that they can't make any payments to Donald Trump personally, or any of the children, the boys, against whom judgments are entered," said Lederman, referring to Trump's adult sons Eric and Donald Trump Jr.

To execute on Trump's real property, James could get judicial liens against the properties.  In New York, the process to sell a property takes 63 days. The sheriff's office must publicly post notice of sale in three places in the town or city where the property is located, and the notice must be published four times throughout that period. After 63 days, there is a sheriff's sale, typically on the courthouse steps. 

However, untangling the web of ownership of some of Trump's properties may be challenging. In the event of sale, there are also loans and mortgages that could impact how much the state can even collect - not to mention the disputed valuation of Trump's properties, an issue that was at the heart of the civil fraud trial.

For properties located outside of Manhattan, James has to enter the judgment with local jurisdictions — even those as near as suburban Westchester County, New York, where her office registered the judgment on March 6. 

"The New York judgment can be filed in any state and is then entitled to full faith and credit under the Constitution," said Lederman, who noted that Trump's Mar-a-Lago club might be more complicated to seize than other properties. "Enforcement rights in other states would be based upon the law of the state where property is located. For example, Florida does not allow a sale of a primary residence." 

Adam Pollock,  a former New York assistant attorney general, said a restraining notice would limit Trump's ability to spend freely.

"A restraining notice … says, 'Don't spend money, don't transfer any property, until you pay us.' And for good reason. You shouldn't be out, you know, fueling up your jets with $20,000 of gas, when you owe the people in the state of New York nearly $500 million," said Pollock.

Pollock said James' office could get a bank execution and give it to a New York sheriff or marshal, who can then walk into a bank branch and drain Trump's account. A bank normally has to wait at least 27 days to turn over the money in an account — unless the plaintiff is the state of New York, in which case, the bank is supposed to transfer the funds immediately.

James can also sign an execution forcing Trump to turn over his personal property.

"If I have a judgment against you, I get to take any property I can find of yours. Whether it's your Rembrandt, your Rolls Royce, or your iPad, or like your 500 LLCs that you happen to own," said Pollock.

Trump, the presumptive Republican nominee for president, could ultimately end up among the one in 100 Americans whose pay is withheld so creditors can collect.

Adam Kaufmann, an attorney at Lewis Baach Kaufmann Middlemiss, said the state could garnish Trump's income and revenues from the Mar-a-Lago Club, for example.

"You could have a president of the United States having his wages garnished by a creditor," Kaufmann said.

• Donald Trump

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