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DOI Help: Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs)

Introduction.

For APA 7, you need to provide the digital object identifier (DOI) number for articles and ebooks when available. If an item does not have a DOI, the citation will look like the citation for a print resource. You no longer need to locate a journal homepage as part of your citation. 

The goal of this guide is to help you find the DOI for your reference citations. Specifically, this guide will cover:

• what DOIs are
• how to find DOIs

This guide will not cover how to correctly cite articles using APA style. For help with citation questions, please contact the Writing Center or refer to the Writing Center's resources on their website:

• Writing Center: Reference List: Electronic Source References
• Writing Center: Reference List: Common Reference List Examples

What is a Digital Object Identifier (DOI)?

What is a doi.

Digital Object Identifiers, commonly shortened to DOIs, were invented to give each electronic, or digital, item a unique, persistent identifier. Any digital object can be assigned a DOI number, for example:

• academic journal articles 
• research reports 
• governmental reports
• conference proceedings
• media 

Who assigns DOIs?

The DOI creation process is governed and managed by the International DOI Foundation . DOI Registration agencies under the International DOI Foundation provide services and registration of DOI numbers. They are typically focused on specific geographic areas or types of content. For example, EIDR provides DOI numbers for movie and television content.

Crossref is one of the registration agencies for the International DOI Foundation. It assigns DOIs to scholarly research publications. These publications include journal articles, books, and conference proceedings.

What do DOIs look like?

All DOIs start with the number 10 followed by a period. This is an example:

10.1111/dome.12082

In APA 7, you format the DOIs as a URL, with "https://doi.org/" before the number. For example:

https://doi.org/ 10.1111/dome.12082

Things to know

There are a couple of important things to know about DOIs.

• Not every article or resources has a DOI .
• Both peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed articles can have DOIs.
• Quick Answer: What is peer review?

Look at the article

The first place to look for a DOI is the article itself. Many publishers will include the DOI somewhere on the first page of the article. Here are a few examples:

Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 71, No. 3, 2015, pp. 441-452 doi: 10.1111/josi.12122

DOI: 10.111/dome.12082 Digest of Middle East Student - Volume 25, Number 1 - Pages 36-51 © 2016 Policy Studies Organization. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  

Look at information about the article

Library databases include information about an article. If an article has a DOI, you may find it listed in the information about the article.

Different databases call these article information sections different things. They may be called Detailed Record, Abstract, Abstract/Details, or you may need to click on the article title to see more information about the article. 

If you don't see the DOI on the article itself, look around the page in the database to see if the DOI is listed.

Search Crossref

You can look for a DOI using the Crossref website. Crossref is one of the organizations that assigns DOIs, with a focus on research articles. If Crossref doesn't have a DOI for an article, you can safely assume that the article doesn't have one. 

Follow these steps to search Crossref for an article's DOI: 

• Go to the Crossref.org website .

• Press the Enter key to run your search.

Note: The actual DOI begins with 10. For APA 7, include "https://doi.org/" in front of the number. To learn more about what form of the DOI to use in a reference citation, please see these Quick Answers from the Writing Center:

• Quick Answer: Should I include a hyperlink in a DOI?
• Quick Answer: Can I use the DOI format provided by library databases?

Searches in Crossref always bring back results, even if the article you are looking for isn't there. If you don't see your article in the first page of results, here are a few things to try.

• For example:  "Storytelling for social change" AND Winskell
• Use the  Year  limiter in the left column to limit results to only the year in which your item was published.

If you still don't find the article you are looking for in Crossref, you can safely assume that it does not have a DOI.

More information

• DOI, Other URL, or No Retrieval Information? clickable flowchart
• Quick Answer: How do I cite an article with a DOI?
• Quick Answer: How do I cite an article without a DOI?
• Quick Answer: How do I find an article by DOI using Google Scholar?
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Articles Web of Science: Digital Object Identifier (DOI) search

Web of science: digital object identifier (doi) search, may 20, 2022 • knowledge, information.

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What is a DOI (digital object identifier)?

A DOI is a character string that can be assigned to an online article, book, or other source. If the location of the source changes, the DOI remains stable, which allows readers to locate the source. When you use the APA citation style, you should always include the DOI if one has been assigned to the source you are citing.

Reference management. Clean and simple.

What is a DOI?

Using DOIs in APA and other styles

How to find the doi, doi examples and format, why is it important to use dois, frequently asked questions about dois, related articles.

DOI stands for "digital object identifier." Also known as a permalink, a DOI is an article's permanent online location. DOIs are used for a variety of academic and non-academic sources that are located online.

APA and other styles now require DOIs to be included in references, if they are available:

Warren, R., Price, J., Graham, E., Forstenhaeusler, N., & VanDerWal, J. (2018). The projected effect on insects, vertebrates, and plants of limiting global warming to 1.5°C rather than 2°C. Science (New York, N.Y.) , 360 (6390), 791–795. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar3646

The DOI is included at the very end of the reference. If an online work has both a DOI and a URL, include only the DOI. However, if the source only has a URL, then include the URL at the end of the reference.

If the DOI is too long, APA allows the use of DOI shorteners like shortDOI® , a service created by the International DOI Foundation to create shortDOIs.

Tip: Instead of manually adding citations with DOIs to your documents, which is error-prone and strenuous, consider using a reference manager like Paperpile to format and organize your citations. Paperpile allows you to save and organize your citations for later use and cite them in thousands of citation styles directly in Google Docs, Microsoft Word, or LaTeX, including the DOI:

For journal articles, the DOI can typically be found at the top of the page, along with the title, author's name, and other publication information. PDFs of journal articles downloaded from an academic database often include the DOI on the cover page and/or at the bottom of each page.

➡️ Learn how to find a DOI in our “ How to find a DOI ” guide.

There are three different ways of writing a DOI:

• http:/dx.doi.org
• doi: xxxx or DOI: xxxx
• https://doi.org/xxxx

The most recent and preferred format is the last one ( https://doi.org/xxxx ), but any type is valid as long as it includes the right alphanumeric identifier. A correct DOI would look something like this: https://doi.org/10.1080/10509585.2015.1092083 .

It’s important to use DOIs when available because they add credibility to the source. If a citation includes a DOI, it means that the source is unique and real.

Ultimately, if the source has a DOI, use it! Do not use the URL of the source if a DOI is available. URLs might change over time, while DOIs do not.

No, URLs and DOIs are not interchangeable. A DOI is an unchanging, unique alphanumeric identifier that labels digital material and pinpoints its location online, whereas a URL is a digital locator that can change over time.

The preferred format for a DOI is https://doi.org/xxxx , without a period at the end. A correct DOI would look something like this: https://doi.org/10.1080/10509585.2015.1092083 .

DOIs are typically found near the top of an article page, along with the author and publication information. They can also be found on PDFs of online journal articles, at the bottom of each page, or on a cover page.

DOIs were invented for a reason. Digital object identifiers allow readers to locate specific material online. They also add credibility to your sources.

Whenever the source has a DOI, use it! Do not use the URL of the source if a DOI is available. However, if the material does not feature a DOI, add the URL to your citation instead.

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• What's a DOI?
• How do I find an article's DOI?
• What if my article doesn't have a DOI?

What is a DOI?

"doi" is an acronym that stands for "digital object identifier.".

Functionally, a DOI is a lengthy "sentence" of letters and numbers that serves to identify the unique online location of a particular journal article. This alphanumeric string of characters serves as a digital fingerprint for an article's life online, similar to a URL for a particular webpage.

Much like its title, author, and publication information, an article's DOI can be used to identify both a particular article  and  its set location on the internet. Although access to an article may change over time, its DOI will remain constant - so you'll always be able to find it as it lives out its digital lifespan. This is why it's important to include an article's DOI when citing it, so people reviewing your work can access your sources if they so choose.

For more information, please visit DOI.org and review the DOI Handbook - Introduction 1.5 (ISO 26324) .

How do i find an article's doi, i need to include a article's doi in my citation. where should i look.

Depending on the citation style you're using, you may be asked to include a DOI when making reference to, or citing, a specific item. If the item was published prior to 2000, it may not have a DOI attached to it (see the next tab). However, all current digitally-available items have an associated DOI that will be included in the item's catalog record, as well as on the publication itself.

As an example, this is a journal article published in the online edition of the  BMJ: British Medical Journal.  The publication is available to us through ProQuest, and you can see the article's catalog record below. The DOI is listed at the top of the record (red box).

The DOI will also be listed in the article's publication details, which should be available in the catalog record as well (you may need to scroll down the record to find the DOI; red box).

If the DOI is hyperlinked, this will serve as the main access point for the article's existence online. Clicking the hyperlink will automatically redirect you to a webpage where the article is available online.

Finally, the DOI is also listed on the published copy of the article (both for physical and electronic items). This is typically printed at the top or bottom of the article's first page, and will be preceded by the acronym "DOI" (red box).

What if my article doesn't have a DOI?

The short answer is, it may not..

Not all articles have associated DOIs, because many of them were published long before the digital age began. Although a good number of pre-digital scholarship has been made available in electronic format, this doesn't negate the fact that those items were originally published before DOIs were routinely assigned to scholarly articles (let alone created in the first place).

Sometimes, publishers, databases, and distributors will assign a retroactive DOI to an article wasn't originally published with one - meaning that the article's online "edition" will be given a DOI to demarcate its life online. But this isn't always the case. Some articles, regardless of their availability online, never receive a DOI.

But that's okay! If you come across an item that lacks a DOI, chances are it was published prior to the early 2000s, and was likely never assigned a DOI (retroactively or otherwise). Therefore, you can omit that information from your citation in good conscience.

So what do I do if my article doesn't have a DOI? Or what I'm just not sure?

There are two ways you can check for an article's DOI if you're not able to find it (or you're not sure it even has one).

You can visit Crossref.org , a website devoted to assisting scholars with research and reference efforts, including those related to publication and citation issues. Searching for the article by title, author, publication, etc. should provide specific publication information about the item in question. If a DOI is not included, you can confirm that there was no DOI ever assigned to the item, so you won't need to include it bibliographically.

If you're not sure about an item's DOI, try searching it in DOI.org . This website is the main hub of all things DOI, and maintains records of all items that have associated DOIs. Searching for an item by DOI should confirm that you have the correct identifier for the title in question.

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The DOI System provides a framework for persistent identification, managing intellectual content, managing metadata, linking customers with content suppliers, facilitating electronic commerce, and enabling automated management of media. DOI names can be used for any form of management of any data, whether commercial or non-commercial.

What does that mean?

A digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet. The publisher assigns a DOI when the article is published and made available electronically.

All DOI numbers begin with a 10 and contain a prefix and a suffix separated by a slash. The prefix is a unique number of four or more digits assigned to organizations; the suffix is assigned by the publisher and was designed to be flexible with publisher identification standards.

Not all articles or journals use DOIs; if you can't find a DOI you can use the persistant url in your citation instead.

Here are some examples of DOIs:

10.1093/ajae/aaq063

10.1371/journal.pgen.1001111

A DOI is a permanent ID that, when appended to http://dx.doi.org/ in the address bar of an Internet browser, will lead to the source.

For example, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aaq063 will take you directly to the information page for the article "An Analysis of the Pricing of Traits in the U.S. Corn Seed Market."

If an article has not been assigned a DOI, many citation styles require that you create a permanent link so that other users can find and view the article.  For information on creating a permalink, visit o ur FAQ page for help .

What is a permanent link?

The URL (Uniform Resource Locator or Web address) appears in a Web browser's address box, when an online article is viewed, is usually intended to be temporary and often does not function a few days or weeks later. Links designated as "permanent", "persistent" or "stable" are designed specifically to remain active and useable over time.

The location of the DOI can depend on many things. Here are some places to look for the DOI:

• First page of the electronic journal article
• Near the copyright notice
• Database landing page for an article
• Hidden behind a button
• In the citation generated by the database
• Online using the free DOI lookup on www.crossref.org

Not every electronic journal article has a DOI. If no DOI is available and you retrieved the journal article online, you should include the persistent URL.

Article From an Online Periodical with DOI Assigned:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number, page range .           doi:0000000/000000000000

Brownlie, D. (2007). Toward effective poster presentations: An annotated bibliography. European Journal of Marketing, 41 (11/12),           1245-1283. doi:10.1108/03090560710821161

Article From an Online Periodical with No DOI Assigned:

Online scholarly journal articles without a DOI require the URL of the journal home page. Remember that one goal of citations is to provide your readers with enough information to find the article; providing the journal home page aids readers in this process.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number . Retrieved from           http://www.journalhomepage.com/full/url/

Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8 . Retrieved from           http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html

Online periodicals are cited exactly as their print counterparts with the addition of a DOI or URL at the end of the citation.  Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if the journal lists one. If no DOI is available, list a URL. Include an access date only if one is required by your publisher or discipline.

Author, A. A., and Author, B. B. "Title of article." Title of Journal , volume number, issue number (Date of publication): page numbers,           doi: 0000000/000000000000 (access date if necessary).

Peltonen, Kirsi, Noora Ellonen, Helmer B. Larsen, and Karin Helweg-Larsen. “Parental Violence and Adolescent Mental Health.” European           Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 19, no. 11 (2010): 813-822. doi: 10.1007/s00787-010-0130-8.

Author, A. A., and Author, B. B. "Title of Article." Title of Journal , volume number, issue number (Date of publication): page numbers.           http://www.journalhomepage.com/full/url/ (access date if necessary).

Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A. Whooley. "Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in           Postmenopausal Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy: Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study           (HERS) Trial." Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (February 6, 2002), http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/           v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo (accessed January 7, 2004).

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Digital Object Identifier

A DOI (digital object identifier) is a unique number assigned by publishers to journal articles, studies and book chapters available online.  When the DOI is included in a citation, it will be easier for a reader to locate the version of the work cited. 

How will I recognize a DOI number?

The DOI is made up of two components, a prefix and a suffix, separated by a forward slash.

  Example :                

10.311057/2511450135253

Prefix      / Suffix

Where do I find a DOI number?

The DOI number for an online article will usually be found on the home page.  It may also be found  at the top or end of the full-text version of an article available in a database.  

Where is the DOI placed in a citation?

The DOI should be added to the end of the citation, as follows:

Hobbs, T. (2000).  Physicians should treat alcoholism as a disease.  In J. Torr (Ed.), Current Controversies:    

                   Alcoholism (pp. 219-223).  doi: EJ3010217217

What if the article has a different number?

Some databases use their own numbering systems for articles.  For instance, Proquest uses an ID number, and

EBSCO uses an accession number (example: AN2530410). 

These are not the same as a DOI (digital object identifier) .   

If you do not find a DOI number for the article or online publication , then use the URL for the database or the web page.   See the following examples…

Mershon, D.H.  (2005, November-December).  Star Trek on the brain: Alien minds, human minds.  

          American Scientist , 86 (2), 585. Retrieved from http://www.galileo.usg.edu

Lynch, T. (2007).  DS9 trials and tribble-ations review .  Retrieved from Psi Phi:

            Bradley’s Science Fiction Club Web site: http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/

            psiphi/DS9/ep/503.html

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WHO IS THE DOI FOUNDATION COMMUNITY?

We are an international community of communities bound by a common interest in persistent infrastructure. So far, we have welcomed agencies that manage communities spanning entertainment, standards, the built environment, natural history collections, scholarly communications, and research data.

Read more about our Registration Agencies and what they offer

WHAT IS THE DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER (DOI)?

A DOI name is a digital identifier of an object, any object — physical, digital, or abstract. DOIs solve a common problem: keeping track of things. Things can be matter, material, content, or activities.

Designed to be used by humans as well as machines, DOIs identify objects persistently. They allow things to be uniquely identified and accessed reliably. You know what you have, where it is, and others can track it too.

Read more about the identifier, its benefits, and how it’s used

ANNOUNCING OUR NEWEST REGISTRATION AGENCY

Human & Digital (HAND) was recently appointed as the 12th Registration Agency of the DOI Foundation, assigning DOI names to legal entity humans, licensed virtual humans, and fictional characters involved in the performing arts and sports. The talent industry is becoming more connected, complex, and digitized. Managing this complexity in a programmatic way is only possible with verifiable, persistent identity of talent, both human and digital. And this is exactly what HAND provides.

How many are being resolved?

The total DOI resolutions to date is calculated using actual number of DOI resolutions recorded up until yesterday and the average resolution rate recorded over the past 24 hours (currently this is )

Try resolving a DOI name

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What are DOIs and PMIDs

Find an article using doi or pmid.

DOI stands for Document Object Identifier . This is a unique identifier that is assigned to an online journal article, online book or online book chapter. Most publishers assign these to their online content. A DOI can take you directly to an online resource, but the Library does not always have access at a publisher site. The DOI lookup links to any online access we have.

PMID is a unique identifier used in the PubMed database and can be used to look up abstracts in PubMed. The PMID lookup links to online access through the Library.

This widget uses Libkey.io, which connects to our FIndIt service to get you to an article. All you need is a DOI or PMID.

Enter a DOI or PMID

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CrossRef – the DOI search tool

Looking for the DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers) for your citations?  Crossref offers a DOI search for journal articles, books, and chapters.  Simply cut and paste the reference list into their search box.  The form will take any reference style, although it works most reliably with standard styles.

DOIs are used to provide a stable source for information about a digital object, including where they  can be found on the Internet. Information about a digital object may change over time, including where to find it, but its DOI name does not change.

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New arXiv articles are now automatically assigned DOIs

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• Publication date February 17, 2022
• Categories: about arXiv

Update: As of Feb 2022, all arXiv articles now have DOIs.

New articles submitted to arXiv are now automatically assigned DOIs that align with their arXiv ID. This makes research articles more discoverable across search engines because associated metadata is made available to the community in a reusable format.

DOIs (digital object identifiers) are unique and unchanging, just like the original arXiv ID number already assigned to every arXiv article. However, because DOIs are used across many different platforms, they enable greater interoperability with other services.

DOIs align with arXiv IDs

An author can determine their article’s DOI by using the DOI prefix https://doi.org/10.48550/ followed by the arXiv ID (replacing the colon with a period). For example, the arXiv ID arXiv:2202.01037 will translate to the DOI link https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2202.01037

Adopting DOIs helps arXiv meet the ‘ FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship’ that intend to improve the findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reuse of digital material.

DOI registration of arXiv articles began on January 1, 2022 with DataCite , and arXiv will soon begin registering DOIs for the entire corpus. The process is expected to be complete for all records by the end of 2022. Update: As of Feb 2022, all arXiv articles now have DOIs.

FAQ: DOIs with DataCite

Starting in January 2022, arXiv began registering DOIs and submitting associated article metadata to DataCite on behalf of (and at no cost to) arXiv authors. The first articles to receive DOIs are those with 2201.NNNNN identifiers, with all new articles receiving DOIs going forward. Following the successful launch, we will begin minting “arXiv DOIs” for the approximately 2M articles in arXiv’s corpus published between 1991 and 2021. The article abstract (/abs) pages are also now updated to display the arXiv DOIs following the registrations.

Why add DOIs when there are arXiv identifiers? Are arXiv identifiers going away?

The arXiv identifier has existed for more than 30 years; we will continue supporting it and you may use it in your citations as an alternative to the arXiv DOI. We are issuing DOIs for several reasons:

• Making article metadata available in DataCite’s centralized location allows research outputs to be more discoverable and harvestable.
• Some funding agencies require DOIs for the research they are supporting.

Will I still be able to provide an external DOI and/or journal reference with my article?

Yes, we will continue to support the existing journal reference and DOI metadata fields for linking to versions of an article outside arXiv, and we strongly encourage authors to provide them when they become available.

When will the arXiv DOI for my new article become available?

If you have submitted an article from January 2022 onwards, we expect new articles to receive a DOI within 24 hours of them being announced on arXiv.

When will the arXiv DOI for my older (2021 and earlier) article become available?

We do not have an exact timeline for backfilling DOIs for older articles, but we will start with articles from 2021 and go back in time. We will periodically provide updates as we complete batches of registrations.

Where will the arXiv DOI for my article link to?

The arXiv DOI will link to the arXiv abstract (/abs) using the canonical form of the arXiv identifier, so it will always point to the latest version of the article, e.g. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.NNNNN → https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.NNNNN

What is arXiv’s DOI prefix with DataCite?

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URLs vs. DOIs

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

While citation styles can vary greatly in their particulars, most major styles (including APA, MLA, and Chicago) require writers to include either a URL or a DOI in citations for digital content whenever possible. You do not normally need to include both.

This resource explains the difference between URLs and DOIs and briefly describes how to incorporate either form of information into your citations.

What are DOIs?

When sources are published electronically, they are assigned DOIs—a unique series of letters and numbers set by the International DOI Foundation. The IDF, founded in 1998, handles creator requests for DOIs and standardizes each DOI they assign. Every DOI begins with the number 10, and can generally be found on the first page of the digital article. DOIs also associate their publications with metadata, or relevant information related to each source (such as author, location, and date information). Because DOIs are assigned when a source is published electronically, some older sources will not have DOIs. If you are citing a print source and want to know if it has been assigned a DOI, use CrossRef.org’s DOI lookup on the website’s home page.

DOIs differ from URLs in that they are static. In other words, once they are assigned, they will not change, which makes it very easy to locate at any future time (even after it has been moved). Here is an example DOI for Ryan LaMothe’s article “Pebbles in the Shoe: Acts of Compassion as Subversion in a Market Society,” published in the journal Pastoral Psychology:

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The title page of a scholarly article hosted online. Note the DOI at the top of the page.

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A screenshot of a web browser's navigation bar. Note that the Purdue OWL homepage URL is visible in the address field.

URLs can change if the website is edited or updated, or the source is moved. Because of this, many online databases (such as library websites and scholarly article repositories) assign sources with stable URLs (sometimes called “permalinks”) unique to the database’s own website for this purpose. Like DOIs, these will not change and will link directly to the source on that specific webpage.

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Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, homelessness: challenges and opportunities in the “new normal”.

Mental Health and Social Inclusion

ISSN : 2042-8308

Article publication date: 29 March 2024

This paper – the final paper of a series of three – aims to discuss the implications of the findings from a service user needs assessment of people experiencing homelessness in the Northwest of England. It will expand on the previous paper by offering a more detailed analysis and discussion of the identified key themes and issues. The service user needs assessment was completed as part of a review of local service provision in the Northwest of England against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design/methodology/approach

Semi-structured questionnaires were administered and used by health-care professionals to collect data from individuals accessing the Homeless and Vulnerable Adults Service (HVAS) in Bolton. The questionnaires included a section exploring Adverse Childhood Experiences. Data from 100 completed questionnaires were analysed to better understand the needs of those accessing the HVAS.

Multiple deprivations including extensive health and social care needs were identified within the cohort. Meeting these complex needs was challenging for both service users and service providers. This paper will explore key themes identified by the needs assessment and draw upon further comments from those who participated in the data-gathering process. The paper discusses the practicalities of responding to the complex needs of those with lived experience of homelessness. It highlights how a coordinated partnership approach, using an integrated service delivery model can be both cost-effective and responsive to the needs of those often on the margins of our society.

Research limitations/implications

Data collection during the COVID-19 pandemic presented a number of challenges. The collection period had to be extended whilst patient care was prioritised. Quantitative methods were used, however, this limited the opportunity for service user involvement and feedback. Future research could use qualitative methods to address this balance and use a more inclusive approach.

Practical implications

This study illustrates that the needs of the homeless population are broad and varied. Although the population themselves have developed different responses to their situations, their needs can only be fully met by a co-ordinated, multi-agency, partnership response. An integrated service model can help identify, understand, and meet the needs of the whole population and individuals within it to improve healthcare for a vulnerable population.

Social implications

This study highlighted new and important findings around the resilience of the homeless population and the significance of building protective factors to help combat the multiplicity of social isolation with both physical and mental health problems.

Originality/value

The discussion provides an opportunity to reflect on established views in relation to the nature and scope of homelessness. The paper describes a contemporary approach to tackling current issues faced by those experiencing homelessness in the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations for service improvements will include highlighting established good practices including embedding a more inclusive/participatory approach.

• Homelessness
• Social exclusion
• Health inequalities
• Mental health
• Partnerships

Acknowledgements

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article. The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions made by those with lived experience who completed the survey. Recognition and thanks are also given to those involved in the delivery of services that seek to improve the lives of those who are homeless.

Woods, A. , Lace, R. , Dickinson, J. and Hughes, B. (2024), "Homelessness: challenges and opportunities in the “new normal”", Mental Health and Social Inclusion , Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/MHSI-02-2024-0032

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Volume 627 Issue 8005, 28 March 2024

Qubit quota.

The accumulation of errors hampers the use of quantum computers. Although there are ways to design circuits so they detect and correct errors, this typically requires a substantial number of additional qubits. In this week’s issue, researchers at IBM present a protocol for low-overhead error correction in quantum computers. The researchers use low-density parity-check codes, which correct errors by monitoring several symmetries each supported on only a small set of qubits. This code performed as well as established error-correction protocols but crucially needed only about one-tenth of the qubits. This could make error-corrected quantum computers substantially smaller machines than previously assumed. The cover image offers an artistic rendering of the qubit connectivity required for the new protocol in which each qubit needs to interact with six others. Qubits are linked as if they were placed onto the surface of a torus.

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