world geography high school assignments

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The moment we launch our browsers, the world as we know it shrinks and every part of the globe is a click-and-a-swipe away. While technology makes it possible for classrooms to be a portal, you are at the helm of the expedition. As your copilot, Networks ™ offers a full suite of print and digital resources developed by a team of experts and aligned to the National Geography Standards, the NCSS and Common Core Standards for Literacy in History and Social Studies.  Now we're getting somewhere!

Components for World Geography

Middle school, high school.

Discovering World Geography

Sample Program Online TOC

World History and Geography

Sample Program Online TOC Inquiry Journal

World History and Geography: Modern Times

World History and Geography: Early Ages

Geography: The Human and Physical World

World Geography A

Course description.

World Geography A is the first semester in a two-semester series. One-half credit is awarded for successful completion of each semester. In World Geography you will examine people, places, and environments at local, regional, national, and international scales from the spatial and ecological perspectives of geography. You will learn the influence of geography on events of the past and present with emphasis on contemporary issues. A significant portion of the course centers around the physical processes that shape patterns in the physical environment; the characteristics of major landforms, climates, and ecosystems and their interrelationships; the political, economic, and social processes that shape cultural patterns of regions; types and patterns of settlement; the distribution and movement of the world population; relationships among people, places, and environments; and the concept of region. You will analyze how location affects economic activities in different economic systems. You will identify the processes that influence political divisions on the planet and analyze how different points of view affect the development of public policies. You will compare how cultures shape the characteristics of regions and analyze the impact of technology and human modifications on the physical environment. You will use problem-solving and decision-making skills to ask and answer geographic questions.

Course Objectives

Upon completing this course you will be able to:

• understand how geography and processes of spatial exchange (diffusion) influenced events in the past and helped to shape the present.
• understand how people, places, and environments have changed over time and the effects of these changes.
• understand how physical processes shape patterns in the physical environment.
• understand the patterns and characteristics of major landforms, climates, and ecosystems of Earth and the interrelated processes that produce them.
• understand how political, economic, and social processes shape cultural patterns and characteristics in various places and regions.
• analyze how the character of a place is related to its political, economic, social, and cultural elements.
• understand the types, patterns, and processes of settlement.
• understand the growth, distribution, movement, and characteristics of world population.
• understand how people, places, and environments are connected and interdependent.
• understand the concept of region as an area of Earth’s surface with related geographic characteristics.
• understand the distribution, characteristics, and interactions of the economic systems in the world.
• understand how geography influences economic activities.
• understand the economic importance of, and issues related to, the location and management of resources.
• understand the spatial characteristics of a variety of global political units.
• understand the processes that influence political divisions, relationships, and policies.
• understand how different points of view influence the development of public policies and decision-making processes on local, state, national, and international levels.
• understand how the components of culture affect the way people live and shape the characteristics of regions.
• understand the distribution, patterns, and characteristics of different cultures.
• understand the ways in which cultures change and maintain continuity.
• understand the impact of technology and human modifications on the physical environment.
• understand how current technology affects human interaction.

Required Course Materials

• Geography Notebook – In the form of a small composition notebook, a spiral notebook, or loose-leaf paper kept in a binder.
• Pencil or Pen – In order to do well in the course, you must take notes, sketch diagrams and graphs, and solve problems when instructed to do so.
• Internet Access
• Adobe Reader

Note:  This course does not require a textbook.

Course Organization

Each semester contains 8 units and one final exam.

Each Unit contains:

• 4–4 lessons. Each lesson includes some or all of the following components: Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, and Evaluate.
• Self-assessments to help you check your own understanding of the material covered in each lesson. You must complete these assessments in order to advance in the course.
• 2–3 graded assignments

Final Examination

The final examination is comprehensive; it covers the material from all 8 units. To pass the course, you must receive a grade of 70 percent or better. You can apply to take the Final Exam after 100 percent of your graded assignments have been submitted, and at least 70 percent have been graded and returned to you.

Format: Multiple-choice, online Time Allowed: 3 hours Materials Allowed: #2 pencils

Semester Topics

Topic 1: Introduction to Physical Geography Topic 2: Introduction to Human Geography Topic 3: Physical and Human Geography of the United States and Canada Topic 4: Physical and Human Geography of Latin America and the Caribbean Topic 5: Physical Geography of Europe Topic 6: Human Geography of Europe Topic 7: Physical and Human Geography of Africa Topic 8: Special Topics of Africa

A resource for homeschooling families

Best Homeschool High School Geography Curriculum

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If you are looking for a geography curriculum for your homeschooled high school student, there are a number of great options to choose from. You will want to consider both your student’s learning style and your own homeschooling philosophy as you explore the geography programs available out there.

In this article, we’ll tell you about some of our favorite homeschool geography curriculums. Whichever option you choose, make sure your student has a good student atlas . We also recommend a sturdy topographical globe , as it’s important for students to see the earth’s structures, topography, and political boundaries in a three-dimensional way. And consider some fun geography supplements, as well. We love this gorgeous Book of Nations by Beautiful Feet, the Trekking the World board game, and this Lego Art World Map . If you have younger kids, be sure to check out our other articles, Best Homeschool Geography Curriculum for Elementary and Best Homeschool Middle School Geography Curriculum .

Here are our top picks for the best homeschool high school geography curriculum:

• Best Traditional: Geography III (Second Edition) , Memoria Press
• Best Hands-On Program: Living History of Our World
• Best Literature-Based Curriculum: World Geography and Ecology
• Best for Struggling and Visual Learners: Trick Geography
• Best Charlotte-Mason Style: Trail Guide to World Geography , Cindy Wiggers
• Best for Independent Learners: Around the World in 180 Days
• Best Interdiscipinary Program: Ultimate Geography and Timeline Guide
• Best Christian: North Star Geography , Tyler H. Hogan/Bright Ideas Press

Best Traditional Geography Curriculum

Geography III (Second Edition) , Memoria Press

If your homeschooled high schooler enjoys traditional curriculums and appreciates opportunities for self-led projects, we recommend Memoria Press’s Geography III . The program consists of nine units (including an introduction), each based on a world region (e.g. “Eastern Europe” or “South & East Asia”). Students will be introduced to the climate, history, and culture of each region and gain a solid grounding in mapwork, even learning to freehand-draw the continents.

The materials consist of the Textbook , which includes maps and illustrations of famous architecture and landmarks; a consumable Student Workbook , containing short-answer questions about the accompanying unit and map-labeling assignments (for physical as well as political geographic delineations), as well as ideas for further projects in the appendix (great for self-motivated students); and a Teacher Guide , which gives answers to the accompanying Student Workbook assignments along with reproducible maps for practice, brief unit tests, and a final exam.

The schedule incorporates two lessons per week for 30 weeks; for most students, this will allow time for supplemental activities, projects, and field trips throughout the school year. The required materials consist of the Textbook , Student Workbook , and Teacher Guide . Students should also have the Rand McNally Classroom Atlas and Geography I- III Flashcards .

Geography III will provide a solid geography curriculum for high school students, but it is also suitable for middle schoolers. It is therefore an excellent option for younger teens or families with middle school and high school students working alongside one another. If you like Geography III and are teaching younger children, particularly through a classical education approach, you may be interested in Memoria Press’s other curriculums, Geography I and Geography II .

Best Hands-On Program

Living History of Our World: You Could End Up in Timbuktu , Angela O’Dell (link to color edition on Amazon)

If you’re looking for a wonderful, hands-on geography program, consider Living History of Our World: You Could End Up in Timbuktu . Created by Angela O’Dell, this program is one of our top picks because it just has it all! It’s well-organized, comprehensive, user-friendly, and FUN! Students will learn about many different facets of world geography, from ecology, topography, wildlife, and biomes to culture, religion, and history. The daily lesson plans are easy to follow and include lots of hands-on activities, such as cooking and art projects. 

This curriculum can be used for kids as young as third grade, so it’s an awesome option if you are homeschooling multiple children of different ages. The lessons incorporate assignments for older and younger kids, and high school students can easily help younger siblings complete hands-on projects. 

While this course incorporates a Christian worldview, the religious elements are relatively minor and can be omitted easily for those looking for a more secular approach.

High school students using this program will need the consumable You Could End Up in Timbuktu book (each student will need their own copy, so buy multiple if you are using this curriculum with multiple children). You’ll also need the following materials: a current world atlas such as the National Geographic Student World Atlas ; Eat Your Way Around the World by Jamie Aramini; Geography Through Art by Sharon Jeffus and Jamie Aramini; a good quality tracing paper tablet; white cardstock paper; good-quality colored pencils; thin-line markers; a one-inch three-ring notebook and page protectors; a kneadable eraser; and at least 20 file folders.

Best Literature-Based

World Geography and Ecology , Beautiful Feet Books

If you’re looking for a geography curriculum that will immerse your student in good literature, consider the World Geography and Ecology program by Beautiful Feet Books. Although this curriculum is designed for students in grades 7-9, older kids could certainly get a lot out of it, as well. What makes this program unique is its focus on world geography in combination with world ecology: students learn about biomes, ecosystem structure, nature cycles, and much more, all while reading high-quality stories. Hands-on extension projects (such as recipes) and lots of reading “rabbit holes” allow students to delve deeper into the topics they find most fascinating. They’ll also learn cartographic skills, filling in a world map that includes every country on the planet!

Like Beautiful Feet’s other curriculums, this one includes a beautiful (yes, it really is!) teacher guide, a map, and all the required books for the course. High schoolers should be able to work through this program independently, but it’s also a great option if you’re looking for a family-style curriculum that can be completed with younger siblings. 

Best Geography Curriculum for Struggling and Visual Learners

Trick Geography , Patty Blackmer

As its name implies, this program uses language and visual “tricks” to help students learn geography in a clever way. Teaching states, countries, capitals, and physical geography features, Trick Geography uses simple shapes and imagery along with mnemonics to help students learn in a unique way. A sentence about a “Hairy bird”, for example, helps students to remember the city “Harrisburg”, while the shape of Morocco is interposed with an image of a maraca –“Maraca=Morocco”. These elements make Trick Geography a great choice for visual learners as well as those who struggle with traditional memorization techniques.

Trick Geography offers both a world course and individual unit courses based on region. The world course is designed to take a year to complete, making it an excellent choice for students wishing to undertake a comprehensive geography study that will last throughout the school year. The individual courses take five to nine weeks and can be supplemented with other materials. Depending on your student’s interests and your homeschool style, you may want to use the region-based unit courses (such as the U.S. geography course) rather than the world course. Trick Geography is for third grade and up, so this is another great program option for families with children of multiple ages working side by side.

The Trick Geography world course requires the Trick Geography: World—Student Book , the Trick Geography: World—Teacher Guide , and the Trick Geography: World—Test Book . These are also sold as a set . The following unit courses are also available:

USA: You will need Trick Geography: USA—Student Book and Trick Geography: USA Teacher Guide . Alternatively, you can purchase both as a set . AFRICA: You will need Trick Geography: Africa—Student Book and Trick Geography: Africa—Teacher Guide . Alternatively, you can purchase both as a set . AMERICAS AND OCEANIA: You will need Trick Geography: Americas and Oceania—Student Book and Trick Geography: Americas and Oceania—Teacher Guide . Alternatively, you can purchase both as a set . ASIA: You will need Trick Geography: Asia—Student Book and Trick Geography: Asia—Teacher Guide . Alternatively, you can purchase both as a set . EUROPE: You will need Trick Geography: Europe—Student Book and Trick Geography: Europe—Teacher Guide . Alternatively, you can purchase both as a set .

Best Charlotte-Mason Style Geography Curriculum

Trail Guide to World Geography , Cindy Wiggers

For the family that loves incorporating great literature and art into every facet of their homeschool, we can’t recommend Trail Guide to World Geography enough. Using this curriculum, students will see that geography doesn’t mean looking at a bunch of maps in a vacuum. Rather, Charlotte Mason-style learners will be able to incorporate literature and culture more broadly into their geography studies. The program follows a 36-week schedule, with each week offering opportunities for students to approach the material in different ways and allowing self-led learners to do further research on the topics that interest them.

Required materials for this program are the Trail Guide to World Geography: A Teacher’s Guide and Jules Verne’s classic Around the World in 80 Days . Your student will also frequently need to use The Ultimate Geography and Timeline Guide , Geography Through Art by Sharon Jeffus and Jamie Aramini, and a solid set of outline maps such as those included in Uncle Josh’s Outline Map Book . As an alternative to the Uncle Josh maps , you could purchase the Trail Guide to World Geography Student Notebook CD-Rom , which provides similar printables. Also recommended are a good student atlas and almanac. For an atlas, we recommend either the Rand McNally Atlas of World Geography or the Rand McNally Know Geography World Atlas Grades 9-12 . For an almanac, we like The World Almanac Book of Facts 2021 .

Trail Guide to World Geography is suitable for pre-K through high school and includes different questions for students in various grade levels. It is therefore an excellent choice for families with children of multiple ages who wish to work side-by-side. If you are using Trail Guide to World Geography for younger kids, you should purchase an age- appropriate atlas, as well (we like Rand McNally’s Classroom Atlas for grades 7-9 and Jr. Classroom Atlas for grades 4-6 ; or, the Know Geography World Atlas Grades 4-9 . For those interested in a similar program focused just only on U.S. geography, we recommend Trail Guide to U.S. Geography .

Best for Independent Learners

Around the World in 180 Days , Sherrie Payne

If your high school student enjoys independent learning, consider Around the World in 180 Days by Sherrie Payne. While this program goes into less depth than some others, it provides a nice framework for students who enjoy independent reading and research to learn about world geography. The program is divided into seven units, each corresponding to one of the seven continents. In each unit, students learn about the geography, history, religion, culture, and current events of that continent. The structure of the program is largely question-based, with students given questions to which they must find the answers using other resources (atlases, books, web sources). Mapwork is also a large component of this curriculum, and by the end of the year students will have a solid foundation in the world’s physical geography.

Around the World in 180 Days is also a good option if you’d like your high schooler to work alongside younger siblings. Although the program is advertised as being appropriate for kids as young as kindergarten, in reality a kindergartener would have a hard time managing it without a good amount of assistance. Older elementary students and middle school students could certainly complete many of the questions and gain valuable research and writing skills in the process. 

To use this program, you’ll need the teacher’s guide , and each student will need a student workbook . Make sure to have a good student atlas on hand, as well.

Best Interdisciplinary Program

Ultimate Geography and Timeline Guide , Maggie Hogan and Cindy Wiggers

If you’re looking for a solid geography program that explores connections between geography and other disciplines like math, literature, and science, consider the Ultimate Geography and Timeline Guide . This program uses a unit study approach to explore different facets of world geography and how they relate to other subjects. The first unit introduces geography basics, helping students understand the different types of geography and basic geographical tools, such as maps and compasses. Unit Two is called “Making Geography Come Alive” and considers all kinds of fun aspects of cultural geography, from currency and postage stamps to food and sports. The third unit looks at how geography intersects with different disciplines, including literature, science, math, and history. The fourth unit includes more traditional geography instruction, leading students through the world continent by continent and incorporating mapwork. The final unit explores how timelines can be useful in studying geography. 

Ultimate Geography and Timeline Guide can be used by all grades, so this is an excellent option if you’d like your high schooler to use the same program as younger siblings. Along with the textbook, you’ll need a copy of Hans Brinker, or the Silver Skates , as one chapter focuses on that book. 

Best Christian Geography Curriculum

North Star Geography , Tyler H. Hogan/Bright Ideas Press

For Christian homeschoolers who want to see their faith incorporated deeply into a geography curriculum, we recommend North Star Geography. Considering geography from a Christian perspective, the program includes geography skills (understanding maps and navigation), physical geography (earth structure, biosphere, etc.), and human geography (human culture and heritage, etc.). The scripture used in this textbook is from the NKJV and ESV.

The program is geared toward junior high and high schoolers but can also be modified for younger students, making this another good pick for families who want to use the same program for children in multiple grades. It is designed as a one-year course but can be modified for 16, 32, or 64 weeks. The course materials consist of one textbook, which includes a download access code to the digital companion guide. This companion guide download includes projects and activities for hands-on learning; mapwork and research questions; quizzes and a final exam, a grading rubric, and answer key; and reproducible maps. Parents love the simplicity of only needing one textbook and being able to print everything else with the digital companion!

High school is a great time to study geography! Students in high school are naturally curious about the world around them, and many are excited to begin traveling on their own after high school. Finding a geography curriculum that suits your student’s learning style and your own homeschool philosophy is very important. There are many great curriculum options to explore. You can also find creative ways to incorporate geography into your students’ other subjects– history, science, and language arts especially. If you have younger kids, be sure to check out our other articles, Best Homeschool Geography Curriculum for Elementary and Best Homeschool Middle School Geography Curriculum .

Homeschool with Moxie

World Geography Activities

World Geography is such a fun hands-on subject to learn with your kids. Here’s a round-up of some of my favorite world geography activities and ideas for your homeschool.

Mini Geography Lessons

If you just have 15 minutes or so to fit in a geography lesson, here are some mini lessons for you to use with any age. All the videos or links are ready, so there is no prep required from you. This is a great way to easily get in some geography content with your kids.

World Maps Geography Mini Lesson

Longitude & Latitude Mini Lesson

Imports Scavenger Hunt

Hands-On Geography Activities

The GeoBear Project

The Themes of Geography Project Bundle will help your kids see that geography is much more than “where is it?” but it includes culture, the movement of information, how humans impact their environment, and the way we see similarities and differences between us.

For Middle School & Above

Grab my free Ultimate YouTube Playlist for World Geography and set your kids loose on a world geography adventure! Pair some exploring on Google Earth with the playlist for the perfect geography activity.

And if you want a bit more structure, check out my Video Response Assignment Bundle set to go with the YouTube Playlist.

Geography Mystery Calendar

And finally, grab this FREE Geography Mystery Calendar in my resource library ! You can use it during any month because it’s unnumbered.

On each weekday of the month, your kids will find a mystery or clue to solve that will require them to use some geography skills.

It’s a great way to sneak in extra geography practice without any extra prep from you! And your kids won’t even realize they’re learning.

Related Posts

Hands-On Geography Ideas: HWM #13

Geography Mini Lessons

Geography Mini Lessons: Imports & Earth’s Climate Map

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Curriculum  / High School

Exploring World Geography

Complete high school world geography curriculum.

Who Can Use It

Author Ray Notgrass designed the curriculum for students to use successfully anytime in high school--9th grade, 10th grade, 11th grade, or 12th grade. It combines the flexibility and richness of a literature-based unit study approach with the simplicity of a textbook-based approach.

Daily lessons guide your student on a fascinating journey across our planet, focusing on how people interact with the physical world around them. With the lessons already planned, your student can use the curriculum independently.

What's Included

The Exploring World Geography Curriculum Package includes everything you need for a successful study. If you use the course as written, your student can earn credit in three high school subjects: World Geography, English, and Worldview. However, the course is flexible, so you can adjust the assignments as needed to fit your student's schedule and needs.

• Two beautiful hardbound books feature narrative lessons with hundreds of colorful photographs and illustrations.
• A full-color gazetteer features maps and details about the countries of the world plus supplemental readings.
• Weekly project ideas include a writing assignment and two other creative assignments such as completing an art project, conducting research, or interviewing someone.
• Literature reading and worldview assignments are part of the English and Worldview credits.

We suggest twelve literature titles that coordinate with the lessons and enhance your student's understanding of different parts of the world. We also offer optional review activities and tests.

Watch our intro video and keep reading to learn how the curriculum works, see sample lessons, and read what parents are saying.

Quick Overview

How It Works

Exploring World Geography by Ray Notgrass is a one-year high school course that explores mankind's interaction with the world God made. The curriculum addresses two main questions: How has the physical world made a difference in what people have done, how they have lived, and how they live today? How have people made a difference in the physical world, and how are they making a difference in it today?

Exploring World Geography is designed to be easy to use for parent and student. Each of the 30 weekly units has an introduction that features a summary of the material covered, a list of lessons, Bible memory work, books required for that unit, and suggested writing assignments and hands-on projects. Each of the 150 daily lessons (five lessons per week) includes a list of specific assignments for that day. A focused student can direct his own study, and the parent can offer as much interaction as needed.

The World Geography credit involves reading the lessons and doing the assignments in the Gazetteer (and answering the questions in the optional Student Review if desired). The English credit involves completing several writing assignments, including one research paper; and reading the assigned literature. The Worldview credit involves examining religious and philosophical perspectives and completing worldview assignments that guide the student in building a Christian worldview. The unit projects offer a wide variety of activities that tie into all three subjects.

If you prefer a video overview, watch author Ray Notgrass explain how the components work together as he walks you through a sample unit from the curriculum.

What's In the Curriculum Package

The Exploring World Geography Curriculum Package includes these three books:

Exploring World Geography Part 1

This book has 75 lessons for the first semester. These lessons introduce the study of geography and explore the Middle East, Africa, and Europe.

Look Inside

Exploring World Geography Part 2

This book has 75 lessons for the second semester. These lessons explore Asia, Australia and Oceania, North America, and South America.

Exploring World Geography Gazetteer

This volume contains maps of the continents and regions discussed in the text, a section on each country of the world, and primary source material.

Optional Resources

We offer an optional Student Review Pack to help measure your student's understanding of the material. We also offer a literature package with twelve recommended titles.

Student Review Pack

The Student Review book offers daily review questions, map skills assignments, literature review questions, and literary analysis. The Quiz and Exam Book has a quiz for each unit and six geography, English, and worldview exams. The Guide for Parents and Answer Key includes all the answers needed for the course.

Literature Package

This package includes the twelve books assigned as part of the English credit. It features five nonfiction books and seven fiction books.

What the Lessons Are Like

Exploring World Geography is divided into 30 chronological units with five lessons each. Your student can complete the curriculum in one year by doing one lesson per day for 150 days during your school year.

Your student can read the daily lessons and follow the instructions independently. You as the parent can be involved as much or as little as you desire.

Reading one lesson will take about 20 minutes per day. At the end of each lesson is a list of assignments like this:

Depending primarily on how fast your student reads, he or she may need a total of two to three hours per day to complete the additional readings and work on the weekly project.

See Sample Lessons

Video Walkthrough

Watch author Ray Notgrass explain how the components of Exploring World Geography work together as he walks you through a sample unit from the curriculum.

Recommended Literature

Reading the literature is part of earning the English credit. If your student has already read one of the assigned books, or you want to choose a different book for any reason, you can substitute a different book.

• Know Why You Believe by Paul Little (Units 1-2)
• Blood Brothers by Elias Chacour with David Hazard (Units 3-4)
• Patricia St. John Tells Her Own Story by Patricia St. John (Units 5-7)
• A Long Walk to Water by Linda Sue Park (Unit 8)
• The Day the World Stopped Turning by Michael Morpurgo (Units 10-11)
• Kidnapped by Robert Louis Stevenson (Units 12-13)
• Lost in the Barrens by Farley Mowat (Units 14-15)
• Boys Without Names by Kashmira Sheth (Units 16-17)
• Revolution Is Not a Dinner Party by Ying Chang Compestine (Units 18-19)
• Ann Judson: A Missionary Life for Burma by Sharon James (Units 20-21)
• The Country of the Pointed Firs by Sarah Orne Jewett (Units 24-25)
• Tales from Silver Lands by Charles Finger (Units 27-28)

Read sample lessons and see sample pages from the student review materials with these PDF files.

Table of Contents / Introduction

Unit 8: East Africa

Unit 20: Southeast Asia

Student Review

Guide for Parents / Answer Key

What Parents Are Saying

Clear, interesting, and relevant, biblical worldview, about the author.

Exploring World Geography Purchase Options

Are you ready to experience all that Exploring World Geography has to offer? Order today with confidence. If you are not satisfied for any reason, we offer a full money-back guarantee.

​Use the product links below to order online or call 1-800-211-8793. If you have any questions about choosing the right options for your child, please call, text, or email us .

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World Geography

The study of world geography involves understanding the natural forces that shape our planet and the interactions between people and their environment. It’s about how human activity can modify the surface of the Earth itself and inform the region’s culture and inhabitants over time. This course is also about acquiring information from disparate sources, like maps, statistics, news reports, and literary accounts, and integrating it into a comprehensive understanding. The projects and assignments in this course encourage students to exercise their imagination, creativity, analytical mind, and critical faculties.

This world geography course is designed to be textbook-independent.

This means that the course is driven by questions and inquiry that challenge students to become researchers and critical thinkers. Throughout the course, students are encouraged to use a wide variety of sources such as non-fiction books, websites, films, textbooks, journals, novels, artwork, news archives, etc. The course can be used in conjunction with ANY world geography textbook or other research materials.

For independent use only

Course Length: Full year

Grade Level: 9, 10

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Lesson Plans & Activities 9-12

Please see below for lessons and activities.

Biology/Ecosystems  ||  Geography  ||  Geology  ||  Global Change  ||  Natural Hazards  ||  Oceans/Coasts  ||  Water

Biology/Ecosystems

Wildlife and Contaminants - Lessons A series of lessons targeted to high school students that introduces the topic of ecotoxicology and guides students through the scientific process of gathering raw data and drawing conclusions about the impact of contaminants on wildlife.   

Become a Phenology Observer - Activity The National Phenology Network (sponsored by the USGS) is looking for volunteers to help monitor plant and animal species found across the United States. Learn how to monitor plant and animal phenology and sign up to contribute new observations to the national phenology database. Make this a classroom project!

Lessons on the Lake: An Educator's Guide to the Pontchartrain Basin - Lessons Louisiana's Lake Pontchartrain Basin is home to 1.5 million people and an estuary ecosystem with enormous biodiversity. Activities in the educator's guide help students in grades 5-12 gain an understanding and appreciation of the Basin and teaches them the skills to identify environmental concerns, make changes, and solve problems.

Land and People - Activity Students look at interactions between people and the environment in three regions of the United States: Cape Cod, Los Angeles, and the Everglades. Targeted to grades 7-12.

Interactive San Francisco Bay Data - Activity Look at plots of data collected from the water of San Francisco Bay, then generate your own plots using real data. How does a change in light penetration compare to water temperature? Does a change in salinity correspond with a change in chlorophyll?

Topographic Map Resources for Teachers - Lessons and Activities This directory level site includes links to various resources on topographic maps, how to obtain them, read them, their history, and map projections and includes links to various teaching activities and modules. It is the one-stop shop for learning about, using, and teaching topographic map concepts.

I ntroduction to Soils - Lessons A series of lessons teaching high school students about soils and linking them to climate, vegetation, and geology.

Exploring Maps - Lesson Exploring Maps  is an interdisciplinary set of materials on mapping for grades 7-12.  Students will learn basic mapmaking and map-reading skills and will see how maps can answer fundamental geographic questions.  The map images and activities in this packet can be used in various courses, including geography, history, math, art, English, and the sciences.   

Constructing a 3D Topographic Map - Activity This exercise uses clear plastic take-out lids, each marked with a different elevation line, and stacked to produce a 3D topographic map. It includes a base map of Angel Island (San Francisco Bay) but can be adapted to any local topographic feature.

27 Ideas for Teaching with Topographic Maps - Activity Contains 27 ideas for teaching with the approximately 57,000 topographic maps that the USGS offers.

Map Mysteries - Lesson Sample questions to use with USGS topographic and thematic maps as starting points to uncover mysteries about the cultural and physical geography of the Earth.

Corn Maze Geography - Activity Visit a corn maze and use these activities to learn about maps and geography.

How to Use a Compass with a USGS Topographic Map - Activity Learn to navigate using a topographic map and a compass.

Map-It: Form-based Simple Map Generator - Activity Enter the longitude and latitude of points to plot on a simple map. Download a postscript version of the resulting map.   Satellite Imagery

Tracking Change over Time - Activity Enhance students' learning of geography, map reading, earth science, and problem solving through landscape changes recorded by satellites in space.

AmericaView - Lessons USGS is a partner in AmericaView, which has lesson plans and other education resources for working with satellite imagery. Mostly targeted to grades 6-12.

Journey Along a Field Line - Activity A sixteen-page comic book about the Earth's magnetic field. Travel down through the interior of the earth then back up into the ionosphere to learn how the magnetic field works.

Antarctic Ice Sheet - Lessons and Activities This report illustrates, through a paper model, why there are changes on the ice sheet that covers the Antarctica continent. By studying the paper model, students will better understand the evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet. Animations mentioned in the Educator Guides are no longer available.

Chicxulub Impact Event - Lessons and Activities This report illustrates, by means of two paper models, how dinosaurs may have become extinct as a result of an asteroid impact. By studying the paper models, students will better understand the mass extinctions that have been part of the Earth's history. Animations mentioned in the Educator Guides are no longer available.

Crinoids - Lessons and Activities This report illustrates, through the use of a paper model, how crinoids lived and became fossilized. By studying the paper model, students will better understand the flower-like animal that is referred to as a "sea lily" and its ocean-floor environment. Animations mentioned in the Educator Guides are no longer available.

How to Construct Four Paper Models that Describe Island Coral Reefs - Activity This report contains instructions and patterns for preparing a set of four, three-dimensional paper models that schematically illustrate the development of island coral.

Make Your Own Paper Fossils - Lessons and Activities This report illustrates, by means of paper models, how two organisms, a trilobite and a nautiloid, became fossils. The report is intended to help students and others visualize the size and shape of a trilobite and a nautiloid, the environment in which they lived, and the circumstances of their fossilization and subsequent discovery. Animations mentioned in the Educator Guides are no longer available.

Make Your Own Paper Model of a Volcano - Lessons and Activities

This report contains instructions and a pattern for making a three-dimensional paper model of a volcano. This model is intended to help students and others to visualize a stratovolcano (inside and out) and to learn some of the terms used by geologists in describing it.

Paper Model Showing Motion on the San Andreas Fault - Activity This report contains instructions and patterns for preparing a three-dimensional model that schematically illustrates the fault motion that occurred during the Loma Prieta earthquake of October 17, 1989, in California. The model is intended to help students and others visualize the process of fault slip during earthquakes.

Sand Dunes - Lessons and Activities This report illustrates, through computer animations and paper models, why sand dunes can develop different forms. By studying the animations and the paper models, students will better understand the evolution of sand dunes.

How to construct 7 paper models that describe faulting of the Earth - Activity This report contains instructions and patterns for preparing seven three-dimensional paper models that schematically illustrate common earth faults and associated landforms.

2 Paper Models Showing the Effects of Glacial Ice on a Mountain Valley - Activity This report contains instructions and templates for preparing three-dimensional paper models of two features a mountain valley partly filled by a glacier and the same valley after the glacier has melted. Included are brief descriptions of how such glaciers form, how they erode the landscape, and what kinds of physiographic features they produce.

Earthquake Effects - Lessons and Activities The report is intended to help students and others visualize what causes earthquake shaking and some of the possible results of the shaking. Animations mentioned in the Educator Guides are no longer available.

Landslide Effects - Lessons and Activities This report illustrates how four different types of landslides (slide, slump, flow, and rockfall) occur and what type of damage may result. The report is intended to help students and others visualize what causes landslides and some of the possible result of the landslides. Animations mentioned in the Educator Guides are no longer available.

Plate Tectonics Tennis Ball Globe - Activity Create a mini globe that shows the major plate boundaries of the world (scroll to page 15).

This Dynamic Planet Teaching Companion Packet - Lessons and Activities This Teaching Companion is intended to assist teachers to teach plate tectonics, primarily for grades 6–14.

Schoolyard Geology - Activities - under construction Structured activities use man-made features that are found in a typical schoolyard to demonstrate geologic principles.

The Lifecycle of a Mineral Deposit - Activities A teacher's guide for hands-on mineral education activities. Designed to meet the National Science Standards, this product includes 10 activity-based learning exercises that educate students on basic geologic concepts; the processes of finding, identifying, and extracting the resources from a mineral deposit; and the uses of minerals. Geared for fifth through eighth grade science teachers.  

Collecting Rocks - Activity Learn about different types of rocks and how to identify and collect them.

What's in My Soil? - Activity Students separate, examine and identify the major components of soil to better understand how these components give soil its unique physical characteristics.

Introduction to Soils - Lesson This complete lesson plan teaches students how soils develop and provides links between soils, climate, vegetation, and geology. Includes materials for both teachers and students (handout, puzzle, field and lab sheets).

Graded Bedding - Activity Students are introduced to the concept of graded bedding, in which particles are sorted by size as they settle out of suspension. Students will discover that water is a good medium to separate and sort particles, and that particles have different behaviors in water and air.

Geologic Age - Activity Students investigate radioactivity as a tool for measuring geologic time.

Global Change

Greenhouse Gases - Activity Students observe and contrast thermal properties of three major greenhouse changes over time for dry air, water-saturated air, carbon dioxide, and methane.

Evaluating Glacier and Landscape Change - Lesson In this lesson students interpret USGS data in multiple formats and draw conclusions based on the data presented. 

Natural Hazards

Tabletop Earthquakes - Activity Construct a simple earthquake machine to demonstrate the principles of seismology. Includes supporting instructional material. 

Size and Occurrence of Floods - Activity Students use macaroni or beans to calculate the statistics of floor recurrence (see back side of poster).

Living with a Volcano in your Backyard - Activities A three-unit guide that provides science content and inquiry-based activities about volcanoes of the Cascade Range for middle-school students, with an emphasis on Mount Ranier. Includes more than 30 activities, a field guide, glossary, and supplementary information.

Predict an Eruption! - Activities This highly interactive site uses animations, illustrations, activities, and quizzes to show how eruptions at Mount St. Helens were accurately predicted by USGS scientists, then allows students to predict an actual eruption using real data.

Oceans/Coasts

The Fragile Fringe: A Guide for Teaching about Coastal Wetlands - Background Information and Activities Material to use for developing a comprehensive study of coastal wetlands.  Includes background information, suggested activities, glossary, references, and reading list. Activities can be demonstrated by the teacher or performed by students. Emphasis is on Gulf Coast wetlands.   

Hands-on Experiments to Test for Acid Mine Drainage - Activities Fourteen very basic exercises use home-made litmus paper and household items to test creek water for acid mine drainage and to look at plants, bacteria, and insects living in the water.

Ask a River to Text You with a WaterAlert - Activity Incorporate real-time data in the classroom by receiving instant, customized updates about water conditions at a specific river through WaterAlert.

Outreach Notebook for Groundwater - Lessons Five groundwater-related lesson plans for grades 6-8, complete with forms, diagrams, and supporting information. Although these were designed to be taught by an instructor and a water professional working together, a thoughtful educator could easily handle the lessons on their own.

ChatGPT for Teachers

Trauma-informed practices in schools, teacher well-being, cultivating diversity, equity, & inclusion, integrating technology in the classroom, social-emotional development, covid-19 resources, invest in resilience: summer toolkit, civics & resilience, all toolkits, degree programs, trauma-informed professional development, teacher licensure & certification, how to become - career information, classroom management, instructional design, lifestyle & self-care, online higher ed teaching, current events, beyond the globe: 8 awesome geography classroom projects.

Geography lessons today are more important than ever. As our world becomes more globalized, it’s crucial for kids to understand the places on Earth and their relationship with each other. It provides context about where we live and how we relate to people around us. It sparks curiosity about other cultures. And, ultimately, teaches that we are all connected. 

So don’t let your geography lessons fall flat. Here are some inspired projects that go above and beyond your classroom’s globe. 

Build a new way to view the world with Google Earth . A virtual globe, Google Earth’s ability to display a world map without distortion can shed light on why Greenland has always looked so big! Introduce your students to the amazing tools and features of Google Earth while comparing cartographer renditions of the world to a virtual version. Explore the world and its structures and ask 20 questions. 

Combine geography and self-exploration with autobiographical island maps . After completing an autobiographical survey, students choose symbols and use their map studies to create an artistic representation of their life in the form of an island.

Use a compass to find your way . Before there was an app for that, travelers used a compass to find their way. Introduce your students to orienteering with this awesome activity. With a short video, reading activity, and discussion questions, you can teach your students how to find their way the old-fashioned way. 

Learn how the world’s first metro system was built . Railroads united the world like nothing before it. Now able to travel longer distances more quickly and safely, industry and culture exploded in the early 19th century. Video and discussion resources can be customized to fit your classroom needs. 

Make a contour map . Topography is often a difficult topic for students to understand. Contour lines, meant to represent the highs and lows of an area on the map, don’t always translate to young students’ minds. By creating their own 3D version with drawing paper, clay, different colored markers, fishing line, and a pencil, students can kinesthetically create a topographical map that makes sense!

Geography Bingo! This activity from the New York Times challenges students to find examples of how geography relates to our world every day using national geography standards. A great online scavenger hunt for one class — or a semester-long project — add a little competition to learning more about the world.

Teach the 5 themes of geography using the newspaper . Full of class, group, and individual activities, this unit of study can be used as a whole, or as individual lessons to supplement your current curriculum. Requiring students to gather examples beyond the textbook will help them connect everyday life with the study of the world. 

Understand Environmentalism: Then and now . Give students a better understanding of the history of the conservation movement with this activity. Developed for high school, students will document the development of conservation over time through research and a culminating essay.

Help your students conquer the world by giving them the learning experiences that will truly engage their interests and solidify their sense of interconnectedness!

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Categorized as: Tips for Teachers and Classroom Resources

Tagged as: Engaging Activities ,  High School (Grades: 9-12) ,  History and Social Studies ,  Middle School (Grades: 6-8)

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Reserve Your Seat Today! Arise 2024 Home Ed. Conference April 13th .

High School World Geography – Full Year

£ 300.00

The ‘Let’s Study World Geography live class at, Arise Home Education, is perfect for busy homeschoolers wanting a live online homeschool course to explore the world of geography. The digitally accessible live classes, lessons, and worksheets are perfect for homeschool students aged 13+ who want to explore geography using the world as their classroom.

Day & Time: Mondays 12:30 – 14:00 GMT (Two 40-minute sessions with a short break in the middle.)

Location: Zoom Meeting

Tutor: Shannan Swindler

Required Materials: Let’s Study World Geography Complete Set  

This 30-week live class will cover:

• North America
• Central America
• South America
• The Caribbean
• Australia & Oceania

The core curriculum for this live class uses the Let’s Study World Geography Complete set for weekly homework assignments. Upon purchase of this class, send a copy of your proof of purchase to [email protected] for a 40% off coupon valid for the complete set which is used for daily homework and project preparation.

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Capture The Beauty Of Our World And The Curiosity Of Your Homeschooler.

The ‘Let’s Study World Geography live class at, Arise Home Education, is perfect for busy homeschoolers wanting a live online homeschool course to explore the world of geography. The digitally accessible live classes, lessons, and worksheets are perfect for homeschool students aged 13+ that want to explore geography using the world as their classroom.

Get Your World Geography Sample Lesson Here

Parents, no more cobbling your curriculum together and hoping it works everything you need is included in this world geography live class.

This live class meets weekly online via Zoom.  Weekly homework assignments, quizzes, and projects. are managed via Google Classroom.

What’s included in the Let’s Study World Geography Live Class?

To ensure your student is provided with a well-rounded approach to world geography this year-long class offers:

• Weekly live, online sessions
• Daily reading with notebooking
• Daily video
• Weekly ‘Did you know…’ quizzes’.
• Virtual tours
• Museum activities
• Mapping skills practice
• Projects that cover the five themes of geography

Your student will love this class!

Our Arise Tutor, Shannan Swindler, has been teaching this class for 3 years with excellent reviews on the curriculum and live class sessions.

Here’s what parents & students are saying:

My favorite continent was Africa because Africa fascinates me so much I love it, and their culture is head-turning! Also, I think that Africa is easy to study😁. My favorite assignment was Project 2: Environmental/human problems, but the assignment I’m most proud of is Project 1: Place because I put a TON of time into it. ~ER, S2 (Scotland)/8th Grader (US)/ Grade 9 (England)

Since we started the Africa geography study from Captivating Compass with my two boys,  geography went from being our least favorite topic,  to being one of our favorites! Their previous geography book was quite boring, so we didn’t hesitate to change the curriculum in the middle of the year and we are not disappointed!  ~RA, European Home Educating Mom

“This has been THE MOST fascinating class. Y’all need to sign your kids up. The project our son just turned in brought tears to my eyes. Shannan Swindler is so thoughtful with delivering a love of geography to her students. Thank you for creating a space where learning and creativity meet and produce great family dinner talks.” ~ CF, USA Homeschool Mom

If you want your kids to have a much better comprehensive knowledge and grasp of world geography than almost everyone, and have some fun doing it, then this is the curriculum for you . ~TJS UK Homeschool Dad

Capture the beauty of our world and the curiosity of your homeschooler with the Let’s Study World Geography

• World Geography Mapping – Practice labeling and memorizing countries, capitals, flags & more.  The basic mapping final will be to label the countries and physical features.
• World Geography Games – Online games help you learn all there is to know about the countries of the world by continent.
• Explore the World’s Travel Destinations – Resources to help you explore t he world’s beautiful travel destinations including virtual museum tours, 360 ‘on-location’ activities, and much more .   Each country is gorgeous! Your student will get to spend time exploring exciting and unique places   virtually.
• Learn Using The Five Themes of Geography – There are 4 projects that students will complete based on four of the five themes of geography.  (Location, Region, Movement, Human/Environment Interaction). The fifth theme (Place) is covered in our weekly homework assignment here students will learn about 250+ countries over the course o the school year.

The core curriculum for this live class uses the Let’s Study World Geography Complete Set for weekly homework assignments.  The Arise tutor, Shannan Swindler has created this curriculum for homeschoolers worldwide and is excited to offer UK/European homeschoolers the opportunity to learn in community with exciting weekly live sessions. This class is taught in English.

Upon purchase of this class, send a copy of your proof of purchase to [email protected] for a 40% off coupon valid for the complete set.

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Chapter 3: Russia

3.3 regions of russia, learning objectives.

• Name the major cities, rivers, and economic base of Russia’s core region.
• Identify the economic base of cities in the Eastern Frontier and the identity of the world’s most voluminous freshwater lake.
• Describe the physical attributes of Siberia and the Far East.
• Explain why Chechnya has been at war with Russia twice since 1994.
• Learn why Russia invaded Georgia in 2008 and discover the role of fossil fuels in the economies of Armenia and Azerbaijan.

The Core Region

Most of Russia’s population and its major industries are located west of the Ural Mountains on the Russian Plain. Known as Russia’s geographic core, this includes the Moscow region, the Volga region, and the Ural Mountain region. Moscow, Russia’s capital city, anchors a central industrial area that is home to more than fifty million people. Moscow alone has more than ten million residents, with about thirteen million in its metropolitan area, making it slightly smaller than the Los Angeles, California, metro area. A ring of industrial cities surrounding Moscow contains vital production centers of Russian manufacturing. During the Communist era, Moscow expanded from its nineteenth-century core (although the city dates from at least the twelfth century) and became an industrial city with planned neighborhoods. This world-class city has an extensive subway and freeway system that is expanding to meet current growth demands. Although rents, commodities, and domestic goods had fixed prices during the Communist era, the Soviet Union’s collapse changed all that. Today Moscow is one of the most expensive places to live in the world, with prices based on supply and demand. Many want to live in Moscow, but it is financially out of reach for many Russians.

Russia’s second-largest city, with a population of about five million, is St. Petersburg. Located on the Baltic Sea , it is western Russia’s leading port city. The city was renamed Petrograd (1914–24) and Leningrad (1924–91) but today is often called Petersburg, or just “Peter” for short. Peter the Great built the city with the help of European architects in the early eighteenth century to rival other European capitals, and he made it the capital of the Russian Empire. Named after St. Peter in the Bible (not Peter the Great), it is a cultural center for Russia and a major tourist destination. It is also known for shipbuilding, oil and gas trade, manufacturing, and finance. Its greatest tragedy took place when it was under siege for twenty-nine months by the German military during World War II. About one million civilians died of starvation or during the bombardment, and hundreds of thousands fled the city, leaving the city nearly empty by the end of the siege.

Figure 3.12 Russia’s Core Region                                                           Source: Map courtesy of the CIA World Factbook.

To the far north of St. Petersburg on the Barents Sea are the cities of Murmansk and Arkhangelsk . Murmansk is a major military port for Russia’s navy and nuclear submarine fleet. Relatively warm water from the North Atlantic drift circles around Norway to keep this northern port city fairly free of ice. Arkhangelsk (which literally means “archangel”), used as a port for lumber exports, has a much shorter ice-free season than Murmansk. Both of these cities are in Russia’s far north, with long winters and exceedingly brief summers.

The Volga River flows through the core region of Russia, providing transportation, fresh water, and fishing. The Volga is the longest river in Europe at 2,293 miles, and it drains most of Russia’s western core region. This river has been a vital link in the transportation system of Russia for centuries and connects major industrial centers from the Moscow region to the south through an extensive network of canals and other waterways. The Volga River flows into the Caspian Sea , and a canal links the Volga with the Black Sea through a connecting canal via the Don River .

At the eastern edge of Russia’s European core lie the Ural Mountains, which act as a natural divide between Europe and Asia. These low-lying mountains have an abundance of minerals and fossil fuels, which make the Ural Mountains ideal for industrial development. The natural resources of the Urals and the surrounding area provide raw materials for manufacturing and export. The eastern location kept these resources out of the hands of the Nazis during World War II, and the resources themselves helped in the war effort. Oil and natural gas exploration and development have been extensive across Russia’s core region and have greatly increased Russia’s export profits.

Figure 3.13 Russia’s Eastern Frontier, the Far East, and Siberia             Source: Map courtesy of the CIA World Factbook.

The Eastern Frontier

East of the Urals, in south-central Russia, is Russia’s Eastern Frontier , a region of planned cities, industrial plants, and raw-material processing centers. The population is centered in two zones here: the Kuznetsk Basin (or Kuzbas, for short) and the Lake Baikal region.

The Kuzbas is a region of coal, iron ore, and bauxite mining; timber processing; and steel and aluminum production industries. Central industrial cities were created across the Eastern Frontier to take advantage of these resource opportunities. The most important of these is Novosibirsk , the third-largest city in Russia after Moscow and St. Petersburg and home to about 1.4 million people. The city is not only noted for its industries but it is also the region’s center for the arts, music, and theater. It is host to a music conservatory and a philharmonic orchestra, a division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and three major universities.

Agriculture, timber, and mining are the main economic activities in the eastern Lake Baikal region, which is more sparsely settled than the Kuzbas. Lake Baikal (400 miles long, 50 miles wide) holds more fresh water than all the US Great Lakes together and about 20 percent of all the liquid fresh water on the earth’s surface. Its depth has been recently measured at 5,370 feet (more than a mile). Some of the longest river systems in the world flow through the Eastern Frontier . The Irtysh , Ob , Yenisey , and Lena are the main rivers that flow north through the region into Siberia and on to the Arctic Ocean. To the east, the Amur River creates the border between Russia and China until it flows north into the Sea of Okhotsk . In addition to waterways, the Trans-Siberian Railway is the major transportation link through the Eastern Frontier, connecting Moscow with the port city of Vladivostok in the Far East.

Siberia , as a place name, actually refers to all of Asian Russia east of the Ural Mountains, including the Eastern Frontier and the Russian Far East. However, in this and some other geography textbooks, the term Siberia more specifically describes only the region north of the Eastern Frontier that extends to the Kamchatka Peninsula . The word Siberia conjures up visions of a cold and isolated place, which is true. Stretching from the northern Ural Mountains to the Bering Strait , Siberia is larger than the entire United States but is home to only about fifteen million people. Its cities are located on strategic rivers with few overland highways connecting them.

Type D (continental) climates dominate the southern portion of this region, and the territory consists mainly of coniferous forests in a biome called the taiga . This is one of the world’s largest taiga regions. Type E (polar) climates can be found north of the taiga along the coast of the Arctic Sea, where the tundra is the main physical landscape. No trees grow in the tundra because of the semifrozen ground. Permafrost may thaw near the surface during the short summer season but is permanently frozen beneath the surface. On the eastern edge of the continent, the mountainous Kamchatka Peninsula has twenty active volcanoes and more than one hundred inactive volcanoes. It is one of the most active geological regions on the Pacific Rim.

Figure 3.14 Mount Koryasky, an Active Volcano, and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, a Town on Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula                  Wikimedia Commons – public domain.  

The vast northern region of Russia is sparsely inhabited but holds enormous quantities of natural resources such as oil, timber, diamonds, natural gas, gold, and silver. There are vast resources in Siberia waiting to be extracted, and this treasure trove will play an important role in Russia’s economic future.

The Far East

Figure 3.15 Vladivostok Tram Opposite the Admiral’s Club on Its Way to the Railway Station, Vladivostok                                                  Wikimedia Commons – CC BY 3.0.

Across the strait from Japan is Russia’s Far East region, with the port of Vladivostok (population about 578,000) as its primary city. Bordering North Korea and China, this Far East region is linked to Moscow by the Trans-Siberian Railway. Before 1991, Vladivostok was closed to outsiders and was an important army and naval base for the Russian military. Goods and raw materials from Siberia and nearby Sakhalin Island were processed here and shipped west by train. Sakhalin Island and its coastal waters have oil and mineral resources. Industrial and business enterprises declined with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Today, the Far East is finding itself on the periphery of Russia’s hierarchy of productivity. However, it has the potential to emerge again as an important link to the Pacific Rim markets.

Southern Russia

In the southern portion of the Russian core lies a land bridge between Europe and Southwest Asia: a region dominated by the Caucasus Mountains. To the west is the Black Sea, and to the east is the landlocked Caspian Sea. The Caucasus Mountains, higher than the European Alps, were formed by the Arabian tectonic plate moving northward into the Eurasian plate. The highest peak is Mt. Elbrus at 18,510 feet. Located on the border between Georgia and Russia, Mt. Elbrus is the highest peak on the European continent as well as the highest peak in Russia.

Most of this region was conquered by the Russian Empire during the nineteenth century and held as part of the Soviet Union in the twentieth. However, only a minority of its population is ethnic Russian, and its people consist of a constellation of at least fifty ethnic groups speaking a variety of languages.

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Caucasus region has been the main location of unrest within Russia. Wars between Russia and groups in the Caucasus have claimed thousands of lives. Some of the non-Russian territories of the Caucasus would like to become independent, but Russia fears an unraveling of its country if their secession is allowed to proceed. To understand why the Russians have fought the independence of places such as Chechnya but did not fight against the independence of other former Soviet states in the Caucasus such as Armenia , it is necessary to study the administrative structure of Russia itself.

Figure 3.16 Republics of Southern Russia, Including Chechnya                Wikimedia Commons – CC BY-SA 3.0.

Of the twenty-one republics, eight are located in southern Russia in the Caucasus region. One of these, the Chechen Republic (or Chechnya), has never signed the Federation Treaty to join the Russian Federation; in fact, Chechnya proposed independence after the breakup of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Although other territories to the south of Chechnya, such as Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, also declared their independence from Russia after 1991, they were never administratively part of Russia. During the Soviet era, those countries were classified as Soviet Socialist Republics, so it was easy for them to become independent countries when all the other republics (e.g., Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan) did so after 1991. However, Chechnya was administratively part of the USSR with no right to secession. After 1991, Russia decided that it would not allow territories that had been administratively governed by Russia to secede and has fought wars to prevent that from happening. It feared the consequences if all twenty-one republics within the Russian Federation were declared independent countries.

Chechnya has fought against Russia for independence twice since the USSR’s collapse. The First Chechen War (1994–96) ended in a stalemate, and Russia allowed the Chechens to have de facto independence for several years. But in 1999, Russia resumed military action, and by 2009 the war was essentially over and Chechnya was once more under Russia’s control. Between twenty-five thousand and fifty thousand Chechens were killed in the war, and between five thousand and eleven thousand Russian soldiers were also killed (Wikipedia). In 2003, the United Nations called Grozny , Chechnya’s capital, the most destroyed city on Earth. Reconstruction of Grozny has slowly begun.

Even before the recent wars, Chechnya had a difficult past. Over the course of its history, it has been at the boundary between the Ottoman Empire, the Persian Empire, and the Russian Empire. Most of the people converted to Sunni Islam in the 1700s to curry favor with the Ottomans and seek their protection against Russian encroachment. Nevertheless, Chechnya was annexed by the Russian Empire. During Soviet leader Josef Stalin’s reign of terror, more than five hundred thousand Chechens were loaded on train cars and shipped to Kazakhstan, where as many as half died.

• Transcaucasia

The independent countries of Georgia , Armenia , and Azerbaijan make up the region of Transcaucasia . Although they are independent countries, they are included in this chapter because they have more ties to Russia than to the region of Southwest Asia to their south. They have been inextricably connected to Russia ever since they were annexed by the Russian Empire in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and they were all former republics within the Soviet Union. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, these three small republics declared independence and separated from the rest of what became Russia.

Geographically, these three countries are located on the border between the European and Asian continents. The Caucasus Mountain range is considered the dividing line. The region known as Transcaucasia is generally designated as the southern portion of the Caucasus Mountain area.

Figure 3.17 Southern Russia and Transcaucasia                                         Wikimedia Commons – CC BY-SA 3.0.

The country of Georgia has a long history of ancient kingdoms and a golden age including invasions by the Mongols, Ottomans, Persians, and Russians. For a brief three years—from 1918 to 1921—Georgia was independent. After fighting an unsuccessful war to remain free after the Russian Revolution, Georgia was absorbed into the Soviet Union. Since it declared independence in 1991, the country has struggled to gain a stable footing within the world community. Unrest in the regions of South Ossetia , Abkhazia , and Adjara (where the populations are generally not ethnic Georgian) has destabilized the country, making it more difficult to engage in the global economy. Russia and Georgia had a military conflict in 2008, when Russian troops entered the South Ossetian region to support its move toward independence from Georgia. Georgia considered South Ossetia to be a part of Georgia and called the Russians an occupying force. Many other countries, including the United States, condemned Russia for their action. Russian troops pulled out of Georgia but supported the independence of South Ossetia and Georgia’s westernmost region of Abkhazia. Neither South Ossetia nor Abkhazia are considered independent states by most of the world’s countries.

A democratic-style central government has emerged in Georgia, and economic support has been provided by international aid and foreign investments. The country has made the switch from the old Soviet command economy to a free-market economy. Agricultural products and tourism have been Georgia’s main economic activities.

In 2010, Armenia, to the south of Georgia, had a population of only about three million in a physical area smaller in size than the US state of Maryland. It is a country with its own distinctive alphabet and language and was the first country in the world to adopt Christianity as a state religion, an event traditionally dated to 301 CE. The Armenian Apostolic Church remains the country’s central religious institution, and the Old City of Jerusalem in Israel has an Armenian Quarter, an indication of Armenia’s early connection with Christianity.

The small landlocked country has experienced invasions from every empire that controlled the region throughout history. The geographic area of the country decreased when the Ottoman Empire took control of western Armenia, and that region remains a part of Turkey to this day. A bitter conflict between Turks and Armenians during World War I resulted in the systematic deaths of as many as a million Armenians. This genocide continues to be commemorated annually on April 24, the traditional date of the Armenian Martyrs’ Day, but Turkey still denies the events were genocide.

Like the other former Soviet republics, Armenia has shifted from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. Before independence in 1991, Armenia’s economy had a manufacturing sector that provided other Soviet republics with industrial goods in exchange for raw materials and energy. Since then, its manufacturing sector has declined and Armenia has fallen back on agriculture and financial remittances from the approximately eight million Armenians living abroad to support its economy. These remittances, along with international aid and direct foreign investments, have helped stabilize Armenia’s economic situation.

Azerbaijan is an independent country to the east of Armenia bordering the Caspian Sea . It is about the same size in area as the US state of Maine. This former Soviet republic has a population of more than eight million in which more than 90 percent follow Islam. Azerbaijan shares a border with the northern province of Iran, which is also called Azerbaijan. Part of Azerbaijan is located on the western side of Armenia and is separated from the rest of the country.

Located on the shores of the Caspian Sea, Baku is the capital of Azerbaijan and is the largest city in the region, with a population approaching two million. During the Cold War era, it was one of the top five largest cities in the Soviet Union. The long history of this vibrant city and the infusion of oil revenues have given rise to a metropolitan center of activity that has attracted global business interests. Wealth has not been evenly distributed in the country, and at least one-fourth of the population still lives below the poverty line.

Azerbaijan is rich with oil reserves. Petroleum was discovered here in the eighth century, and hand-dug oil wells produced oil as early as the fifteenth century. Since the Industrial Revolution, the rising value of petroleum for energy increased the industrial extraction of oil in Azerbaijan. At the end of the nineteenth century, this small country produced half the oil in the world. Oil and natural gas are the country’s main export products and have been a central focus of its economy. Large oil reserves are located beneath the Caspian Sea, and offshore wells with pipelines to shore have expanded throughout the Caspian Basin. As much as the export of oil and natural gas has been an economic support for the country, it has not been without costs to the environment. According to US government sources, local scientists consider parts of Azerbaijan to be some of the most devastated environmental areas in the world. Serious air, soil, and water pollution exist due to uncontrolled oil spills and the heavy use of chemicals in the agricultural sector.

Figure 3.18 Oil Fields of Azerbaijan Wikimedia Commons – CC BY 2.0.

Key Takeaways

• The vast majority of Russia’s population live in the western core area of the country, the region around the capital city of Moscow.
• Most of the cities on the Barents Sea and in the Eastern Frontier were established for manufacturing or for the exploitation of raw materials.
• The Volga River and its tributaries have been an important transportation network for centuries. The Volga is the longest river in Europe.
• Very few people live in Siberia, but the region is rich with natural resources.
• The most contentious region in Russia is the Caucasus Mountain region, especially the area of Chechnya. The Caucasus is characterized by ethnic and religious diversity and by a desire for independence from Russia.
• South of Russia in the Caucasus is the region of Transcaucasia. It is ethnically, religiously, and linguistically diverse. Countries there are independent of Russia, although they have a long history of being part of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Some of the countries are rich in petroleum reserves.

Discussion and Study Questions

• What are Russia’s four main regions and what are the main qualities of each?
• What connects Moscow with Russia’s Far East, and why is this important?
• What are some of the major environmental problems in Russia and Transcaucasia?
• What is the relationship between the countries of Georgia and Russia? Describe their 2008 conflict.
• What happened to Chechnya? Why has Russia fought two wars in Chechnya since the Soviet Union’s collapse?
• What are the three independent countries of Transcaucasia, and when did they gain independence from Russia?
• Which of the three Transcaucasian countries has the least opportunity to gain wealth? What is the largest source of income in this region?
• What physical feature demarcates the boundary between Europe and Asia in southern Russia?
• What is the largest city in Transcaucasia? On what sea is it located?

Geography Exercise

Identify the following key places on a map:

• Arctic Ocean
• Arkhangelsk
• Bering Strait
• Caspian Sea
• Eastern Frontier
• Irtysh River
• Kamchatka Peninsula
• Kuznetsk Basin
• Lake Baikal
• Novosibirsk
• Sakhalin Island
• Sea of Okhotsk
• South Ossetia
• Vladivostok
• Volga River

Wikipedia, “Second Chechen War,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chechen_War .

• World Regional Geography: People, Places and Globalization. Provided by : University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing . Located at : http://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/ . License : CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike

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8 Fun Geography Activities for High School Students

As a teacher, you know how important it is to get students to enjoy a subject so they can engage with it better and grasp its concepts. Geography as a subject can get a little dull if not taught in an appealing way. Hands-on activities are a great way to get students involved in the subject. 

Geography is not just about learning about the locations of places and landforms but also involves the study of how humans and their social life interconnect with their location.

To help students learn these geographical concepts better, you can incorporate periodic hands-on activities to give your students a chance to learn and express their understanding of a topic through these activities. 

Fun and Engaging Geography Activities for High Schoolers

1. let’s locate.

This activity aims to teach students the location of different places around the world. 

• Lend your students two types of maps – it could be a political map, a regional map, a topographical map, or a world map. 
• Now ask them to locate a place or a region on the two maps.
• Ask the students to use their understanding to describe the location of the place in multiple ways. It could be in terms of latitude and longitude, regional cues, or in comparison to other places.
• You could stop here or continue further by giving students a chance to create maps and mention the location of the place of study and discuss the major points about the location.

2. Terrain Models

Here is an activity giving students a chance to use their creativity as well. Geography involves the study of different landforms on earth. You can help students boost their understanding of landforms using this activity.

• Let students bring supplies like clay, cardboard, or an aluminum bin. 
• Ask them to build models of terrains found on our planet, such as forests, mountains, canyons, deserts, oases, etc. 
• They could also include water bodies if required. But make sure students leave the clay to dry out for a day or two before filing in water to depict water bodies in their models.
• Once the models are ready, students can give a presentation on their models and explain the various features of the terrain they are showcasing.

3. Venn Diagrams

You can use Venn diagrams to teach students the similarities and differences between two geographical regions.

• Begin by explaining how a Venn diagram can be used to display, compare and contrast two places or regions of the world. 
• Next, you can ask them to create their own Venn diagrams by selecting two places from different parts of the world. They can mention the similar features of these places and the features that set them apart. 
• When they have completed drawing their Venn diagrams, they can take a few minutes to explain their diagram and findings to their classmates.

4. Picture Study

You can conduct a group activity using pictures from different parts of the world.

• First, divide your class into small groups.
• Hand over each group a couple of pictures from different regions of the world and let them analyze them.
• Ask the students to brainstorm answers for the following questions – 
• What do these pictures depict?
• What geographical features can you imagine or identify by looking at the pictures?
• Can you identify the culture by looking at the images?
• Can you establish a relationship between the culture depicted in the picture with its geographical attributes?
• When the students are ready with their answers, you can go to each group and discuss their findings.

5. States and Their Capitals

Here is an activity to teach students about 50 states in the US and their capitals.

• Begin by distributing blank US maps to your students.
• Now ask your students to mark all states within the country and their capitals.
• To enhance their knowledge further, students can write an essay on five states and their capitals, mainly focusing on why those cities were selected as the state’s capital.
• After essay writing, students can read it aloud and share their knowledge with the rest of the students in the class.

6. Wonders of The World Scrapbook

High school students will enjoy this activity as making a scrapbook is a lot of fun.

• Instruct your students to collect as much information as possible about different wonders of the world and make a scrapbook on the topic.
• Give students the freedom to decorate their scrapbooks as they want. You can give a week’s time to prepare their scrapbooks and bring them to the class on a particular day.
• Set up a display table and let each student display the scrapbook. Give students some time to go through each other’s work and discuss their findings.

7. Chart-Making Activity

This is a great team activity wherein the entire class can come together to make a large chart of mountains, rivers, and deserts which can later be displayed on the classroom wall.

• Ask each student to collect pictures and information like the location, features, and significance of one river, one mountain, and one desert from around the world.
• Let them bring it in and make the chart in the class. 
• They can decorate the chart as they like, and once they are done, you can help them put it up on a wall. 

Having all the information in one chart can allow them to go through it whenever they are free.

A diorama is a model consisting of three-dimensional figures depicting a particular scene. It is a fun hands-on learning activity where students use their imagination to create models to showcase their topic. As making a diorama takes time, you will have to give students ample time to do this activity. 

Topics like landmarks of a city, its skyline, or even a biome can be a nice choice for modeling using a diorama. Let students turn in their models on a particular day and have them set up a display. Invite students from other classes to see your students’ dioramas and ask questions they might have. Your students will have to be prepared to give answers to such queries while displaying their talent to others.

In Conclusion

Learning geography creates awareness about the world around us. It informs us about differences in landforms, environments, cultures, etc. Though the role of textbooks in effective learning is crucial, conducting interesting activities related to the subject helps in evoking more interest in students.

The activities mentioned in this article are simple and straightforward. You can select the activities based on the lesson you are teaching in the class. This will allow you to blend textbook and hands-on learning so your students can enjoy learning the subject more than ever.

Sananda Bhattacharya, Chief Editor of TheHighSchooler, is dedicated to enhancing operations and growth. With degrees in Literature and Asian Studies from Presidency University, Kolkata, she leverages her educational and innovative background to shape TheHighSchooler into a pivotal resource hub. Providing valuable insights, practical activities, and guidance on school life, graduation, scholarships, and more, Sananda’s leadership enriches the journey of high school students.

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Five Themes of Geography: Moscow, Russia

The five themes of geography are Location , Place , Human/Environment Interactions , Movement , and Region . There are two types of location: Absolute and Relative locations. Absolute location is the exact location of the place. Relative location is the place in relation to the other place. Place has two different types of characteristics: physical characteristics and cultural/human characteristics . Physical characteristics are the way the place looks like mountains , rivers , oceans , plains , and beaches are physical characteristics. Cultural/human characteristics are the belief and actions that define a group of peoples way of life. Human/Environment Interactions are how people affect the environment . Examples can be positively or negatively . Examples can be Recycling , less energy, and growing crops for the good ways and littering , graffiti , and factory pollution are examples of bad ways of the interactions. Movement is how humans interact on the earth. These movements can be either by ship or telecommunication (tel·ə·kəˌmju·nɪˈkeɪ·ʃənz). Regions can be defined as group of people with at least one common characteristics. Examples can be physical features like mountains, Directional like west coast, and cultural like Latin America.

The first theme of Geography is location. Location can be described as a place or position on a map or on earth. There are two types of locations: Absolute and Relative location. Absolute location is the exact location of the place. Relative location is the place in relation to the other place. The Absolute Location of Moscow, Russia is 56° N, 38° E. The relative location of Moscow, Russia is that it is in the far western part of Russia. It is South of Palikhovo and north of Tarusovo .

What is the absolute location of Moscow Russia?

• 56° N, 38° E
• 70° S, 48° W
• 6° N, 38° E
• 56° S, 8° W

What is the relative location of Moscow Russia?

• East part of Russia, North of China, South of England
• Far western part of Russia, South of Palikhovo and north of Tarusovo

The second theme of Geography is place. Place is any area that is defined by everything in it. Place has two different types of characteristics: physical characteristics and cultural/human characteristics . Physical characteristics are the way the place looks like mountains , rivers , oceans , plains , and beaches are physical characteristics. Cultural/human characteristics are the belief and actions that define a group of peoples way of life. The physical characteristics of Moscow, Russia are that it has a lot of rivers like Moskva River , Oka River , Yauza River , and Setun River . They also have hills like Sparrow Hills, and Poklonnaya Hill. The cultural or human characteristics that Moscow Russia offers are its theaters like Bolshoi Theater, Moscow Academic Arts Theater, Obraztsov Puppet Theatre, and its circus which was called Great Moscow State Circus, and its concert halls, notably the Tchaikovsky Concert Hall.

What is a physical characteristics?

• way the place looks
• way the place feels
• way the place smells
• way the place tastes

What is an example of Moscow's Physical characteristics?

• Vnukovo Airport
• Moskva River
• Moscow Paveletsky railway station
• Belorussky Station

What is cultural/human characteristics?

• Way the place looks
• Exact location of the place
• belief and actions that define a group of peoples way of life
• place in relation to the other place

What are examples of Moscow's cultural/human characteristics?

• Bolshoi Theater

Human/Environment Interactions

Humans/Environment interactions is defined as how people affect the environment either negatively or positively . Humans interact with the environment in Moscow by: Driving cars even though each family MAYBE has one car , There are very few privately owned cars , Instead of riding in cars they will ride the Russian Rail network , The architecture is very old and many new building aren't made (this is good for tourism), Also people there are not aware of recycling so most of their trash ends up in landfills , In Moscow, everything is close so people walk and bicycle more often than they drive . However the number of plane trips (which is not good for the environment) in Moscow is going up hence the economy is improving .

True or False: Humans have impacted the world positively and negatively.

What have humans done to impact Moscow's HEI?

• Driving cars even though each family MAYBE has one car
• few privately owned cars
• ride the Russian Rail network
• All Of The Above

Region is described as a group of places with at least one common characteristic. Moscow is in the far western part of Russia . It is in Europe even though Russia is in 2 continents (Europe and Asia.) The European part of Russia has warmer temperatures. This means that they can grow more crops and have a higher population . Families are usually nuclear. The Asian part of Russia is colder. Because of the cold weather, the people can't grow as many crops . This leads to a smaller population . Families in the Asian part are more often extended with many generations living in one household. Moscow is in the Central Federal District (yellow).

True or False: Moscow's region affects the people positively.

Moscow is in the ________ District

• Volga Federal
• Ural Federal
• Central Federal
• North Caucasian

Movement is how humans interact on the earth. These movements can be either by ship or a broadcast over to someone else. An example of Moscow's movement is the Russian Liberation Movement which was a movement within the Soviet Union that sought to create an anti-communist armed force during World War II. Other examples of movements in Moscow are it's airports, heliports, railways, and roadways. Moscow has 3 busy international airports. It also has 3 centers in the Moscow region. It has the Moscow railway which has the length of 3,275 kilometers or 2,030 miles. It also has roadways and they have 11 of those which are the transportation for Moscow.

What is movement traveled by? (Pick 2)

What are examples of Moscow's movement? (Pick 3)

• Upward Mobility

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Final Assessment

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