An Overview of Plant Diversity

Introduction to plants.

Plants are a highly significant kingdom of organisms. They are multicellular organisms with the incredible capability to produce their food from atmospheric carbon dioxide. If plants were absent, animal life would not survive because they serve as the base of many food webs.

Like the vast Californian sequoias , plants can be as large as 90 metres, or as small as a few millimetres. While Eucalyptus regnans is the tallest angiosperm, Wolffia is the smallest rootless aquatic plant. The most common types of plants on earth are angiosperms or blooming plants. This overview looks at plant diversity based on habitat, stem nature, life span, size and nutrition.

Table of Contents

Introduction to plant diversity, diversity based on habitat, diversity based on habit, angiosperm diversity based on stem nature, diversity based on size, diversity based on life span, diversity based on nutrition.

  • Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Kingdom Plantae emerged about 410 million years ago as green algae transitioned from water to land. This land had a rich resource base and was comparatively uncolonised. Additionally, terrestrial habitats provide more light and carbon dioxide, essential for plant growth and survival.

Being multicellular and mostly photosynthetic organisms living both in water and on land, plants can be found almost everywhere. Red, brown, and green algae are among the aquatic plants, and mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms are among the terrestrial plants. Over the past 70 million years, flowering plants known as angiosperms have dominated the planet.

Depending on different characteristics, there are various types of plants. Plants are divided into the following groups according to their habitat (where they reside).

Hydrophytes

The term “hydrophytes” refers to plants that grow in or near water. Such plants have weak vascular tissue, fragile stems, and poor root systems. The majority of the tissue has air spaces and is spongy.

These plants might include the following characteristics:

(i) Submerged (e.g., Hydrilla , Vallisneria , Potamogeton etc.)

(ii) Fixed-floating and free-floating (e.g., Utricularia , Wolffia , Salvinia , Lemna , Ceratophyllum , Pistia , Trapa , Eichornia , etc.)

(iii) Amphibious (partly submerged, e.g., Alisma plantago , Ranunculus aquatilis , Sagittaria , etc.)

Thalassia and Zostera are two angiosperms that are also marine.

Hygrophytes

These plants need moist, dark environments to develop. Their roots and stems have limited growth and are fragile and spongy. The leaves have stomata and are fully developed. Ferns, Aroids, Begonias, and certain grasses are common examples.

These plants can survive in saline water or soil. They can tolerate high salt concentrations (NaCl, MgCl 2 , and MgSO 4 ). They have distinctive breathing roots, or pneumatophores, that are negatively geotropic. Mangrove vegetation like Rhizophora , Ceriops , Avicennia , etc. are common examples.

Mesophytes, which comprise the majority of angiosperms, are those that grow in areas with moderate water availability. They usually develop fast and are large. Their leaves and roots are well developed. The stem could be either woody or herbaceous. Some mesophytes, like deciduous trees, are mesophytic in the summer and xerophytic in the winter.

Xerophytes, such as Acacia , Euphorbia , Amaranthus , Argemone , Nerium , and Ziziphus , are plants that thrive in xeric or dry environments or areas with limited access to water. Some xerophytes are known as succulents because they store water in their stems ( Opuntia ), leaves ( Bryophyllum , Agave ), or roots ( Asparagus ).

Epiphytes are plants that grow on trunks or branches of other plants, such as an orchid or lichen growing as an epiphyte on a mango limb. The epiphytes are regarded as space parasites. An example of commensalism where the host is unaffected is the contact between an orchid (a commensal) and a tree (the host).

Parasitic Plants

These plants, such as Striga and Cuscuta , are parasites that grow on other plants (on roots of jowar).

Angiosperms are divided into four groups based on their form, size, and shape:

Herbs (Herbaceous)

These plants have a short, green, fragile stem. Typically, they have a brief life span, like wheat or gram. Some herbaceous plants have a much reduced underground stem portion, but the aerial branch with flowers at the apex develops from the underground part during reproduction. Such a stem is known as a scape, such as an onion.

Shrubs (Shruby or Fruticose)

These plants are more significantly woody and branching than herbs. They generally have multiple stems but no main axis. Eg., henna, roses, and China roses.

Trees (Arborescent)

The plants are thick, rigid, and woody and are more prolonged or taller than bushes. They have a noticeable trunk.

Nodes and internodes are very apparent in these plants. Most of these plants have hollow internodes. These plants, such as bamboo, are grasses but cannot be classified as herbs, shrubs, or trees.

The angiosperm plants can be categorised as follows based on the type of stem:

These plants develop upright. Due to their strong stems, most trees, shrubs, and some herbs can stand upright on the ground.

These plants have dangling stems that are entirely covered in roots. Leaves originate from nodes, from the culm of which branches emerge. For example, Cynodon , and Oxalis (doob grass). Nodes along the length of the stem produce adventitious roots.

These plants resemble creepers, but adventitious roots do not form at nodes in these plants. A trailer could be procumbent or decumbent. The stem is horizontal in a procumbent trailer (such as Basella ), but in a decumbent trailer, the apex of the stem is lifted above the ground (e.g., Lindenbergia ).

These weak-stemmed plants, such as peas and betels, cling to supports using their adventitious roots, petioles, spines, and tendrils.

The size of the angiospermic plants varies considerably. The rootless aquatic Wolffia is the smallest angiosperm. Its diameter is 0.1 mm. The diameter of aquatic Lemna is 0.1 cm. The Eucalyptus regnans tree is the tallest angiosperm plant. Its height exceeds 100 metres. Some eucalyptus trees grow as tall as 130 metres. The Banyan tree is the largest type of plant ( Ficus bengalensis ). It has more than 200 prop roots and can cover a space of 2 to 5 acres.

Angiosperms are divided into the following four groups based on life span:

Before the arrival of real dry conditions, these plants reach the end of their life span in a very short time. These plants, such as Solanum xanthocarpum , Argemon mexicana , Cassia tora , etc., are not true xerophytes and are often referred to as drought escapers or drought evaders.

After producing seeds, such as those for rice, wheat, and gram, they die within a year of completing their life cycle.

Biannuals (or Biennials)

These plants go through their entire life cycle in two years. They only exhibit vegetative development in the first year, and then, in the second year, they produce flowers, fruits, and seeds. Usually, these plants are herbs, such as carrot, turnip, and radish.

Once established, these plants continue to live for a very long time. More than 200 years old, the giant banyan tree ( Ficus bengalensis ) can be found in Kolkata’s Botanical Garden. At Gaya, there is a Bodhi tree ( Ficus religiosa ) that is roughly 2500 years old.

Most perennials produce flowers and fruits in a specific season of the year after reaching maturity. They are polycarpic, including Acacia , mango, and coconut. Some perennial plants, like bamboo and Agave , are monocarpic, meaning they only produce fruit once during their lifetime. Biennials and annuals are all monocarpic.

Plants are divided into the following categories based on their mode of nutrition:

Autotrophs/ Autophytes

They have the ability to produce their food. They are split into two groups: chemotrophs, which produce their food using chemical energy, and phototrophs (which produce their food through photosynthesis).

Heterotrophs

These plants cannot produce their food and therefore depend on external sources. Heterotrophs can be insectivorous, saprophytic, parasitic, or symbiotic.

Other plant varieties include:

  • Polygamous plant (e.g., mango).
  • Stolon plant (e.g., Ajuga , Stachys , and Mentha ).
  • Seedless vascular plants
  • Sucker plant (red raspberry, lilac, and Forsythia ).
  • Air layering plants ( Forsythia , jasmine, Hamamelis , Philodendron , etc.).
  • Cutting plants.

There are various types of plants, and each one needs a specific environment to develop. The essential elements are sunlight, nutrients, water, air, soil, and temperature, which plants rely on for their life, growth, and development.

Related Links:

  • Biodiversity and its Types
  • What is Species Diversity?
  • Flora And Fauna
  • Biodiversity in Plants and Animals
  • Plant Kingdom – Members of Kingdom Plantae

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Frequently Asked Questions

What increases plant diversity.

Enhancing crop genetic variety, diverse plantings, rotating crops, agroforestry, and varying the environments around cropland are examples of diversification strategies.

Mention the function of a stem in a plant.

A stem provides the following functions in a plant:

  • It supports the fruits, flowers, leaves, and branches.
  • It moves minerals and water from the roots of plants to their leaves and other parts.
  • It transports nourishment from the plant’s leaves to various plant sections.
  • It keeps the plant upright.

Which kind of venation is most likely to be present in a plant with a fibrous root?

Parallel venation is a characteristic of plants with fibrous roots and leaves.

diversity in plants essay

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9.1: Why It Matters- Plant Diversity

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Why differentiate between different types of plants?

A photograph of a thistle before its bloom. The flower bud is surrounded by sharp thorn-like leaves.

Land plants evolved from a group of green algae, perhaps as early as 510 million years ago. The evolution of plants has resulted in widely varying levels of complexity, from the earliest algal mats, to bryophytes, lycopods, and ferns, to the complex gymnosperms and angiosperms of today. While many of the groups which appeared earlier continue to thrive, as exemplified by algal dominance in marine environments, more recently derived groups have also displaced previously ecologically dominant ones (for example, the ascendance of flowering plants over gymnosperms in terrestrial environments).

The establishment of a land-based flora caused increased accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere, as the plants produced oxygen as a waste product. This rise in oxygen likely contributed to the evolution of life as we now know it.

Plants make our lives possible. Without the glucose they create through photosynthesis, and the oxygen they release into the air, it would be impossible for human life to continue on.

Contributors and Attributions

  • Why It Matters: Plant Diversity. Authored by : Shelli Carter and Lumen Learning. Provided by : Lumen Learning. License : CC BY: Attribution
  • Modification of Evolutionary history of plants. Provided by : Wikipedia. Located at : https://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
  • Close Thistle. Authored by : etheriel. Provided by : Pixabay. Located at : pixabay.com/en/plant-close-plants-thistle-tapera-1461109/. License : CC0: No Rights Reserved

Essay on Biodiversity for Students and Children

500+ words essay on biodiversity.

Essay on Biodiversity – Biodiversity is the presence of different species of plants and animals on the earth. Moreover, it is also called biological diversity as it is related to the variety of species of flora and fauna. Biodiversity plays a major role in maintaining the balance of the earth.

Essay on Biodiversity

Furthermore, everything depends upon the biological diversity of different plants and animals. But due to some reasons, biodiversity is decreasing day by day. If it does not stop then our earth could no longer be a place to live in. Therefore different measures help in increasing the biodiversity of the earth.

Methods to Increase Biodiversity

Building wildlife corridors- This means to build connections between wildlife spaces. In other words, many animals are incapable to cross huge barriers. Therefore they are no able to migrate the barrier and breed. So different engineering techniques can make wildlife corridors. Also, help animals to move from one place to the other.

Set up gardens- Setting up gardens in the houses is the easiest way to increase biodiversity. You can grow different types of plants and animals in the yard or even in the balcony. Further, this would help in increasing the amount of fresh air in the house.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Protected areas- protected areas like wildlife sanctuaries and zoo conserve biodiversity. For instance, they maintain the natural habitat of plants and animals. Furthermore, these places are away from any human civilization. Therefore the ecosystem is well maintained which makes it a perfect breeding ground for flora and fauna. In our country, their various wildlife sanctuaries are build that is today spread over a vast area. Moreover, these areas are the only reason some of the animal species are not getting extinct. Therefore the protected areas should increase all over the globe.

Re-wilding – Re-wilding is necessary to avert the damage that has been taking place over centuries. Furthermore, the meaning of re-wilding is introducing the endangered species in the areas where it is extinct. Over the past years, by various human activities like hunting and cutting down of trees the biodiversity is in danger. So we must take the necessary steps to conserve our wildlife and different species of plants.

Importance of Biodiversity

Biodiversity is extremely important to maintain the ecological system. Most Noteworthy many species of plants and animals are dependent on each other.

Therefore if one of them gets extinct, the others will start getting endangered too. Moreover, it is important for humans too because our survival depends on plants and animals. For instance, the human needs food to survive which we get from plants. If the earth does not give us a favorable environment then we cannot grow any crops. As a result, it will no longer be possible for us to sustain on this planet.

Biodiversity in flora and fauna is the need of the hour. Therefore we should take various countermeasures to stop the reduction of endangering of species. Furthermore, pollution from vehicles should decrease. So that animals can get fresh air to breathe. Moreover, it will also decrease global warming which is the major cause of the extinction of the species.

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Essay on Biodiversity in 500 Words for Students

diversity in plants essay

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  • Dec 7, 2023

Essay on Biodiversity

Essay on Biodiversity: Biodiversity refers to the variety of animals and plants in the world or a specific area. Even in today’s modern world where so many technological advances have taken place, we still rely on our natural environment and resources to survive, A healthy and vibrant ecosystem is not disturbed by human activities. We humans are the largest consumers of natural resources, and you know what? We are also a real threat to the natural environment? Biodiversity is not just about a variety of animal and plant species, but, also offers us water, climate, disease control, nutrition cycle, oxygen release, etc. According to one report released by the United Nations, around 10 lakh plant and animal species are on the verge of extinction. The worst thing is that this number is almost at a doubling rate.

Also Read: Essay on 5g Technology

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Why is Biodiversity Important?

Biodiversity supports all life forms on earth. To understand the importance of biodiversity, we don’t need to think or act like a biologist. All we need is a holistic understanding. 

  • Biodiversity promotes resilience and stability in our ecosystem. If there is any natural disturbance in the environment, a diverse ecosystem will be able to survive and recover better.
  • Fields like agriculture, forestry, and medicine completely rely on biodiversity. We get genetic resources from biodiversity, which is essential for agriculture and medicine fields.
  • A healthy biodiversity environment means healthy humans. The medicinal drugs we use are derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms.
  • In many parts of the world, biodiversity is an integral part of cultural identity. Indigenous tribes are connected with their natural environment and species. 
  • Forest areas and oceans play an important role in regulating global temperature and storing carbon dioxide.
  • Our environment is constantly changing and the species around it also need to adapt to for to survive. Therefore, genetic diversity within species is also important.
  • Natural activities like soil formation, nutrient cycling, water purification, etc, are all dependent on biodiversity.

Also Read: NCERT Solutions Class 9 Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

What is Biodiversity Loss?

Biodiversity loss means the global extinction of various species, resulting in the loss of biological diversity. One of the main factors responsible for biodiversity loss is the conversion of natural habitats into agricultural and urban areas. Cutting down forests and using the land for commercial activities results in destroying the livelihood of all the species in the region. Other factors responsible for biodiversity loss are listed below.

  • Overexploitation
  • Climate change
  • Global trade and transportation
  • Emerging diseases
  • Pollution 

Also Read: Essay on Save Environment

What is Biodiversity Conservation?

Biodiversity conservation refers to the preservation of species, natural resources, and habitats from the rate of extinction. To achieve the goals of biodiversity conservation, effective management, and sustainable practices are required.

  • Biodiversity conservation includes protected areas like biodiversity hotspots, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries.
  • One of the most effective ways to conserve biodiversity is rehabilitation and restoring degraded habitats is crucial.
  • Promoting sustainable practices in agriculture, forestry, and other resource-dependent activities is essential for the conservation of biodiversity.
  • Encouraging the participation of local and indigenous communities can be one solution to achieving the goals of biodiversity conservation. Indigenous and local knowledge can contribute to effective conservation strategies.

Also Read: Essay on Junk Food

Quotes on Biodiversity

Here are some popular quotes on biodiversity. Feel free to add them to your writing topics related to the natural environment.

  • ‘Look closely at nature. Every species is a masterclass, exclusively adapted to the particular environment in which it has survived. Who are we to destroy or even diminish biodiversity?’ – E O Wilson
  • ‘Biodiversity is our most valuable but least appreciated resource.’ – E O Wilson
  • ‘Biodiversity is the greeted treasure we have. It’s diminishment is to be prevented at all cost.’ – Thomas Eisner
  • ‘Animal protection is education to humanity.’ – Albert Schweitzer
  • ‘Only beautiful animals or ugly people wear fur.’ – Unknown
  • ‘Babies and animals are the mirrors of the nature.’ – Epicurus

Also Read: Essay on Globalization

Ans: Biodiversity refers to the variety of plants and animals in our natural environment or a particular region. Biodiversity supports all life forms on earth. To understand the importance of biodiversity, we don’t need to think or act like a biologist. All we need is a holistic understanding. Biodiversity promotes resilience and stability in our ecosystem. If there is any natural disturbance in the environment, a diverse ecosystem will be able to survive and recover better. Fields like agriculture, forestry, and medicine completely rely on biodiversity. We get genetic resources from biodiversity, which is essential for agriculture and medicine fields.

Ans: Biodiversity conservation refers to the preservation of species, natural resources, and habitats from the rate of extinction. To achieve the goals of biodiversity conservation, effective management, and sustainable practices are required.

Ans: Some of the popular biodiversity hotspots in India are the Himalayas, Indo-Burma, Western Ghats & Sundaland.

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  • Biodiversity Essay

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Essay on Biodiversity

Biodiversity is a term made up of two words - Bio meaning Life, and Diversity meaning Variety. The term biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth. Plants, animals, microbes, and fungi are all examples of living species on the planet.

Types of Biodiversity  

Genetic Biodiversity- Genetic diversity is the variation in genes and genotypes within a species, e.g., every human looks different from the other. 

Species Biodiversity- Species Diversity is the variety of species within a habitat or a region. It is the biodiversity observed within a community.

Ecosystem Biodiversity- Ecological biodiversity refers to the variations in the plant and animal species living together and connected by food chains and food webs.

Importance of Biodiversity 

Biodiversity is an integral part of cultural identity. Human cultures co-evolve with their environment and conservation is a priority for cultural identity. Biodiversity is used for Medicinal purposes.

Many plants and animals are used for medicinal purposes, like vitamins and painkillers. It contributes to climate stability. It helps in controlling the effects of climate change and managing greenhouse gases. 

Biodiversity provides more food resources. It supplies many vital ecosystems, such as creating and maintaining soil quality, controlling pests, and providing habitat for wildlife. Biodiversity has a relationship with Industry. Biological sources provide many Industrial materials including rubber, cotton, leather, food, paper, etc.

There are many economic benefits of Biodiversity. Biodiversity also helps in controlling pollution. Biodiversity helps in forming a healthy ecosystem. Biodiversity also acts as a source of recreation. Along with other factors, biodiversity helps in improving soil quality.

Long Essay on Biodiversity 

There are many economic benefits of Biodiversity. Biodiversity is a source of economic wealth for many regions of the world. Biodiversity facilitates Tourism and the Recreational industry. Natural Reserves and National Parks benefit a lot from it. Forest, wildlife, biosphere reserve, sanctuaries are prime spots for ecotourism, photography, painting, filmmaking, and literary works.

Biodiversity plays a vital role in the maintenance of the gaseous composition of the atmosphere, breakdown of waste material, and removal of pollutants.

Conservation of Biodiversity  

Biodiversity is very important for human existence as all life forms are interlinked with each other and one single disturbance can have multiple effects on another. If we fail to protect our biodiversity, we can endanger our plants, animals, and environment, as well as human life. Therefore, it is necessary to protect our biodiversity at all costs. Conservation of Biodiversity can be done by educating the people to adopt more environment-friendly methods and activities and develop a more harmonious and empathetic nature towards the environment. The involvement and cooperation of communities are very important. The process of continuous protection of Biodiversity is the need of the hour.

The Government of India, along with 155 other nations, has signed the convention of Biodiversity at the Earth Summit to protect it. According to the summit, efforts should be made in preserving endangered species. 

The preservation and proper management methods for wildlife should be made. Food crops, animals, and plants should be preserved. Usage of various food crops should be kept at a minimum. Every country must realize the importance of protecting the ecosystem and safeguarding the habitat. 

The Government of India has launched the Wild Life Protection Act 1972 to protect, preserve, and propagate a variety of species. The Government has also launched a scheme to protect national parks and sanctuaries. There are 12 countries - Mexico, Columbia, Peru, Brasil, Ecuador, Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, India, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Australia, in which Mega Diversity Centres are located. These countries are tropical and they possess a large number of the world’s species.

Various hotspots have been made to protect the vegetation. There are various methods for conserving biodiversity. 

If biodiversity conservation is not done efficiently, each species would eventually become extinct due to a lack of appetite and hunger. This scenario has been a big issue for the last few decades, and many unique species have already become extinct. As a result of a lack of biodiversity protection, several species are still on the verge of extinction.

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FAQs on Biodiversity Essay

1. What are the three types of Biodiversity?

Biodiversity is referred to as the variability that exists between the living organisms from different sources of nature, such as terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems. Biodiversity has three levels, which are genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. This is also considered as the type of ecosystem.

2. What is Biodiversity and why is it important?

Biodiversity is responsible for boosting the productivity of the ecosystems in which every species, no matter how small, has an important role to play. For example, a greater variety of crops can be obtained from a plant species which is in large numbers. If species diversity is in a greater amount, then it ensures natural sustainability for all life forms.

3. What is the connection between Biodiversity and the Food Chain?

If a single species goes extinct from the food chain, it will have an impact on the species that survive on it, putting them on the verge of extinction.

4. How are human beings affecting biodiversity?

Pollution- Pollution not only affects human beings, but also affects our flora and fauna, and we should control the pollution to conserve our biodiversity.

Population- Population control is a must to maintain a balance in our ecological system. Humans contribute to pollution by bursting crackers and by not following all the traffic rules.

5. How does Deforestation affect biodiversity?

Deforestation- Trees are very important for survival. They help in balancing out the ecosystem. Deforestation leads to the destruction of habitat. Deforestation should be stopped to protect our animals and plants. Deforestation not only removes vegetation that is important for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, but it also emits greenhouse gases.

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Population genetic diversity a major factor in reproductive success of flowering plants

Man standing with arms crossed in a greenhouse

When we see large fields brimming with flowering plants and plenty of bees and other pollinators, people may assume that plant reproduction isn’t a problem.

But looks can be deceiving.

Research by Clemson University biologist Matthew Koski and former Clemson postdoctoral researcher Anita Cisternas-Fuentes has revealed that genetic diversity in a population of plants can play a major role in reproductive output.

diversity in plants essay

Pollinators such as birds, bees, butterflies and other insects are crucial for the reproduction of almost 90% of the world’s flowering plants. Flowers contain male parts that make pollen and female parts that contain ovules. Pollinators carry the pollen from the male part to the female part. Once pollen is transferred, the ovules develop into seeds.

The capacity for reproduction is higher than what is realized in most populations.

“Pollen limitation is a main factor that reduces reproduction in plants and is pervasive across plant populations,” said Koski, an assistant professor in the Department of Biological Sciences.

Much of the research on pollen limitation — a reduction in seed production due to inadequate pollen receipt — has focused on ecological factors, such as pollinator scarcity and the number of plants flowering in a population.

Impacts pollen limitation

But genetic diversity can also impact pollen limitation in a couple of ways, Koski said.

Some plants have the ability to reproduce asexually by cloning themselves.

“You can go out into a plant population that looks huge, but genetically, if it’s just a handful of clones, there’s not a lot of individuals contributing to sexual reproduction,” Koski said, adding that in highly clonal plant populations, there might be reduced investment in sexual reproduction altogether, reducing the amount of pollen made per flower.  “You can have this huge population of plants with lots of flowers, but not have much pollen being produced.”

The genetic population size, or effective population, itself might reduce the quality of pollen that can be transferred. Some plants are self-incompatible and are not able to produce seeds if their flowers are pollinated by their own flowers or by flowers from plants that are genetically the same.

Finding right mating type

“In a lot of systems of plants that have self-incompatibility, you have to find the right mating type in order to reproduce. So, if all plants in the population have a similar mating type, that pollen might get transferred from one flower to another, but they can’t reproduce,” Koski said.

A bee on a yellow flower

Koski and Cisternas-Fuentes studied  Argentina anserina,  also known as silver cinquefoil, a plant that is widespread throughout North America and Eurasia and also occurs in Chile, Australia and New Zealand.

“We found that more genetically diverse populations reproduce more. They make more seed because they have higher quality pollen and they make more pollen,” Koski said. “Populations that are genetically small and highly clonal make less pollen per flower.”

That was true of the natural populations of silver cinquefoil they studied in the wild in Colorado, as well as those in a greenhouse.

“That suggests there’s some genetic component to reduced pollen production,” said Koski, who added that to his knowledge, the study is one of the first links between population genetic diversity and how much pollen is actually produced by these flowers.

Increased pollinator visitation

Other studies have examined pollinator visitation rates and said increased pollinator visitation rates will be great for reproductive output, Koski said.

“We found that’s only true in genetically diverse plant populations,” he said. “These highly clonal plant populations can get all of the pollinator visitation in the world, but if their pollen’s no good or there’s few individuals to mate with, it’s not going to contribute to reproductive output. So, yes, pollinators are extremely important, but they were most important in genetically large plant populations.”

Koski said the research has implications for conservation and agriculture.

“When thinking about restoration efforts in animal pollinated plants, we definitely need to be not only considering the number of plants we put out, but also where they’re sourced from and how much genetic diversity we’re putting into a given restoration effort,” Koski said. 

That’s especially important in plant species that are self-incompatible, he said.

“If you plant a single genotype of a self-incompatible plant that can’t mate with anybody else in the population, that population is pretty much doomed. So, in terms of reproductive output, we really need to be thinking about the genetic diversity component of plant populations,” he said.

More genetically diverse, higher pollinator visitation

Koski said they also saw that more genetically diverse populations had higher pollinator visitation rates independent of how many flowers were actually in the population.

“What that suggests is that there might be something about the quality of the rewards in those genetically diverse plant populations that is attracting more pollinators. It was a really strong pattern where the more genetically diverse the population is, the way more pollinator visits it got,” he said.

Detailed findings can be found in the paper titled  “Effective population size mediates the impact of pollination services on pollen limitation,”  published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

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How to Write the Diversity Essay – With Examples

May 1, 2024

The diversity essay has newfound significance in college application packages following the 2023 SCOTUS ruling against race-conscious admissions. Affirmative action began as an attempt to redress unequal access to economic and social mobility associated with higher education. But before the 2023 ruling, colleges frequently defended the policy based on their “compelling interest” in fostering diverse campuses. The reasoning goes that there are certain educational benefits that come from heterogeneous learning environments. Now, the diversity essay has become key for admissions officials in achieving their compelling interest in campus diversity. Thus, unlocking how to write a diversity essay enhances an applicant’s ability to describe their fit with a campus environment. This article describes the genre and provides diversity essay examples to help any applicant express how they conceptualize and contribute to diversity.

How to Write a Diversity Essay – Defining the Genre

Diversity essays in many ways resemble the personal statement genre. Like personal statements, they help readers get to know applicants beyond their academic and extracurricular achievements. What makes an applicant unique? Precisely what motivates or inspires them? What is their demeanor like and how do they interact with others? All these questions are useful ways of thinking about the purpose and value of the diversity essay.

It’s important to realize that the essay does not need to focus on aspects like race, religion, or sexuality. Some applicants may choose to write about their relationship to these or other protected identity categories. But applicants shouldn’t feel obligated to ‘come out’ in a diversity essay. Conversely, they should not be anxious if they feel their background doesn’t qualify them as ‘diverse.’

Instead, the diversity essay helps demonstrate broader thinking about what makes applicants unique that admissions officials can’t glean elsewhere. Usually, it also directly or indirectly indicates how an applicant will enhance the campus community they hope to join. Diversity essays can explicitly connect past experiences with future plans. Or they can offer a more general sense of how one’s background will influence their actions in college.

Thus, the diversity essay conveys both aspects that make an applicant unique and arguments for how those aspects will contribute on campus. The somewhat daunting genre is, in fact, a great opportunity for applicants to articulate how their background, identity, or formative experiences will shape their academic, intellectual, social, and professional trajectories.

Diversity College Essay Examples of Prompts – Sharing a Story

All diversity essays ask applicants to share what makes them unique and convey how that equips them for university life. However, colleges will typically ask applicants to approach this broad topic from a variety of different angles. Since it’s likely applicants will encounter some version of the genre in either required or supplemental essay assignments, it’s a good idea to have a template diversity essay ready to adapt to each specific prompt.

One of the most standard prompts is the “share a story” prompt. For example, here’s the diversity-related Common App prompt:

“Some students have a background, identity, interest, or talent that is so meaningful they believe their application would be incomplete without it. If this sounds like you, then please share your story.”

This prompt is deliberately broad, inviting applicants to articulate their distinctive qualities in myriad ways. What is unsaid, but likely expected, is some statement about how the story evidences the ability to enhance campus diversity.

Diversity College Essay Examples of Prompts – Describing Contribution

Another common prompt explicitly asks students to reflect on diversity while centering what they will contribute in college. A good example of this prompt comes from the University of Miami’s supplemental essay:

Located within one of the most dynamic cities in the world, the University of Miami is a distinctive community with a variety of cultures, traditions, histories, languages, and backgrounds. The University of Miami is a values-based and purpose-driven postsecondary institution that embraces diversity and inclusivity in all its forms and strives to create a culture of belonging, where every person feels valued and has an opportunity to contribute.

Please describe how your unique experiences, challenges overcome, or skills acquired would contribute to our distinctive University community. (250 words)

In essays responding to these kinds of prompts, its smart to more deliberately tailor your essay to what you know about the institution and its values around diversity. You’ll need a substantial part of the essay to address not only your “story” but your anticipated institutional contribution.

Diversity College Essay Examples of Prompts – Navigating Difference

The last type of diversity essay prompt worth mentioning asks applicants to explain how they experience and navigate difference. It could be a prompt about dealing with “diverse perspectives.” Or it could ask the applicant to tell a story involving someone different than them. Regardless of the framing, these types of prompts ask you to unfold a theory of diversity stemming from social encounters. Applicants might still think of how they can use the essay to frame what makes them unique. However, here colleges are also hoping for insight into how applicants will deal with the immense diversity of college life beyond their unique experiences. In these cases, it’s especially important to use a story kernel to draw attention to fundamental beliefs and values around diversity.

  How to Write a Diversity Essay – Tips for Writing

Before we get to the diversity college essay examples, some general tips for writing the diversity essay:

  • Be authentic: This is not the place to embellish, exaggerate, or overstate your experiences. Writing with humility and awareness of your own limitations can only help you with the diversity essay. So don’t write about who you think the admissions committee wants to see – write about yourself.
  • Find dynamic intersections: One effective brainstorming strategy is to think of two or more aspects of your background, identity, and interests you might combine. For example, in one of the examples below, the writer talks about their speech impediment alongside their passion for poetry. By thinking of aspects of your experience to combine, you’ll likely generate more original material than focusing on just one.
  • Include a thesis: Diversity essays follow more general conventions of personal statement writing. That means you should tell a story about yourself, but also make it double as an argumentative piece of writing. Including a thesis in the first paragraph can clearly signal the argumentative hook of the essay for your reader.
  • Include your definition of diversity: Early in the essay you should define what diversity means to you. It’s important that this definition is as original as possible, preferably connecting to the story you are narrating. To avoid cliché, you might write out a bunch of definitions of diversity. Then, review them and get rid of any that seem like something you’d see in a dictionary or an inspirational poster. Get those clichéd definitions out of your system early, so you can wow your audience with your own carefully considered definition.

How to Write a Diversity Essay – Tips for Writing (Cont.)

  • Zoom out to diversity more broadly: This tip is especially important you are not writing about protected minority identities like race, religion, and sexuality. Again, it’s fine to not focus on these aspects of diversity. But you’ll want to have some space in the essay where you connect your very specific understanding of diversity to a larger system of values that can include those identities.

Revision is another, evergreen tip for writing good diversity essays. You should also remember that you are writing in a personal and narrative-based genre. So, try to be as creative as possible! If you find enjoyment in writing it, chances are better your audience will find entertainment value in reading it.

How to Write a Diversity Essay – Diversity Essay Examples

The first example addresses the “share a story” prompt. It is written in the voice of Karim Amir, the main character of Hanif Kureishi’s novel The Buddha of Suburbia .

As a child of the suburbs, I have frequently navigated the labyrinthine alleys of identity. Born to an English mother and an Indian father, I inherited a rich blend of traditions, customs, and perspectives. From an early age, I found myself straddling two worlds, trying to reconcile the conflicting expectations of my dual heritage. Yet, it was only through the lens of acting that I began to understand the true fluidity of identity.

  • A fairly typical table setting first paragraph, foregrounding themes of identity and performance
  • Includes a “thesis” in the final sentence suggesting the essay’s narrative and argumentative arc

Diversity, to me, is more than just a buzzword describing a melting pot of ethnic backgrounds, genders, and sexual orientations. Instead, it evokes the unfathomable heterogeneity of human experience that I aim to help capture through performance. On the stage, I have often been slotted into Asian and other ethnic minority roles. I’ve had to deal with discriminatory directors who complain I am not Indian enough. Sometimes, it has even been tempting to play into established stereotypes attached to the parts I am playing. However, acting has ultimately helped me to see that the social types we imagine when we think of the word ‘diversity’ are ultimately fantastical constructions. Prescribed identities may help us to feel a sense of belonging, but they also distort what makes us radically unique.

  • Includes an original definition of diversity, which the writer compellingly contrasts with clichéd definitions
  • Good narrative dynamism, stressing how the writer has experienced growth over time

Diversity Essay Examples Continued – Example One

The main challenge for an actor is to dig beneath the “type” of character to find the real human being underneath. Rising to this challenge entails discarding with lazy stereotypes and scaling what can seem to be insurmountable differences. Bringing human drama to life, making it believable, requires us to realize a more fundamental meaning of diversity. It means locating each character at their own unique intersection of identity. My story, like all the stories I aspire to tell as an actor, can inspire others to search for and celebrate their specificity. 

  • Focuses in on the kernel of wisdom acquired over the course of the narrative
  • Indirectly suggests what the applicant can contribute to the admitted class

Acting has ultimately underlined an important takeaway of my dual heritage: all identities are, in a sense, performed. This doesn’t mean that heritage is not important, or that identities are not significant rallying points for community. Instead, it means recognizing that identity isn’t a prison, but a stage.

  • Draws the reader back to where the essay began, locating them at the intersection of two aspects of writer’s background
  • Sharply and deftly weaves a course between saying identities are fictions and saying that identities matter (rather than potentially alienating reader by picking one over the other)

Diversity Essay Examples Continued – Example Two

The second example addresses a prompt about what the applicant can contribute to a diverse campus. It is written from the perspective of Jason Taylor, David Mitchell’s protagonist in Black Swan Green .

Growing up with a stutter, each word was a hesitant step, every sentence a delicate balance between perseverance and frustration. I came to think of the written word as a sanctuary away from the staccato rhythm of my speech. In crafting melodically flowing poems, I discovered a language unfettered by the constraints of my impediment. However, diving deeper into poetry eventually made me realize how my stammer had a humanistic rhythm all its own.

  • Situates us at the intersection of two themes – a speech impediment and poetry – and uses the thesis to gesture to their synthesis
  • Nicely matches form and content. The writer uses this opportunity to demonstrate their facility with literary language.

Immersing myself in the genius of Langston Hughes, Walt Whitman, and Maya Angelou, I learned to embrace the beauty of diversity in language, rhythm, and life itself. Angelou wrote that “Everything in the universe has a rhythm, everything dances.” For me, this quote illuminates how diversity is not simply a static expression of discrete differences. Instead, diversity teaches us the beauty of a multitude of rhythms we can learn from and incorporate in a mutual dance. If “everything in the universe has a rhythm,” then it’s also possible that anything can be poetry. Even my stuttering speech can dance.

  • Provides a unique definition of diversity
  • Conveys growth over time
  • Connects kernel of wisdom back to the essay’s narrative starting point

As I embark on this new chapter of my life, I bring with me the lessons learned from the interplay of rhythm and verse. I bring a perspective rooted in empathy, an unwavering commitment to inclusivity, and a belief in language as the ultimate tool of transformative social connection. I am prepared to enter your university community, adding a unique voice that refuses to be silent. 

  • Directly addresses how background and experiences will contribute to campus life
  • Conveys contributions in an analytic mode (second sentence) and more literary and personal mode (third sentence)

Additional Resources 

Diversity essays can seem intimidating because of the political baggage we bring to the word ‘diversity.’ But applicants should feel liberated by the opportunity to describe what makes them unique. It doesn’t matter if applicants choose to write about aspects of identity, life experiences, or personal challenges. What matters is telling a compelling story of personal growth. Also significant is relating that story to an original theory of the function and value of diversity in society. At the end of the day, committees want to know their applicants deeper and get a holistic sense of how they will improve the educational lives of those around them.

Additional Reading and Resources

  • 10 Instructive Common App Essay Examples 
  • How to Write the Overcoming Challenges Essay + Example
  • Common App Essay Prompts
  • Why This College Essay – Tips for Success
  • How to Write a Body Paragraph for a College Essay
  • UC Essay Examples 
  • College Essay

Tyler Talbott

Tyler holds a Bachelor of Arts in English from the University of Missouri and two Master of Arts degrees in English, one from the University of Maryland and another from Northwestern University. Currently, he is a PhD candidate in English at Northwestern University, where he also works as a graduate writing fellow.

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diversity in plants essay

Food production is becoming much more difficult due to climate change

C limate change is significantly impacting pollinator activity , leading to a decrease in plant pollen production and diversity. This could have serious implications for global food production.

Researchers from several institutions have meticulously examined the long-term effects of global warming on plant-pollinator interactions.

Climate change, pollinators, and food production

The study, conducted by researchers at The University of Texas at Arlington , the University of Nevada, Reno , and Virginia Tech , investigates how shifts in flowering times and extreme weather events affect the availability of essential food sources for insect pollinators.

The lead author of the study, Behnaz Balmaki, is an assistant professor of research in biology at UTA. "This research is crucial as it examines the long-term impacts of climate change on plant-pollinator interactions," Balmaki emphasized.

This study investigates how shifts in flowering times and extreme weather events affect the availability of critical food sources for insect pollinators .

Great Basin: Living laboratory for pollinators

The research team, which included UTA's Masoud A. Rostami, focused their efforts on the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada mountains.

The Great Basin, spanning across 95% of Nevada and parts of California, Oregon, Idaho, and Wyoming, serves as an ideal location for this type of research due to its unique geographical features. The mountains act as a shield, protecting the region from Pacific storms, rain, and snow.

Home to over 200 butterfly species, many of which act as pollinators, the Great Basin region plays a vital role in agriculture.

Pollinators are essential for the fertilization of flowers, enabling them to produce fruit. The research team established 19 sampling sites throughout the region, collecting a diverse sample of butterflies to study their role in pollen distribution.

Warmer climate, no pollination, no food

To gain a comprehensive understanding of the changes in pollination dynamics over time, the research team collected new samples and examined previously captured butterfly specimens stored at the University of Nevada, Reno Museum of Natural History . These samples, dating back to 2000, provided a wealth of historical data spanning 21 years.

Balmaki emphasized the significance of the study's extensive historical data analysis, spanning an impressive 21 years. She noted that this long period provides a clear and comprehensive view of the changes in pollination services over time.

"By analyzing 21 years of historical data, a very long period that provides clear views, the research offers detailed perspectives on the consequences of habitat loss, fragmented landscapes and changes in plant assemblages on pollination services," Balmaki stated.

The study delves into the intricate relationships between pollinators and their environment , shedding light on how factors such as habitat loss, landscape fragmentation, and shifts in plant communities can have profound effects on the ability of pollinators to carry out their crucial role in ecosystems.

Museum specimens reveal alarming trends

Balmaki highlighted the innovative approach employed in the research, which involved utilizing museum specimens to track changes in pollen over time.

This novel methodology provides a unique perspective on the dynamic nature of pollination and offers valuable insights into the long-term trends and patterns that may have gone unnoticed in shorter-term studies.

By leveraging the wealth of information stored in museum collections, the researchers were able to uncover a new dimension in understanding the complex interplay between pollinators, plants, and the environment.

The imperative of pollinator conservation

One of the key takeaways from this study is the critical importance of pollinators in maintaining food production essential for human survival.

Without effective pollination, many crops crucial to the global food supply could fail.

"Our research underscores the necessity of developing targeted conservation policies to protect pollinators and maintain essential pollination services during global warming, thereby addressing some of the most significant environmental challenges of our time," Balmaki concluded.

Protecting pollinators for sustainable food production

The findings of this research serve as a powerful call to action, emphasizing the urgent need for targeted conservation policies to safeguard pollinators and preserve the delicate balance of ecosystems.

By addressing the challenges posed by climate change and implementing effective measures to protect pollinators, we can ensure the sustainability of natural ecosystems and secure the future of human agriculture and food production .

As we face the mounting pressures of global warming, studies like this provide invaluable insights into the complex dynamics of plant-pollinator interactions and the far-reaching consequences of climate change.

By understanding these intricate relationships and taking proactive steps to conserve pollinators, we can work towards mitigating the impact of climate change and preserving the vital services that pollinators provide for our planet.

The full study was published in the journal Oecologia .

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Food production is becoming much more difficult due to climate change

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COMMENTS

  1. 26.4C: Biodiversity of Plants

    Biodiversity of plants ensures a resource for new food crops and medicines. Plant life balances ecosystems, protects watersheds, mitigates erosion, moderates climate, and provides shelter for many animal species. Threats to plant diversity, however, come from many angles. The explosion of the human population, especially in tropical countries ...

  2. An Overview of Plant Diversity

    Parallel venation is a characteristic of plants with fibrous roots and leaves. The term "plant diversity" describes the presence of numerous different plant species in their natural habitats. Vascular plants make up between 300,000 and 500,000 species worldwide.

  3. Plant diversity in a changing world: Status, trends, and conservation

    1. Introduction. The conservation of plant diversity has received considerably less attention than the conservation of animals, perhaps because plants lack the popular appeal of many animal groups (Goettsch et al., 2015).As a result, plant conservation is greatly under-resourced in comparison with animal conservation (Havens et al., 2014).Yet plants are much more important to us.

  4. 9.1: Why It Matters- Plant Diversity

    Land plants evolved from a group of green algae, perhaps as early as 510 million years ago. The evolution of plants has resulted in widely varying levels of complexity, from the earliest algal mats, to bryophytes, lycopods, and ferns, to the complex gymnosperms and angiosperms of today. While many of the groups which appeared earlier continue ...

  5. (PDF) Plant Biodiversity

    Plant diversity on Earth is represented by an . estimated 300,000 species of higher plants. However, only about 7,000 species have been . domesticated and cultivated by humans ov er the .

  6. Areas of plant diversity—What do we know?

    Identifying regions of the world that are rich in plant species will enable conservation efforts to be more effectively targeted. We present a review of global studies of plant diversity, including novel analyses from our own work, and highlight areas of the world that are consistently identified by multiple studies utilizing varied data sets as being particularly rich in plant species.

  7. Understanding plant reproductive diversity

    Understanding plant reproduction is of immense practical importance for biotechnology, the conservation of biodiversity and the control of invasive species. In this short essay, I hope to demonstrate why plant sexual diversity also presents many intriguing challenges and opportunities for the study of evolution and adaptation.

  8. Why plant diversity and distribution matter

    In bringing together this collection of papers published in New Phytologist and Plants, People, Planet, we seek to explore the patterns and processes of plant diversity and distribution at global and regional levels, highlight current risks to plant diversity and inform future agendas for research and conservation.

  9. Diversity

    Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. ... Plant diversity is primarily ...

  10. Plant Diversity

    Plant Diversity (formerly Plant Diversity and Resources) is an international plant science journal that publishes substantial original research and review papers that. advance our understanding of the past and current distribution of plants, contribute to the development of more phylogenetically …. View full aims & scope.

  11. An Essay on the Diversity of Plants

    Diversity of PlantsPlants evolved more than 430 million years ago from multicellular green algae. By 300 million years ago, trees had evolved and formed forests, within which the diversification of vertebrates, insects, and fungi occurred. Roughly 266,000 species of plants are now living. T...

  12. Special Issue : Ecology, Evolution and Diversity of Plants

    This Special Issue is gathering all types of articles (original research papers, reviews, methods papers, opinions, etc.). It focuses on the following topics: 1) plant ecology (e.g., the impacts of humans, climate, plants, animals, topography, and microorganisms on plant diversity); 2) plant evolution (e.g., the impacts of genetic evolution and ...

  13. Native plant diversity increases herbivory to non-natives

    1. Introduction. Non-native plants are becoming a common component of most of the world's ecosystems. One major factor that affects a non-native plant's success and invasiveness is the degree to which that plant is colonized by native herbivores [1-3].The enemy release hypothesis states that non-native plants escape their co-evolved herbivores when they are introduced into a new geographical ...

  14. Essay on Biodiversity for Students and Children

    500+ Words Essay on Biodiversity. Essay on Biodiversity - Biodiversity is the presence of different species of plants and animals on the earth. Moreover, it is also called biological diversity as it is related to the variety of species of flora and fauna. Biodiversity plays a major role in maintaining the balance of the earth.

  15. Essay on Biodiversity in 500 Words for Students

    Essay on Biodiversity: Biodiversity refers to the variety of animals and plants in the world or a specific area. Even in today's modern world where so many technological advances have taken place, we still rely on our natural environment and resources to survive, A healthy and vibrant ecosystem is not disturbed by human activities.

  16. The Society for Conservation Biology

    Conservation Biology. Volume 34, Issue 5 p. 1142-1151. Essay. Incorporating differences between genetic diversity of trees and herbaceous plants in conservation strategies. Mi Yoon Chung,Sungwon Son,Sonia Herrando-Moraira,Cindy Q. Tang,Masayuki Maki,Young-Dong Kim,Jordi López-Pujol,James L. Hamrick,Myong Gi Chung, First published: 29 January 2020.

  17. Biodiversity Essay for Students in English

    Plants, animals, microbes, and fungi are all examples of living species on the planet. Types of Biodiversity . Genetic Biodiversity-Genetic diversity is the variation in genes and genotypes within a species, e.g., every human looks different from the other. Species Biodiversity-Species Diversity is the variety of species within a habitat or a ...

  18. Agronomy

    1. Introduction. Modern plant breeding needs to address the most important global challenges, such as climate change, poverty, malnutrition (which includes undernutrition and obesity), water scarcity, and the loss of biodiversity. These are the challenges most frequently debated in international reports [ 1 ].

  19. 'The importance of genetic variation for plant breeding.'

    Today we need maximum crop yields with less failure to fulfil current and future food demands, and it is possible by improving plant breeding by genetic diversity. In this essay, we will discuss ...

  20. Unraveling the drivers and impacts of leaf phenological diversity in a

    This diversity is directly and indirectly influenced by abiotic and biotic factors (e.g. slope, soil, traits, taxonomic diversity; r 2 = 0.43). While a notable bivariate relationship between AGB and leaf phenological diversity was identified ( r = −0.24, P < 0.05), this relationship did not hold in SEM analysis after considering interactions ...

  21. Population genetic diversity a major factor in reproductive success of

    Koski and Cisternas-Fuentes studied Argentina anserina, also known as silver cinquefoil, a plant that is widespread throughout North America and Eurasia and also occurs in Chile, Australia and New Zealand. "We found that more genetically diverse populations reproduce more. They make more seed because they have higher quality pollen and they make more pollen," Koski said.

  22. How to Write a Diversity Essay

    Choose one of the communities to which you belong, and describe that community and your place within it. Example: Common Application prompt #1. Some students have a background, identity, interest, or talent that is so meaningful they believe their application would be incomplete without it.

  23. Different responses of herbivore abundance to plant genotypic diversity

    DOI: 10.1007/s00468-024-02521-w Corpus ID: 269796957; Different responses of herbivore abundance to plant genotypic diversity depending on herbivore host specificity @article{Nakamura2024DifferentRO, title={Different responses of herbivore abundance to plant genotypic diversity depending on herbivore host specificity}, author={Masahiro Nakamura and Bingpin Shan and Hino Takafumi and Chisato ...

  24. Remotely Sensed Mapping of Plant Diversity in Earth's Largest ...

    Furthermore, when assessing the performance of our SSD metric using multispectral imagery from Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8, the metrics derived from Sentinel-2 exhibited weaker relationships with plant diversity (R² = 0.152 for Shannon Diversity and R² = 0.144 for Simpson Diversity), and those from Landsat 8 were less effective.Upon examining ...

  25. How to Write the Diversity Essay

    How to Write a Diversity Essay - Diversity Essay Examples. The first example addresses the "share a story" prompt. It is written in the voice of Karim Amir, the main character of Hanif Kureishi's novel The Buddha of Suburbia. As a child of the suburbs, I have frequently navigated the labyrinthine alleys of identity.

  26. Diversity

    we hereby propose you to submit an article outlining the state-of-the-art on some special features concerning plant diversity. The papers will be presented in the form of reviews that can cover all subdivisions of biodiversity: natural history, evolution, phylogeny, biogeography, conservation, and even revisions of the systematics of related taxa.

  27. Genetic diversity in vector populations influences the transmission

    The transmission efficiency of aphid-vectored plant viruses can differ between aphid populations. Intra-species diversity (genetic variation, endosymbionts) is a key determinant of aphid phenotype; however, the extent to which intra-species diversity contributes towards variation in virus transmission efficiency is unclear.

  28. Genetic diversity analyses of Thymus daenensis and Thymus eriocalyx

    Recognizing genetic variation and classifying genetic resources are very important in the management and conservation of plant genetic resources. Thymus species (Lamiaceae), a number of which are found in Iran's flora, comprise herbaceous annual and perennial plants with significance in ethnomedicine. Here, the genetic diversities of twenty T. daenensis and T. eriocalyx ecotypes collected from ...

  29. Food production is becoming much more difficult due to climate change

    Climate change is significantly impacting pollinator activity, leading to a decrease in plant pollen production and diversity. This change could have serious implications for global food production.