sheila birling responsibility essay

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Sheila Birling In An Inspector Calls Essay

An Inspector Calls How does Priestly develop the Character of Sheila Birling? In an Inspector Calls, Sheila Birling’s character is seen as a child that has been raised into an upper-class family and has become familiar with the luxuries and social standing lower classes wouldn’t dream of obtaining, her spoilt upbringing and deceiving parents have grounded her in a semi-childhood where she is blinded from the injustice of the class system and the treatment of the lower’classed majority of the public.

Priestly, however, decides to inject his own mouthpiece in the persona of Inspector Goole in the hope that in the following hours the Inspector will open Sheila’s eyes and release her from her parent’s muzzle resulting in Sheila seeing the invalid class system and how it only favours the rich. At the beginning of the play, Sheila is celebrating her informal engagement to Gerald Croft, a man who is of higher social standing to the Birling’s while also being the son to Mr Birling’s business rival.

The lighting shown in the setting by the narrator is described as a ‘rose-tinted glow’; this type of lighting can be seen as a physical presence of the upper class’ view . It can be perceived as this because it describes not only the Birling’s mood but also gives the reader the upper class perspective; everything is rosy and perfect/ there is no wrong in there world. Despite the happy union of the two families, the potential of Mr Birling neutralising the business rivalry and looking forward to hopefully collaborating with Gerald’s father is a prospect Mr Birling is looking forward to.

However Sheila displays an intriguing curiosity into the whereabouts of Gerald the previous summer, prior to their engagement. She states in Act 1 Page 3, “All last summer, when you never came near me, and I wondered what happened to you”. This involvement in Gerald’s business had also the potential to cause a rift which could jeopardise Mr Birling’s plans with Gerald’s father, this already implicates to the readers that Birling will be annoyed with Sheila speaking out of turn and frankly he will be paranoid about the situation.

It also implicates that Sheila disagreed with Gerald’s choice of time spending, and she’d of rather had him by her side, this places Sheila’s spoilt persona on show and is easy for the readers to identity this clear characteristic trait which was a popular trait of the upper-class in the 1920’s. Also supporting the muzzle statement and power Sheila’s parents have over their daughter, her Mother explains to Sheila that, “Men with important work to do”… “Spend nearly all their time and energy on their business”.

Reading between the lines, the reader could understand through Mrs Birling’s choice of language that the word ‘business’ could have several meanings, importantly by the word she could be implying that whatever Gerald does outside the household doesn’t concern herself or anyone else. Sheila portrayed her character as spoilt also when the news of Eva Smith reached her from the Inspector, despite the horrible events that had taken place did upset Sheila, instead of acting remorseful or at least respectful towards Eva, she is still in a half-hearted feeling between understanding the events and her self-centred front stepping in the way.

This is evident in Act 1 Page 17 where Sheila expresses the fact that she, “can’t help thinking about this girldestroying herself so horribly”, the remorseful act Sheila displays is an improvement in her understanding of other actions. However she carried on to negate her remarks on the destruction of the girl by explaining how she, “wish(ed) you hadn’t told me”, because she was ‘so happy tonight’. This indicates to the reader that she is still stuck in a paradox where she doesn’t want to know of any unhappiness that doesn’t involve her however does have a minimal yet needed nderstanding for her actions on others. She displays this opinion because of her parent’s opinions and influence which she has heard and understood, the shared feeling of treating the world like it is for your own and no one else’s shows how the upper-class’ children and upcoming generation are being poisoned by their own opinionated feelings towards the lower and less ‘valuable’ classes. Another characteristic Sheila has acquired from her parents is how responsibility doesn’t belong with the upper class and how it should be down to the lower class and others to look after their own.

This was a mutual feeling amongst the wealthy in Britain during the 1920’s. Sheila displayed her problematic view towards responsibility for others actions when she understands what the Inspector is aiming at her and the family about Eva Smith, she senses an unfamiliar blame being targeted at her and states, “what do you mean by saying that? You talk as if we were responsible”, this quote suggests to the reader that Sheila doesn’t understand responsibility, this is another example of her parents deceiving her through childhood and not explaining the reason for responsibility.

This shows how her parents have almost pulled a veil over her covering her from a normal persons morals, ultimately Sheila’s behaviour has been made from her parents bringing her up with no understanding for the poor, less fortunate and in general people who are not sitting in her wealthy spot in society, the reader can then therefore understand that Sheila is just a child lost in the class system and empathise with her lack of understanding, this behaviour is down to how the Birling’s brought her up.

Her unawareness is also supported by the statement the Inspector uses where he labels children as the ‘more impressionable’, this implies that Sheila would’ve had a better feeling of responsibility if her parents had led her down the right path where morals are needed to understand the world they live in. Relating to how children are very ‘impressionable’ due to their surrounding influences, Sheila has become accustomed to how her parents undermine the poor and struggling lower classes, this does almost rub off on Sheila and is evident when explaining to the Inspector how she was involved in Eva’s death .

She explains how she made the owner of Millwards sack the woman because she had been very impertinent. This was because of Sheila trying a dress that didn’t fit her body but realised it would fit Eva perfectly, despite her appreciating Eva’s figure, she recalls about how Eva was smirking at her. This was Sheila’s excuse for talking about the impertinence expressed by Ms Smith, despite her being unaware of Eva’s financial situation, she had been jeopardised and removed from her workplace by Sheila’s father before Millwards.

Sheila did make the remark that if Eva had been a ‘miserable plain little creature’ she wouldn’t have had her sacked, this is the most perfect and accurate example of how the upper class treated and described the working and lower class, it expresses the fact that not only would she not have got her sacked but she wouldn’t have even went near a woman of lower class, this expresses how Sheila is poisoned by the upper class’ mutually spoilt persona, this trait could only be passed yet again by her predecessors in the upper class.

Sheila’s understanding towards her oppressive actions aimed at Eva whose situation is explained in Act 1 does actually inflict on her opinion towards the lower class. This also relates back to how the Inspector spoke of how the younger majority of the upper class will be more impressionable, this is a direct opinion from Priestly; Inspector Goole is Priestley’s mouthpiece. Sheila understands of every class having to be equal and be less segregated by their rights and wealth and is seen developing this opinion towards the end of Act 1.

Sheila decides to actually step in and judge her father’s actions on Ms Smith and how Eva and her workmates, “aren’t cheap labour – they’re people”, this statement by Sheila is a prime example of the Inspector’s influence on her understanding towards the invalid class system, along with the fact she clearly disagreed with her father and seemed to undermine his opinion, making it evident that er semi-childhood is slowly yet definitely being flawed, she is breaking from her parent’s block. The understanding that Sheila gains from the Inspector’s influence is not only helping her see the class system as wrong and how it helps the upper class systematically but she does also develop an opinion on her previous actions and childish behaviour under the supervision of her parents.

Sheila explains how she must have been seen as, “a selfish, vindictive creature”, expressing an opinion such as this on your own persona and personality is extremely hard and does mean she has almost overridden her stubbornness. This sense of responsibility which Sheila’s gained not only lets her sense her previous spitefulness and downgrading views towards the lower class, but also lets her judge her parents actions as well, this is a subtle hint of her rising authority.

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An Inspector Calls Essays

One of the best things you can do to revise for any english exam is to read examples of essays. below you'll find a range of essays which you can read at your leisure., though there are always benefits in reading essays, becoming use to "active reading" is also important. to do this, use one of these strategies to help:, print the essay off and highlight key phrases or pieces of analysis that you like, keep some notes on the ways the essays use key vocabulary, cherry-picking the best phrases for use yourself, note down the structures of the essays but making a note of the focus of each paragraph, remember that there are hundreds of ways to write a successful essay, as the examples below will highlight. but they all manage to link the big ideas of the play with the language and structure; they all write about priestley's intentions and the audience's responses; they all recognise that this play is written to make a political point, not just to entertain the audience., a) how does priestley explore responsibility in an inspector calls , in the play, priestly wanted the audience to take responsibility for each other, to see that society was "one body." he wanted the audience in 1945 to recognise that although there had been positive changes since 1912, he didn't want them to regress and, in fact, wanted them to demand even more social reform., firstly , priestley uses the inspector to demonstrate to his audience that morality is a much more admirable quality in a person than mr birling's selfish manner. in act 3 mr birling offers "thousands" to help eva, though the inspector tells him that he is “offering money at the wrong time.” this shows that the inspector has the moral high ground and, although from a lower class, is holding all the power over the birling's treasured reputation. to the audience it would be obvious that birling should have given the money earlier, that it was inevitable that eva would end up costing him. it is also revealing that birling wouldn't give eva smith a small pay rise as it would have meant he couldn't "lower prices" but when it came to saving his status he was prepared to “give thousands.” by this stage, mr birling seems quite flustered and somewhat embarrassed as although in the outside world his authority is growing in his own home he can't control a man of “that class.” from a psychoanalytic perspective you could argue that this reflects birlings upbringing and the values that he was taught to respect as a younger man when he worked had and was kept poor in a way that taught him the value of hard work. in this way, mr birling feels that all the people who have money deserve it while the people who don't have money clearly don't deserve it. also, it is from his background that birling being taught to prioritise materialistic things could be the root of his difficult relationship with eric; he comes across as very cold and unforgiving which possibly reflected onto his son. this could easily be a subconscious cause of eric's addiction (looking for escape and comfort in the absence of his father's approval) and be linked to why eva viewed him to be more juvenile than gerald. the need for superficial things in his life like power and wealth is portrayed in the play as quite harmful and only something which will hold a person back, the inspector seems to be free from all these hindering social constructs and is definitely a much more favourable character because of this., in spite of their strong differences in beliefs, both mr birling and the inspector are very self-assured characters who are equally set in their ways . this is not mirrored in the younger characters like eric or sheila. priestly emphasizes a message directed towards the younger generations that they are the hope for change. throughout the play birling refuses to accept the need for reform or responsibility , he represents the stereotypical man of his age and class that priestley uses to contradict sheila's growing outward-looking empathy. when she promises the inspector that she will “never never do it again to anybody” she is acknowledging her privileges and shows that she understands how people must take responsibility for each other. i would say that her materialistic upbringing and the damage that has done makes her incredibly naive and impacts hugely on her opinion of others' worth. when talking about eva smith in act 1 one of the first things she asked was “is she pretty” from this line alone it is clear to the audience where her priorities lie and what kinds of values were instilled in her from a young age probably by her shallow mother. priestly highlights that it's the duty of the young to bring about reform and for this to happen they firstly need to realise the older generations won't do it for them. he also stresses that it's not ok for people like the birlings to take credit for their achievements but never accept responsibility for the consequences of their profit., priestley uses the contrast between age groups and class to explore universal divides caused by pride, reputation and lack of accountability, things that mr and mrs birling value highly but sheila is willing to let go of by accepting her mistakes and returning gerald's engagement ring (also rejecting her father's business interest in gerald.).

Examiners commentary:

The simple, clear first paragraph is fine.

The second paragraph, however, contains some interesting points that could be related to the question but which aren't. As a result, a lot of what's good in this paragraph is lost. This could have been easily fixed if the student had remembered to continually link their points back to the question.

The third paragraph is an improvement in that it does mention responsibility more often and has some interesting observations about the generation gap.

The third paragraph feels unfinished and unclear - it sounds like it's saying that Mr and Mrs Birling value accountability highly, or that the view a "lack of accountability" highly, neither of which are true.

AO1: Lots of AO1, though it isn't connected to the question often enough

AO2: Not enough AO2 at all - hardly any specific language analysis

AO3: Nothing of note outside of the first paragraph

Grade: This is a difficult essay to grade. There are lots of interesting points, especially about how our upbringings affect our outlook, but they're not always linked to the question which means they won't score as well as they should. Also, a complete lack of AO2 causes real problems. This is probably a G5 though with a few minor changes it could easily be pushed up two grades.

B) How does Priestley explore responsibility in An Inspector Calls ?

Priestley presents a strong message about responsibility throughout the play. he wants us all to take more responsibility for each other., firstly, he uses the character of mr birling to convey the ignorance of those who refuse to take responsibility. we can see this when mr birling says, “community and all that nonsense”. the use of the noun “nonsense” shows the audience that mr birling is mocking socialists and those who believe society should be a community. you can almost hear his sarcastic tone as if ‘community’ is an absurd idea. the word “all” also highlights his belief that anything to do with community, such as helping others and being responsible for one another, is ridiculous. this links to when he says, “a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own.” the repetition of the pronoun “his” emphasises that he only takes care of his possessions and doesn’t think twice about others. also, it exposes to the audience his sense of higher class entitlement linked to his lack of responsibility for things that are not directly his fault. the audience of 1945 would have been shocked because by this time, after the labour movement and war, people were becoming more open-minded about mixing social classes and community responsibility. this links to priestley’s message because he was a socialist and believed people should have equal rights., in contrast to mr birling, priestley uses the character of sheila to present those who are willing to take responsibility. we see this in the line, “i’ll never, never do it again to anyone”. the repetition of “never, never” reveals that sheila feels guilty and deeply regrets her actions. it also tells the audience that she is open-minded about changing how she behaves, regardless of her social class. the use of the noun “anyone” reveals that she doesn’t care if the person is upper class or lower class. she doesn’t want to put anyone in that position again and has taken full responsibility. if this play had been shown in 1912, the audience may have been more likely to agree with the birling’s ideas and would have thought sheila may be acting foolishly. however, the audience of 1945 would have been more sympathetic towards sheila because at this time, society was shifting towards the creation of the nhs, the introduction of education for all and the building of social housing. this reflected how society was coming together more and caring more for the poor instead of brushing them aside., similarly, the character of inspector goole is the main voice of responsibility in the play and is the voice of priestley himself as he is trying to show the birling family that being upper class doesn’t make them any less responsible for the community than the next person. this sense of responsibility is also reflected in the stage directions when the light goes from “pink and intimate” and “brighter and harder”, when the inspector enters. immediately, this tells us that the i nspector has a presence on the stage and that he has come to say something important. perhaps it is about bri nging light to the things that the upper classes like to hide in the shadows, or the harsh lighting works almost like he is interrogating the family. the spotlight is now on them and what they have done., additionally, priestley conveys a message of responsibility through the inspector when he says, “we are members of one body.” the noun “members” highlights that we are all joined together and if one member falls, then it brings everything down. furthermore, it links to the idea that community is like a family who should take care of each other no matter what. it could also have religious connotations because in the last supper jesus said, “this is my body that will be given up for you, take this in memory of me.” here, jesus said that people should eat the bread because it would bring everyone together and he always believed that people should be equal. in 1912, people were very divided and the poor would rarely move up to the higher classes. priestley was aiming to ensure that the shifts in society happening in 1945 were strengthened and that everyone felt that responsibility for others was important..

Really clear structure, with a clear target for each paragraph

Doesn't make a wide range of points but has a quote to backup each point and explores the quote in depth

Each section ends with something about the context

Though each point is presented with a quote attached, this could have been improved with some other references from the play even if those quotes or references weren't analysed in depth

AO1: Not much AO1 really, no real refernces to key moments of plot

AO2: Lots of great AO2 - quotes analysed in depth

AO3: Good AO3, all key points linked to context

Grade: A really neat, clear and well organised essay. A lack of AO1 is a problem, as is the fact that although each paragraph was linked to an idea connected to responsibility the link isn't always made clear. However, there's loads of AO2 and AO3 so it would be a comfortable G7. With a couple of sentences added to each paragraph which referenced a few key moments of plot it would go up to a G8.

C) How does Priestley explore responsibility in An Inspector Calls ?

Priestley explores ideas about responsibility through the way the birlings behave towards eva smith. arthur birling explains the family’s capitalist philosophy when he says ‘a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own’ which suggests that he feels that he only has responsibility for his own family and himself . this is reinforced by the way the birlings treat eva smith. first of all, arthur fires her from his factory to make an example of her because she asks for higher wages and dares to take responsibility for others by speaking up on their behalf. it is revealed that arthur’s prime motive is to keep wages down so that he could make more profits. priestley reinforces this through arthur’s constant repetition of ‘hard headed man of business’, to remind the audience that he is representative of capitalism and the damage it causes. the word ‘business’ is later used by birling to refer to the death of eva smith as he states how her death is ‘horrid business’ which emphasises the message that birling only sees people’s lives in terms of profit. priestley is showing the audience that a blind belief that generating profits and prosperity for the good of everyone is fundamentally wrong as it causes innocent people to suffer tragic consequences., although all the birlings are responsible for eva’s mistreatment and death in some way, they react differently when they find this out from the inspector. mr and mrs birling do not change and are only concerned about their reputation - the possible ‘scandal’ or arthur’s ‘knighthood’. however, priestley’s intention is give the audience a message of hope as sheila and eric do recognise that they have behaved badly by the end of the play and therefore he is suggesting that it is the younger generation that have the responsibility for adopting more socialist principles. through the younger birlings’ attitudes, priestley suggests that socialism is the modern way and that it is young people who will change society for the better., this change of views in the younger generation is also shown through the play’s structure as eric dramatically exits the stage at a crucial point suggesting he is struggling to contain his guilt over his mistreatment of eva smith. likewise, sheila is struggling with her guilt and tries to show that she has changed by directing others to realise their own responsibility in eva smith’s suicide. for example, sheila warns her mother not to ‘build up a wall’ this metaphor describes the separation of the social classes as mrs birling believes she is superior to the lower classes. the irony is that the opposite is true as priestley reveals how mrs birling’s behaviour is morally wrong – she punished a pregnant girl by refusing her charity when she needed it the most just because the girl used her name and in doing so angered mrs birling., through using the form of a morality play, priestley is able to identify what each family member’s sins and how it was these sins that they demonstrated and caused their mistreatment of eva smith. for instance, eric’s lust for eva smith meant that he forced himself upon eva and then his sloth – his inability to earn his own money meant he stole money from his father instead of facing up to his responsibility and earning money himself. by the end of the play, priestley shows that eric fully accepts his responsibility and describes how he cannot even remember his assault of eva as being a ‘hellish thing’. the use of this metaphor implies he is being tortured by his own guilt and knows he has been committed to hell due to his sins., priestley constructs the inspector’s role as that of a priest as he extracts all the confessions from the birlings and attempts to force them to accept their responsibilities through asking questions which challenge their capitalist way of life and challenges their edwardian values of social class and hierarchy. in addition, the inspector’s language has religious tones to it as he warns the birlings and gerald croft that if they do not stop exploiting the poor, they will learn their lesson with ‘fire, blood and anguish’. there is an inference that they will be punished in hell for not caring about the way those less fortunate are treated. through the inspector’s voice, the audience hear the socialist message that the birlings are being taught and we left knowing that this is a warning to us all – we need to accept responsibility and take better care of others around us., how does sheila change during an inspector calls, - summary paragraph, - stage directions, - confrontation with the inspector – she takes responsibility, - standing up to her parents, - the young are more impressionable, - ending – grown up, throughout inspector calls, sheila is the character who changes the most. at the beginning of the play she is a young, naïve girl who is happy to be told what to think and do; by the end she is the only character who really takes responsibility for the death of eva and is happy to tell her parents that she thinks they are wrong., the stage directions describe her as being “very pleased with life” a phrase which reflects her luxurious upbringing. she’s also described as being “excited” an adjective that suggests she is looking forward to her life. in both these respects she could be viewed as being ignorant to the reality of what her luxury costs others, or how difficult the times ahead will be., sheila refers to her parents as “mummy” and “daddy,” nouns that are associated with young children and not young adults; she is also told off by her mother for squabbling with her brother, a fact that reinforces our vision of her as being infantilised by her parents. sheila is then given a ring by her fiancé gerald. “is it the one you wanted me to have” she asks him, a phrase that suggests she wasn’t really interested in what she wanted but only what gerald wanted her to have. throughout the opening she is presented as a child, with no real desires or wishes of her own. in many respects, she is the traditional rich young woman – without a real mind of her own by virtue of her gender., when the inspector arrives, he explains how her spoilt behaviour in a shop led to eva being sacked. “then i’m really responsible,” she accepts, quickly recognising her role in the girl’s downfall. also, she observes that the inspector is getting ready to speak to gerald next and pushes this through, asking direct questions to gerald and working out the reasons why he wasn’t where he said he was the summer before. in both these cases, she is showing independent thought – by accepting responsibility even when others don’t and by pushing gerald against his wishes., during their time with the inspector, her parents and gerald repeatedly try to send sheila out of the room to protect her from his news – her mother argues that she is “looking tired,” something that we would only really say to a very small child. sheila repeatedly refuses, arguing that she will stay until “i know why that girl killed herself.” here, she clearly shows herself standing up to her parents, sticking to her desire to discover the truth of the situation., at one point arthur argues that the inspector is making “quite an impression” on sheila, suggesting that she’s coming around to the inspector’s way of thinking. “we often do on the young ones,” the inspector replies, suggesting that his socialist values are more affective on younger people. this reflects a view of priestley’s which was that socialism and left wing values are more impactful on younger people, a fact that’s often reflected in even modern opinion polls where right wing conservatives tend to be older. this is also shown in how, by the end of the play, mr and mrs birling remain unchanged by the arrival of the inspector, while their children change – even gerald admits that the events “affected him,” before he reverts back to his old ways., even after the inspector leaves, sheila continues to push his ideas trying to make sure that her family don’t forget him. she claims they are beginning to “pretend” that nothing has happened, clearly accepting that things won’t be the same again. her use of the verb is interesting as well, as games of “pretend” are really childish things. it seems that the girl who was once infantilised is now accusing her parents of playing make-believe. she also argues that her parents “don’t seem to have learnt anything,” behaving almost like a school mistress arguing that a lesson has been missed. she also says, in response to a speech from eric in which he accepts responsibility, that he makes her feel a little less “ashamed” of them, a word which really shows just how powerfully sheila sees her parents’ remorseless behaviour., her frustration is clear throughout the ending, where she says her parents’ behaviour “scares” her. this clearly references the inspectors closing words about “fire and blood and anguish” which referenced the years of war that would follow the period between the play being written and being performed. the audience at this point would doubtless be agreeing with sheila regarding her fear. her parents continue to ignore her desire to grow up, infantilising her again by suggesting that she’s just “tired” and “hysterical,” though they can’t ignore her final words when she refuses gerald’s ring again which clearly shows that she has grown up enough to express herself completely, how does priestley present mrs birling as an unlikeable character (high level response), priestley presents mrs birling as an unlikable character as she doesn’t change throughout the play. in acts 1 and 2 she doesn’t say much about the tragic death of eva at all, showing her lack of remorse., on the other hand, characters like sheila do realise the horror of the suicide. in act 2, gerald says “sorry, i’ve just realised a girl has died”. this is ironic [sic] as he had found out in act 1, but it had only sunken in in act 2. the word “sorry” shows he feels embarrassed about his emotional side, as many men of the time (1912) did., sheila also changes throughout, creating a stark contrast to her mother. in act 1 she refers to her mother as “mummy” like when she says “mummy, isn’t it a beauty” this shows she was dependant on her and worried about material things. she later says, “but these girls aren’t cheap labour, they’re people” to mr birling, showing his daughter isn’t afraid to voice her opinion but her mother is. in act 2, sheila says, “we really must stop these silly pretences”. the inclusive pronoun “we” not only presents sheila as the family member doing the right thing and trying to influence others, as her mother should, but also involves the audience, trying to give them a message. the noun “pretences” is significant as it was mrs birling who pretended not to remember eva smith., when she was shown the photo it was evident that mrs birling didn’t change throughout as at the end of the play in act 3 gerald suggests that “he’s been had”, and the birlings are keen to accept it, whilst sheila and gerald remain guilt-stricken. the audience of the time, in 1945, would have just experienced the war and realised everyone must start taking care of one another. they may have not been so quick to change, as, at the time, only rich, most-likely capitalist, people would have gone to the theatre to see the play, whereas a modern audience is more diverse and open., priestley also presents mrs birling as an unlikable character as she is dismissive towards many different groups. for example, she says “a girl of that class” when her part in the suicide is revealed. the noun “girls” shows mrs birling’s views that working class girls are undeserving of names. this derogatory comment would have infuriated an audience of 1945 as the working class were extremely beneficial during the war, though the class divide was massive in 1912. she is even misogynist, like mr birling, who says “clothes mean something different to women”. she says “sheila and i had better go to the drawing room”, which shows her views on women’s place in society, due to gender roles. she also says men have to spend a lot of time working away, but sheila challenges it and says she won’t get used to it. it is obvious priestley has used the younger generations as a symbol for more open-minded people as eric also challenges mr birling on war. mr birling says the titanic is “unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable”. the repetition and qualifiers enhance the dramatic irony as he was wrong about both of these things. it is almost as though priestley is mocking people like mr birling., mrs birling also has capitalist views which don’t change throughout the play. she believes in a social hierarchy as seen in the stage directions before the play begin, where the characters are placed around a rectangular table which gives power to those at the top and bottom, and when she says, “be quiet and let your father think of what we should do next”. the imperative verb “be” shows how she is even being rude towards her own children., this contrast with shelia’s feminism, which was popular due to the suffragette movement in 1912, significant after 1945 as many women helped the war effort and important to a modern audience who have achieved so much. mrs birling uses her powers for bad as she “influenced” the committee to refuse eva help., priestley uses the play as an allegory for his socialist views. by inducing a sense of hatred towards mrs birling he allows the audience to see the flaws in a capitalist mind-set. priestley, having served in the war himself, developed strong socialist views. this is reflected in the inspector, who is a mouthpiece for priestley as he uses the metaphor, “we are all part of one body” to imply everyone should look after one another. priestley had a popular radio programme which was cancelled for being too “left wing” by the bbc. as time progresses, the audience becomes more socialist and the play is more effective., priestley presents mrs birling as having double standard. this can be seen in the quotation, “i’m sorry eric… didn’t know”, after finding out it was her son she was talking about when she said he should take full responsibility for eva’s pregnancy., despite stage directions calling for pink, intimate lighting at the beginning, mrs birling never seems to be intimate with her children. when the inspector asks if eric drinks, she says “of course not, he’s only a boy”, which shows she is either lying or not close with her family. however, sheila says he’s been “steadily drinking for two years”, showing she is either trying to get him into trouble or is keen to get him help. either way, she is closer with him than his own mother. the siblings also exchange comments when she calls him “squiffy”. the colloquialism has mrs birling unaware of the changes and reluctant to change her mind-set. this also foreshadows the importance of alcohol in the play as it was the cause of eric’s behaviour., how does priestley present the views of the inspector in an inspector calls (high level response), inspector goole is presented as an omnipotent, powerful figure throughout the whole play; his presence immediately has the power to change the light and cheerful atmosphere of the birlings' dinner party. the lighting changes from "pink and intimate" to "brighter and harder" once the inspector arrives. here, priestley's use of the adjectives "pink and intimate" suggests a warm and happy atmosphere whereas the adjective "harder" opposes this. priestley uses the inspector as a dramatic device. not only could it be argued that the inspector is an immensely powerful figure but also that priestley uses the stage directions that inspector goole's arrival to act as a symbol for how he wants society to improve. the lighting before the inspector arrives suggests that the birling family – who are a stereotypical portrayal of a middle class family – were happy whilst they were ignorant to the working class. the lighting change tells us how priestley wants society to change; he wants society to stop being ignorant to the working class., furthermore, j. b. priestley uses the inspector to convey that he wants society to change and become more empathetic towards the working class instead of perceiving them as being disposable. when the inspector arrives, he tells the birling family about eva smith’s suicide in which she drank a lot of strong disinfectant that “burnt her inside out”. priestley’s language persuades the audience to feel immense sympathy not only for eva smith but also for all of the working class; it could be argued that eva smith’s suffering and suicide is used as a metaphor to highlight the continuous struggled faced by the working class, throwing into relief the issues within society and how these problems are ignored by the wealthier classes. priestley’s gory imagery alternately makes the audience feel guilty because they may realise how ignorant they have been to ignore the struggles of the working class and persuade them to change by being more empathetic., priestley suggests that a pressing issue with the twentieth century society is that people are reluctant to take responsibility for their actions. this view is encapsulated through the use of the elder members of the birling family, arthur birling and his wife mrs birling – who do not take responsibility for their actions towards eva smith. however, priestley uses the inspector to try to change this. the inspector states that if we share nothing else, “we have to share our guilt”. here priestley uses the personal pronoun “we” to give society a sense of unity, implying everyone must do the same and follow the inspector’s teachings. ‘an inspector calls’ was set in 1912, a time in which society was divided by not only gender but by social class. priestley wants the middle and upper classes to transform from abusing their power to dominate and exploit the working class to instead being more responsible for their actions and treating people more sympathetically ., priestley uses the inspector to convey the consequences of what will happen if members of society do not change. he states that we will be “taught” in “fire and blood and anguish”. priestley’s use of a triplet of nouns act as metaphors for the two world wars. the entire play is used as a motif for the wars; if society proceeds to not improve the way in which members of society treat each other, the world wars will repeat in an endless cycle until we learn. here, the inspector is presented as an omnipotent being. ‘an inspector calls’ was written and first performed at the end of the second world war therefore the contemporary audience will have experienced the perpetual suffering that comes with them. priestley uses the inspector to make the audience fearful as they are persuaded to think that the inspector is a god-like character imposing judgement on society. this will persuade all audiences to change their actions and embrace socialist ideologies of caring for other members of society which is what priestley intended them to do., priestley wants the middle and upper classes to stop being selfish and exploiting the poor for their own financial gain, but instead be more generous and empathetic towards other members of the working class. the inspector is almost an impartial figure in the play because he does not fit into the distinct levels of society. this gives the audience the impression that the inspector is an unbiased figure; they will be persuaded to listen to him and change their views., compare priestley’s presentation of eva smith and shelia birling., in the play ‘an inspector calls’ we see a family called the birlings that consist of many different characters, personalities and beliefs. we only begin to see these different aspects when the family begin to learn how each one of them was involved in causing the chain of events which led a girl, eva smith to commit suicide. there are two characters in particular who are very different in the way that they live their lives and their own outlook on life. these two characters are eva smith and shelia birling., shelia is the daughter of sybil and arthur birling. they are a well-known family in brumley and are in the public eye constantly because of the position her father holds within the town as he is on the bench and the owner of the big birling and company and is due to marry gerald croft whose parents are very well-known also., eva smith is almost the opposite of the social scale to shelia. she has no friends or family to rely on and is quite an independent woman. she struggles to get by and is unable to cope with the strains that she is forced to be under at her age., at the beginning of the play we see shelia at the table with her family and how she is influenced by her family’s thoughts. she was quite childish and used petty excuses for her actions ‘i told him that if they didn’t get rid of that girl, i’d never go near the place again’. this shows that shelia had the same approach about how to treat others of the lower class as her father, which is not a good quality that shelia and arthur birling share., when we first hear of eva smith in the play we learn about the time that she experienced while working at birling and company. she was outspoken, resilient and gutsy as she led a group of workers on strike in an attempt to get higher wages ‘she’d had a lot to say-far too much- so she had to go’., there we see the huge difference in the lives that each of them live, but it is the way that shelia changes as the play goes on and learns more about eva smith’s life., once shelia knows more about the family’s effect on eva’s life she becomes more defiant, and mature. she begins to stand up to her parents who still look down on eva. she realises that there is no need to treat a person the way that the birling family did, no matter whether it was the same girl or not ‘everything we said had happened really hadn’t happened. if it didn’t end tragically, then that’s lucky for us. but it might have done.’ she has a more compassionate approach to eva and her life as she learns about the suffering that this girl the same age as herself had to go through., priestly shows the importance of caring for others within your community by showing that if the birling’s had looked after eva smith and treated her with any respect then maybe it would have prevented her suicide, because she would have been in a lot happier state of mind. this also takes place near to every one of us. if you treat one person unacceptably then you never know what effect that may have on them and others around them, if you do your bit to treat every person with decency that you meet then you will have no regrets with what you have done., priestly also shows through shelia that she was the next generation, with the new ideas of how people of another class should be treated and how the other birling’s are still living in the old, traditional frame of mind, which is harsh and uncaring to others. whereas shelia would be a middle aged woman when priestly wrote the book, he wanted to show the difference of views between the younger and older generations of 1912., shelia birling and eva smith are very different characters, but it is the effect that they can have on each other’s lives which highlights priestley’s views about community., to what extent could you argue that mr birling is the most important character in an inspector calls , as the ‘head of the household’ mr birling is, arguably, the central character to an inspector calls. throughout the beginning of the play he displays the kind of arrogance that priestley expected to see from a selfish capitalist; throughout the exchange, he is completely unapologetic about the death of eva; and after the inspector leaves, he tries his hardest to get out of trouble. also, if you argued that an inspector calls is really a morality play, then you could see mr birling as representing the deadly sins of greed and pride, both things that priestly attacked capitalists for., at the beginning of the play, mr birling is described as “heavy looking” which immediately reminds us of a large, well fed, rich man, enjoying the luxuries of life. his “easy manners” but “provincial speech” remind us that although he is now rich (as symbolised by his knowledge of manners) he is from working class roots (provincial means from the country, or of a lower class.) mr birling is one of those men who had made money during the industrial revolution and, priestley argues, was then exploiting the working classes for his own profit., during the opening exchanges over dinner, birling shows off to gerald croft – his daughter’s new fiancé – by mentioning some rather expensive port he bought, and then gives a long and stuffy speech about how lucky his children are to be born into a time of such good fortune. throughout the speech priestley uses a lot of dramatic irony as he mentions birling’s belief that there would be no labour issues (despite the fact that the russian revolution was just five years away;) there would be no war in germany (despite two being on the horizon,) and – in a moment of comedy – that the titanic was “unsinkable.” throughout this speech, audience members are reminded of how little we know about the future, and how important it is that we prepare for the unexpected. birling is shown to be arrogant, small minded, and selfish; all features that a socialist like priestley would expect to see in a capitalist like birling., priestly times the inspector’s arrival so that he cuts birling off during one of his selfish rants: “a man has to mind his own business and look after himself,” he is saying as the doorbell rings. his initial response to the inspector is immediately defensive: he delivers a short speech detailing the members of the local police force that he knows, and the fact that he used to be mayor. the inspector seems uninterested though. throughout their exchange birling makes it clear that he feels no responsibility saying a number of times that he had nothing to do with this “wretched” girl’s death. the use of this adjective is interesting as “wretched” can mean poor or downtrodden, but it can also mean disliked and disgusting; birling, we have to assume, feels both are true. at one point he argues, perfectly summarising priestley’s feelings about the attitude of people like birling: “i can't accept any responsibility. if we were all responsible for everything that happened to everybody we’d had anything to do with, it would be very awkward.”, during the remainder of the play, mr birling continues to reveal himself as being selfish and without regret. he is continually worried about the threat to his dreamt of knighthood and, when the chance arises, is even happy to direct all the blame at his young son, eric. he also tries to bribe the inspector, offering him “thousands” now it has all gone wrong, despite the fact that he wouldn’t pay her even a few shillings more at the time. throughout act 3, it is mr birling who leads the campaign to recognise the inspector as being a fraud and he is the most relieved when it turns out that there is no dead girl. however, unlike sheila, he isn’t relieved that no-one had died but is simply pleased to have saved his own hide., however, as the main character in the play mr birling receives both the opening and closing lines. in the end, it is him who is stuck, holding the phone and revealing that there is and “inspector on the way,” and in many ways it is him that the audience will be most pleased to see get his just deserts., what is the role of the inspector in an inspector calls , an inspector calls is a parable that was set during the belle époque (meaning the beautiful period) which lasted from 1870-1914. in the play, a family have their dinner party interrupted by an inspector who comes to visit. though this is a morality play in the traditional sense, its moral compass is very much set by the author’s belief in socialism ., the inspector arrives at a critical point. mr birling, the patriarch of his family, is delivering a lecture to his son and future son-in-law, about how “men must look after themselves…” in this way he is exposing his deep selfishness – one that priestly believed was at the heart of all capitalists. at this point there is a “sharp ring on the doorbell,” the adverb perhaps foreshadowing how the inspectors arrival will cut through the birlings’ veneer of respectability ., almost as soon as he arrives, mr birling reminds him of his own social standing – that he used to be mayor and has played golf with the chief inspector. the fact that mr birling is threatening the inspector is barely concealed , though the inspector brushes it aside. as a morality play, all the characters in an inspector calls represent something else - an ideal or social group or class. here, the birlings represent the wealthy and privileged elite while the inspector represents the newly educated middle classes, who would rise up and form a bridge between the elite and the working classes below them. the inspector, as becomes clear, is here to ensure that the birlings do not get away with how they treated eva smith., the inspector is described as giving an “impression of massiveness.” this is interesting as it makes it clear that he isn’t massive but should give that “impression.” as a direction this is a bit of a nightmare for a casting agent . he shouldn’t be big, but should have a gravitas that makes him seem huge. fortunately, however, priestley has written a part that gives every opportunity for moral superiority for an actor., also, from the moment he arrives the stage directions call for the lighting to change from “pink and intimate” – perhaps reflecting the rose - tinted spectacles through which the birlings view the world – and to something more “harsh.” perhaps this change is designed to highlight how the inspector’s arrival puts the birlings behaviour in the spotlight or exposes the lies they kept hidden in the shadows ., the first to fall to his inspection is mr birling, who sacked eva after she arranged for a strike amongst his workers while they demanded more pay. though birling admitted that she was a good worker, he clearly saw his profits threatened by her behaviour and made an example of her. mr birling’s children, however, do not share his selfishness and, as his son points out, “why shouldn’t they try for higher wages we try for bigger profits.” in many ways this quote exposes the selfish, unreasonable nature of capitalists : that they see their own right to desire more profits as god given , while those who resist are “troublemakers” and “cranks.”, after mr birling, the inspector turns to sheila, who had eva sacked from her job in a local department store. it is clear from the story – which sheila tells – that she was jealous of eva’s good looks. it is also clear, however, that sheila deeply regrets her actions. not long after this, mrs birling comments that sheila’s feelings have been changed and claims that the inspector has made an “impression” on her. this is a telling word – an “impression” is something that is the result of pressure, as though she’s been bullied into seeing things differently; but it is also something that often disappears over time. mrs birling’s feelings are clear: that the inspector’s ideas have affected sheila, but only fleetingly . the inspector replies dryly , acknowledging that he will often have an effect on the young. in many ways this reflects the old adage that young people are more socialist by nature, gradually turning to the more self-centred right as they grow. this is certainly the point that is being made by priestley, as the inspector affects the younger generation far more than their elders., after sheila, he turns to gerald who, again, reveals his own role in the death of eva. by this stage she is known as daisy renton – a name that perhaps reflects the fact her position: daisies are simple flowers that call to mind the innocence of daisy chains; while the appearance of “rent” in her name reminds us of what she did to her body in order to survive., the play continues to get darker as the inspector turns to mrs birling. under pressure she tells the inspector, and the audience, about how she turned away a young pregnant woman and that if the inspector was doing his job properly he should be chasing down the father. at this point, the audience know that she is talking about eric and are tensely waiting for the big reveal. in many respects it is also at this point that the audience is forced to reflect on the nature of this play: up until this moment, the action seems relatively realistic and, although the focus has been on only one character at any time, the focus has shifted around the room without any seeming construction . this time, however, the structure is too neat to be believed; it’s too well constructed to maintain the illusion of realism , and we know that we are watching a parable in which the inspector has an almost divine control over the action., after exposing the family’s “crimes” the inspector finally delivers his closing speech, which has all the hallmarks of a sermon that is delivered to the audience as much as it is to the family. in it, he reminds us of all the eva smiths and john smiths there are in the world, and that we are “one body.” here, the inspector is addressing both the audience in 1945 and the audience in 1912. the telling difference was the two world wars, during which the working classes proved themselves to be every bit as strong and resilient as their “social superiors.” the sense of national bonding that took place during the wars led to significant social changes in the uk, not least the creation of the nhs and the welfare state, and it was characters like the inspector (and priestley) who made sure this happened., his final warning, however, that “if we do not learn this lesson we will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish,” has a slightly different meaning in the two time periods. for the family in 1912 it was prophetic ; but for an audience in 1945 it would have been suggesting that the wars were almost a punishment for their behaviour, and a way of suggesting that if they didn’t embrace socialism now then the wars, and all the horrors that came with them, would return again., at the end of the play, the birlings receive a phone call which tells them that a real police inspector is on the way, to talk about a girl who has recently died. this final moment raises questions about the role of the inspector goole we’ve just watched, and it is at this point that his name seems important: is he a goole, or a ghoul, or something else from some other world is he some angelic messenger send to bring divine judgement that question is never answered, though the audience – or the young ones at least – should have no doubts that his understanding of the world is from a “higher” place., another essay on the role of the inspector in an inspector calls ., this essay's structure is as follows:, a summary paragraph, how the inspector is introduced, mr birling and the inspector – good for ao2, a “panic” paragraph – without quotes – that picks up on some key moments from the rest of the play – good for ao1, the inspector at the end, in the play an inspector calls, a police inspector brings judgement to a rich family who live in 1912. the play is a morality play, in which each of the characters represents a particular role or opinion. in this morality play, the inspector promotes a socialist understanding of the world in a way that reflects the views of the play’s author jb priestley., when the inspector arrives he cuts off mr birling’s lecture when he is saying that “ a man must look after himself and his family …” this interruption symbolises the way that inspector is going to stop mr birling’s views. also, it says that there is a “ sharp ring on the doorbell .” the word “ sharp ” suggests that the inspector will cut through mr birling’s selfish ideas. also, from the moment he arrives the stage directions call for the lighting to change from “ pink and intimate ” to something more “ harsh .” this is because the birlings see the world through as being nice and friendly while the inspector will bring a “ harsh ” judgement on them., in the play, the inspector works as a foil to mr birling’s selfish capitalism. at the beginning of the play, mr birling calls socialists “ cranks ” – which means crazy – and says that if we all listened to socialists we’d be like “ bees in a hive .” this remark criticises socialists as bees lack individuality, they work almost like a big machine, and only do what they’re told and mr birling doesn’t want the world to be like this. the inspector, however, believes that we are “ members of one body ” and that we are “ responsible for each other .” in this way, the inspector is talking about the socialist ideas which suggest that because we all live together we should look after each other. in fact, he goes on to suggest that if we don’t learn to do this we will “ taught it in fire and blood and anguish .” this is clearly a reference to the two world wars which were fought between the time the play was set and when it was written. it is also telling that mr birling didn’t think the wars would happen – he would probably have referred to that as being an idea from some kind of “ crank .”, at the beginning of the play mr birling threatens the inspector by saying that he plays golf with the chief inspector. the inspector, however, doesn’t care and carries on his investigation. throughout the play, the inspector acts like he doesn’t care about the characters social standings and only wants to focus on the facts. he is someone logical and he doesn’t care what people think of him. he just wants the truth about eva’s death. he also has a habit of looking “hard” at the person he is addressing. this is because he is inspecting them, almost as though he’s looking through them and into their soul., in the end the inspector leaves and we are left unsure as to whether he was real or not. however, because his name is inspector goole – which sounds similar to ghoul (which is a kind of spirit or ghost) – the audience would be within their rights to think of him as a kind of spiritual prophet or divine messenger., a third essay on the role of the inspector in an inspector calls , jb priestley uses the story of an inspector calls to contrast the differences between upper/upper-middle and working class people in society during the edwardian times. the inspector questions the birling family to think about the consequences of their actions on others – predominately the working class and people whom they believe to be inferior to them. priestley uses the inspector to make society question their morals and think about accepting responsibility for their actions. each character reacts differently to the inspector and priestley uses this to represent capitalist vs socialist ideals., - nice opening – clear and specific and leaves the examiner comfortable that you know what you’re doing. may be a bit long – though it is all meaningful, when the inspector enters the birling household, the stage directions states that the lights change from ‘pink and intimate’ to ‘brighter and harder’. this shows how the presence of the inspector changes the atmosphere and how he is here for a purpose. the lighting change from ‘pink and intimate’ to ‘brighter and harder’ almost shows how the inspector is going to burst the birling’s protected, capitalist bubble. the idea of the lights being ‘brighter and harder’ create the idea of a spotlight shining on the birling family and how the inspector is there to expose them to the truth. in the stage directions, it also says that the inspector ‘creates an impression of massiveness’. this shows that although the birling’s are superior to him in class, the inspector still holds the authority over them all. it could also be foreshadowing that the inspector is going to create a lasting ‘impression’ over the birling family and impact their lives hopefully for the better., - super cool lots of detail, specific things being said and focusing on sections of the text. this is what you want to do, in act one, mr birling makes several threats to the inspector about his connections with the chief constable. this shows how mr birling feels threatened and uncomfortable with the inspectors presence. he tries to assert his authority over the inspector to protect himself and his pride as he’s being questioned by someone who is inferior to himself. he doesn’t want to damage his reputation and all he is thinking about is himself. this represents the capitalist society and how they refuse to think of any but themselves and how they will go to any measure to protect their reputation. mr birling also tries to emphasise his importance to the inspector by mentioning gerald and his family name. he says, “perhaps i ought to explain first that this is mr gerald croft – the son of sir george croft – you know, crofts limited.” by mentioning gerald’s family name, it shows how mr birling is trying to intimidate the inspector. also, mr birling could be mentioning the croft name to try to make himself feel more in control of the situation and back in the superior position in the room. priestley uses the reaction of mr birling to the inspector to represent how people of the upper capitalist class use their positions of power as an excuse to be ignorant to their actions. priestley wanted make people aware of this to questions their own ignorance., - again, this is great. you show a clear understanding of the relationship between birling and the inspector and clearly explain the power dynamic in the room, at the end of the play, the inspector makes a big final speech to the birling family. it opens with a reminder that there are thousands of “john smiths and eva smiths” in the world. this reminds the audience that we all have to accept responsibility for our actions and realise it is not enough to only think of ourselves but we must think of others as well. the inspector then goes on to say that “we don't live alone. we are members of one body. we are responsible for each other.” these three concise sentences summarise the lesson priestley was trying to convey to the audience. by keeping the sentences short but powerful, it leaves a lasting impression on the birling family but more importantly, the audience. this links to the beginning stage direction of the inspector creating an ‘impression of massiveness’. he then warns the family (and audience) that if ‘men don’t soon learn their lesson they will be taught in fire and blood and anguish’. this is a reference to the many years of war that had taken place between when the play was set and when it was performed. it could be seen to be served as a warning to the people that they need to change their actions or history will repeat itself., - really good as well. you’ve focused in on specific techniques here and shown a clear understanding of how those techniques have effects., overall, this is a very good essay – it’s got a wide range of detailed quotes, points and pieces of analysis. it could be improved with a few moments where you zoom in on specific words and explore the meaning of them – think about mr birling saying he “can’t” take responsibility, or mrs birling saying she “won’t” take responsibility and the inspector saying “we are responsible.” this kind of link will push this essay up into the 8-9 category., what is the significance of the ending in an inspector calls , in effect, ‘an inspector calls’ has arguably three endings, or climaxes. the first is the final speech of the inspector, before he exits dramatically, walking ‘straight out’. the second is as the family think it all may have been a ‘fake’. the third represents the justice in the final words of the play., priestly ensures that the inspector says little in the way of moral judgment until just before he exits. this in itself increases dramatic tension – the audience is waiting for a confrontation which is dependent on all the facts of the story finally emerging. his final speech is based on the great moral authority he has gained through the entirety of the play and is in a sense cathartic. as an ‘inspector’, he is symbolic of the moral and legal authority of the police force. ‘inspecting’ carries the idea of sifting carefully though the actions of the birlings in a detailed and objective manner. priestley adds objectivity and legal precision to the inspector’s character; thus by the climax of his investigation, we, the audience, instinctively trust his moral conclusions also. there is a sense of relief in hearing the birlings finally being condemned for their actions., the inspector’s final speech is, in tone, almost a sermon. the frequent use of blunt, short diction is combined with imperatives which make him seem almost a preacher or a prophetic figure, as he tells the birlings to “remember this”, and tells them that “we are responsible for each other.” although he uses often the first person plural to emphasise their common humanity, he is also accusatory with his use of ‘you’ as he threatens them with what will come if they fail to learn this lesson. the imagery priestley draw from is biblical by nature. from the eucharist service, the inspector uses the biblical metaphor that we are all “members of one body”. the well-known nature of this metaphor makes it seemingly self-evidently true to the audience. the apocalyptic imagery that follows is equally well-known, as the inspector promises “fire and blood and anguish”. the tricolon is heavily emphatic and emotive – the birlings’ rejection of it, which follows swiftly, creates a further sense of their moral vacuity. this sermonic end to the inspector’s presence onstage makes him seem a didactic mouthpiece for the play – he speaks in effect as much to the audience as to the birlings. although it is a relatively brief and restrained speech, nonetheless it is a powerful end – it seems – to the drama., birling’s absence of moral epiphany is enacted in the second ‘ending’ of the play in the ‘huge sigh of relief’ he emits when he discovers that the inspector is not actually from the police station. he rejects the inspector’s final words through this stage direction which creates a dramatic hyperbole that it is impossible for the audience to miss. eva smith’s name suggests that she represents all of the ordinary humanity, eva suggesting eve of genesis, symbolically the mother of humanity, and smith being a stereotypical working-class surname. thus birling’s ‘huge’ indifference is, symbolically, to the suffering of any human being, particularly those who are his socially inferior. indeed, his estimations of people’s worth have been entirely based on their money or their social connections; early on in the play he attempts at first to threaten the inspector by explicitly ‘warning him that the chief constable, colonel roberts, is an ‘old friend’ of his. birling’s ‘relief’ therefore is that his place in society is not damaged after all – even though it is based on corruption and inhumanity towards whose who are weaker and more socially vulnerable than him. thus birling has learned nothing at all in the play., further, birling is ‘triumphant’ when he decides that the story is nothing more than ‘moonshine’. ‘triumph’ suggests victory and winning – birling’s delight is based on his perception that he will not be in any way held to account for his misdeeds. ‘moonshine’ is a dismissive colloquialism – priestley uses this to emphasise that there is no emotional impact whatsoever on birling for the suffering of eva smith and those whom she represents. this is accentuated by mrs birling’s suggestion that in the morning eric and sheila will be as ‘amused’ as they are. the tragedy of what happened to eva through her circumstances and through the undeserved actions of others is in effect diminished to a joke. priestley ensures that this anticlimactic interpretation of the play’s events by mrs birling is morally repugnant to the audience. the older birlings and gerald are villainesque, antagonistic figures., sheila is partly redeemed from the birling’s self-seeking immorality. sheila’s response to birling’s ‘relief’ is to accuse him of ‘pretending’ that all is well. this accusation of play-acting creates an ironic role-reversal, as though birling is the one childishly refusing to engage with reality, and she becomes the parent-figure who rebukes him for his immaturity. this childishness is not an indication of birling’s innocence, but of his lack of responsibility. sheila is the youthful one in the conversation, but she is the one who is vulnerable to the corruption of her parents, and she lacks meaningful power. partly also because of her gender, she is, like eva, the victim of birling’s philosophy of greed – and yet the awakening of her moral awareness is presented as a coming-of-age epiphany. she learns to reject the selfishness and inhumanity of her parents as she realises that all the working-class are intrinsically human beings. she absorbs the relatively complex moral didacticism the inspector represents with regards to the interconnectedness of human society. this is particularly shown by her quoting the exact words of the inspector’s apocalyptic list of consequences if the rich fail to heed the social situation: she quotes his words of ‘fire and blood and anguish’. although she shows no explicit awareness of the social apocalypse of which the inspector warns, she recalls what ‘he made me feel’. her emotional engagement is presented in ironic juxtaposition with her parents’ emotional disengagement. priestley redeems her partly to show the morally repugnant nature of the birlings’ lack of redemption, through juxtaposing their response with hers., the unrepentant birlings are presented by priestley as grotesque not only through their failure to realise their wrong-doing, but also, and more importantly in their seeking of moral superiority over eva smith and the workers she represents. the callous self-righteousness they exhibit is best portrayed in mrs birling’s rhetorical question, ‘why shouldn’t we’ when sheila asks how they possibly can continue as they were before. the fact she considers the question to need no actual answer indicates her moral blindness – it indicates her assumption that the rightr of the powerful to abuse the poor is irrefutable and self-evident. priestley, through the drama, shows how society creates moral indifference to the working-class., the superficiality is also epitomised in gerald’s statement that ‘everything is all right now.’ this bland cliché becomes ironically extremely emotive for the audience as we know that the lack of a moral compass for the birlings and gerald means that others will be treated just as eva was. the superficiality of this analysis has great dramatic power to repulse the audience – and perhaps to begin to effect the social change priestley desired., the third and final ‘ending’ is mysterious. at one level, it satisfies the audience’s hope that there will be justice for eva. by instructing the actors to look ‘guiltily’ around, priestly ensures that the moral indifference of the second ending is not the concluding note of the play. birling speaking on the phone when the person has ‘rung off’ indicates also that his social authority is over; creating the sense that there is justice has lost what he really cared about. the inspector’s semi-comical surname, ‘goole’ also seems relevant right at the play’s climax. there is the suggestion that he did indeed in some way represent supernatural forces intervening in the birlings’ lives to bring justice for eva. however, the play by its nature ends inconclusively. in effect, we are left on a cliffhanger wondering what the ‘real’ police inspector will do. perhaps this reflects priestley’s aim for the audience to think about the play’s social message. the ending of ‘an inspector calls’ is a strong statement of the responsibility of those who seek money and social rank at the expense of humanity. it is strongly didactic and powerful., check this essay.

There are drastic differences that are seen in people who are born in different generations. One may argue that the younger generations are more impressionable and naive while the older generations are very hardheaded and assertive. By creating characters like Sheila and Eric with a large age gap between Mr. and Mrs. Birling in the play An Inspector Calls, tension is created through their differences clashing. J.B. Priestley’s use of contrasting characterization within the Birling family in the play An Inspector Calls creates tension and communicates his theme that one must take into consideration the consequences of their actions and take responsibility for them.

The Birling’s children, Erica and Sheila, are presumed to be very naive and still listening and agreeing with their parent’s words due to their ages. Yet, thought the play both Eric and Sheila prove to be mentally mature and responsible while directly reflect the inspector’s message. Eric Birling was caught up in the complicated situation relating to the death of Eva Smith through his role in impregnating her. Although he is ashamed, he steps up to the plate and confesses his actions and even admits to the fact that “I wasn’t in love with her or anything”, yet he understands that his actions did produce consequences and he takes responsibility for them. He insists on giving her enough money to keep her going, even though it included stealing money from his father (Priestley 50). This action was done unjustly, yet it shows how determined Eric was in order to fix his mistake and take responsibility for his actions- exactly what the Inspector teaches. Sheila Birling, the sister of Eric, also starts out by admitting to her role in the death of Eva. She expresses her sorrow and regret for her actions stating how “It was my own fault… and if I could help her now, I would” right away (24-25). Even though she did not take action like Eric did, she still takes responsibility for her actions and shows that she really does care about the consequences she was unable to attend to. As the play continues and everyone finds out that inspector Goole was a fake, the parents of Sheila and Eric both start to downplay the events of that evening. Suddenly the tension starts to rise as soon as the children speak directly against their parents stating “if you must know it’s you two who are being childish” (55). Sheila is so disgusted by the actions of her parents, that her character takes an unpredictable turn and she evolves into a brave young woman annoyed enough to scold her own parents. Even Eric states directly to his parents that “well, I don’t blame you. But don’t forget i’m ashamed of you as well. Yes- both of you” (54). The characters Sheila and Eric create tension in the play through their differences regarding their view on taking responsibility that contrasts greatly with their parents. The fact that the younger generation is standing up to the older generation and doing unconventional actions like scolding them, the main theme of the novel is clearly represented.

The older generation in the Birling family consists of strong characters: unlikely to sway in their ideas easily, hard headed, and arrogant. Arthur too is confronted about his dealings with Eva Smith, but immediately states that “the girl has been causing trouble in the works. I was quite justified (19). Here, he is seemingly ok knowing that she was forced to kill herself all because of something that started out with him originally and a sign of regret is not to be found. The younger generation, prominently Sheila is verbally pointing out her contrasting viewpoint directly saying (to Mr. Birling) “I think it was a mean thing to do” (21). Tension is created as a result of her comment, but in a way she forces her father to re-examine at his actions by him hearing an opposite viewpoint and internally contemplate her and the Inspector’s message. Another situation that increases the tension overall is when Sheila hears her father describe Eva as cheap labour, and automatically she jumps in stating “but these girls aren’t cheap labour – they’re people” clearly showcasing the differences in the mindset of the two generations (19). Lastly, Mrs. Birling gets confronted with her mistake and does admit to her actions. Her arrogance shows through when she plainly lays out her thoughts to the inspector that “if you think you can bring any pressure to bear upon me, Inspector, you’re quite mistaken. Unlike the other three, I did nothing I’m ashamed of or that won’t bear investigation… You have no power to change my mind” and like Mr. Birling does not have a hint of regret in her (44). Sybil Birling is blinded to the problems within her household and herself, and therefore tension is created when she directly contradicts the viewpoints of her children. The theme of the play is brought out because of this, when the children start to argue their point about accepting responsibility for their actions’ consequences.

Through tension between the characters, the main theme that we don’t live alone, are members of one body, and are responsible for each other is revealed. Sadly for this to be revealed, tension is built greatly dividing the Birling family- the younger vs the older generation. The children desperately try to get their parents to accept what they believe is the inspector’s lesson and purpose for visiting, yet Arthur and Sybil are set on the idea that they are just “the famous younger generation who know it all. And they can’t even take a joke” (72). Although it may be true that the inspector is not real and the older generation will never learn, the main theme is being communicated successfully to the audience. By looking at Mr. and Mrs. Birling and the way they instigate an attack on themselves by their children, the audience feels disgusted by them and the theme reaches the audience.

Example Essay: Sheila

How does Priestley present Sheila as a character who learns?

An Inspector Calls is about how people should be more responsible. Priestley wrote An Inspector Calls to teach his 1945 audience about social responsibility.

Early in the play, Priestley makes clear Sheila is immature and has an easy life. In the opening stage directions, Priestley describes Sheila as ‘pleased’ with herself. Sheila is pleased because she is engaged to Gerald Croft. Priestley also writes in the stage directions ‘heavily comfortable house’ and ‘champagne’, which demonstrates that Sheila has quite an easy life due to being very wealthy. It is clear that Sheila doesn’t have many worries; her only worry at this point is being engaged to a wealthy man. Priestley also presents Sheila as immature by having her refer to her parents as ‘mummy’ and ‘daddy’. These words reveal that, at this stage in the play, she is still quite childish and looks up to her parents. This changes later in the play when the inspector arrives. Perhaps Priestley presents Sheila in this way to show that the lives of upper class people were very easy in 1912.

When the inspector arrives, Priestley demonstrates that Sheila starts to change. The audience learns from the inspector’s questioning that Sheila selfishly had Eva Smith fired because she was jealous of her good looks. When the inspector reveals that Eva Smith is dead, Priestley makes clear Sheila takes full responsibility for her actions by writing ‘I started it’. These words reveal that Sheila recognises that she contributed to Eva Smith’s death and that she feels very guilty about what she did. It is clear that Sheila is starting to change, as she is thinking about others - she is not just thinking about herself. Priestley does this in order to demonstrate to his 1945 audience that the younger generation in society can learn from their mistakes and learn to take more responsibility for other people.

After the inspector leaves, Priestley presents Sheila as a character who tries to change her parents. Priestley has Sheila state ‘I guess we’re all nice people now’. In other words, Sheila is saying to her parents that they think they’re nice people again simply because they’re realised the inspector isn’t real. Priestley has Sheila make a point to her parents that they haven’t actually learned anything because they’ve gone back to their old ways as soon as they realised the inspector wasn’t real. It seems they only cared about their reputation. At the end of the play, Priestley also has Sheila call her parents ‘mother’ and ‘father’, which suggests that she has grown up and no longer looks up to her parents in the same way. By having Sheila change in this way, Priestley is giving hope to his 1945 audience that society can change for the better if wealthy people start to take more responsibility for the working classes.

‘An Inspector Calls’ is about how people should be more responsible. Priestley explores the theme of responsibility throughout the play, notably through the differences between the older and younger generations, through which he gives his 1945 audience hope of a better society built on a model of social responsibility. As Sheila learns from her actions, accepts responsibility and challenges her parents to do the same, it could be argued that she learns the most in the play.

Early in the play, Priestley’s portrayal of Sheila as smug and immature conveys the sheltered lives of many of the upper classes. In the opening stage directions, Priestley describes Sheila as ‘pleased’ with herself due to her recent engagement to the wealthy businessman Gerald Croft. Living in a ‘heavily comfortable house’ and toasting her engagement with ‘champagne’, Sheila has little to worry her at this stage of the play; she is smugly consumed with the celebration of her engagement. Priestley also has Sheila refer to her parents at the start of the play as ‘mummy’ and ‘daddy’. These terms of address are an indication of the way her parents have infantilised her and sheltered her from the harsh realities of the word; this sheltered life is only possible for Sheila due to the wealth and status of her family. Additionally, the fact that Sheila uses these words to refer to her parents indicates that she still looks up to them and respects their views, something that changes dramatically as the play progresses. Perhaps Priestley presents Sheila in this way early in the play to demonstrate the sheltered and easy lives that many upper class young women led in 1912, in comparison to their working class counterparts, who suffered extreme hardship.

During the inspector’s questioning, Priestley uses Sheila’s actions to demonstrate the need for the upper classes to take greater responsibility for the working classes. Upon being questioned by the inspector, Sheila admits to selfishly having Eva Smith fired due to petty jealousy. Rather than deflecting responsibility onto others, Sheila recognises her role in Eva Smith’s death stating, remorsefully, ‘I started it’. Priestley contrasts Sheila’s remorse with the stubbornness of her parents, who claim they were ‘perfectly justified’ and ‘can’t accept any responsibility’ for their actions. Priestley’s portrayal of Sheila’s actions in the department store indicate just how much power and status wealthy people had in England in 1912, and how frequently this could be misused, deeply affecting the working classes. His choice to contrast older and younger generation characters could indicate to his 1945 audience that hope for a better society in the future must be placed in the younger generation, who are more impressionable and more likely to learn from their mistakes.

After the inspector leaves, Priestley contrasts Sheila with her parents to reveal how much she has learned and her commitment to make a permanent change. In contrast to her parents, who are delighted to discover the inspector was just a ‘hoax’, Sheila remains contrite about her role in Eva Smith’s death. Priestley has Sheila accuse her parents of not learning anything, saying ‘I guess we’re all nice people now’. The sarcastic tone in Sheila’s words demonstrate how infuriated she is with her parents for being so willing to forget the actions they took, revealing that they were simply concerned with their own reputation, and have not learned the errors of their ways. Additionally, Priestley has Sheila accuse her mother of ‘trying to build a wall’ between the Birlings and the inspector. This metaphorical wall symbolises the insight Sheila has gained into the huge divide between upper and lower classes, suggesting she has realised how unwilling many upper class people are to recognise their responsibility to others. Priestley’s presentation of Sheila as such a changed character offers a powerful message to his 1945 audience, suggesting that he believes the socialist society that he envisions is achievable if younger people take greater social responsibility.

Priestley demonstrates that Eric also learns, but it is clear that Sheila learns the most. Priestley makes clear from the opening that Eric is not like the other Birlings, as he seems slightly awkward and, as noted by Sheila, drinks heavily. His transformation, therefore, is not as great as Sheila’s; Sheila transforms from being a sheltered, selfish, childish individual, wrapped up in herself and her own happiness, into a more socially responsible young woman who appears to commit to changing in the future.

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An Inspector Calls - GRADE 9 Essay on Sheila Birling AQA GCSE English Literature (9-1)

Subject: English

Age range: 14-16

Resource type: Assessment and revision

Last updated

12 December 2020

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Grade 9 Essay on Sheila Birling in An Inspector Calls, with a question in the form of Paper 2 Section A (Modern Drama) of AQA GCSE English Literature. Key quotes are highlighted for revision purposes.

Although the essay is written for the AQA spec, useful for any GCSE course.

I achieved a Grade 9 overall and full marks in Paper 2.

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An Inspector Calls - GRADE 9 REVISION PACK INCLUDING NOTES ON KEY THEMES AND CHARACTERS, CONTEXT AND ESSAYS AQA GCSE English Literature (9-1)

**This bundle contains comprehensive analysis of An Inspector Calls, including context notes, character profiles, key theme analysis, an example of close analysis and TWO GRADE 9 ESSAYS on Eva Smith and Sheila Birling (in the form of Paper 2 Section A of the AQA GCSE English Literature (9-1) course). Although these notes are tailored to the AQA course, they can be used for any GCSE course. I achieved a Grade 9 overall and full marks in Paper 2, so these notes proved VERY useful for revision. Hope you find them helpful and please leave a review below!**

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Sheila Analysis

Roles of sheila.

Sheila is engaged to Gerald and is treated like a child throughout the play. Although she mistreats Eva Smith, her attitude changes throughout the play as she becomes a better person.

Role in the family

• Sheila is Mr and Mrs Birling's daughter.
• She is engaged to be married to Gerald Croft – this match takes place partly so her father can become a closer business associate of Lord and Lady Croft.
• Sheila is treated like a child throughout the play – a characteristic of pre-war society, where young women were still considered to be children until they got married.

Role in the play

• Priestley uses Sheila to show how attitudes of the wealthy, higher-classes could be changed through educating them.

Connection to Eva

• When she was in a bad mood, Sheila went shopping at Milward’s (where Eva worked).
• She got Eva fired because she felt that Eva was laughing at her – she threatened to stop her family shopping there unless the manager fired Eva.

Character Development of Sheila

Although Sheila begins the play happy with her privileged life, she goes on to take responsibility for the part she plays in Eva's death. She matures and learns from her actions. She is the only character to completely agree that her actions were unacceptable.

• Sheila starts the play feeling very happy with her privileged life.

Changing relationship with her family

• The story of Eva Smith, and how all of the Birlings and Gerald played a role in her death, soon causes Sheila to lose respect for, and faith in, her family.
• Sheila is disgusted that they will not accept any blame. This cracks the family image and shatters her relationship with her parents. She no longer admires or looks up to her parents.

Accepts responsibility and learns from actions

• When she hears about the role she played in destroying Eva’s life, she is genuinely upset about it.
• She accepts responsibility and agrees that her actions were unacceptable – she is the only character to do this completely.
• Sheila learns from her actions. She vows to never repeat them.
• She also matures once she hears about the effects of her actions.
• The audience can be confident that she will use the experience to live a better, more caring life.

Encourages others to change

• Although Sheila figures out that Inspector Goole was probably not a real police inspector, she does not dismiss the outcome of his questioning.
• Even if Eva Smith herself wasn’t real, Sheila encourages her family to realise that they still did these bad things to someone.
• She encourages them to think that they could have done it even if they didn’t actually cause a death.

Significance of Sheila

Priestley uses Sheila to represent or explore the following ideas:

Hope for future generations

• Priestley uses Sheila to represent the future generations who needed to learn and grow in order to create a better, fairer society.
• She willingly alienates herself from her family so she can fight for what she thinks is right – this shows the audience that there is hope that the future generations will work towards a better society.

Growing socialism in a capitalist society

• As a character who not only learns about her mistakes, but also accepts them, Sheila gains some respect from the audience – especially as a young woman who begins to develop more socialist views in a highly-capitalist upper-middle-class family.

Rising importance of women

• Sheila also represents the rising importance of women in society.
• She begins to involve herself in political ideas and shows that she wants to work for a fairer society.
• She also refuses to do the easy thing (which is expected of her) and marry Gerald because she learns that he does not share her ideals – she breaks out of the norm instead of remaining as a stereotypical pre-war silent daughter.

1 Plot Summary

1.1.1 Act 1 Summary

1.1.2 Act 1 Key Quotes

1.2.1 Act 2 Summary

1.2.2 Act 2 Key Quotes

1.3.1 Act 3 Summary

1.3.2 Act 3 Key Quotes

1.3.3 Act 3 More Key Quotes

1.3.4 End of Topic Test - Acts 1, 2 & 3

2 Context & Key Themes

2.1 Context & Key Themes

2.1.1 Social Class & Equality

2.1.2 Class Tension

2.1.3 Abuse of Power & Corruption

2.1.4 Socialism vs Capitalism

2.1.5 Blame & Responsibility

2.1.6 Attitudes to Women

2.1.7 Characterisation of Women

2.1.8 Dramatic Function of Characters

2.1.9 End of Topic Test - Context & Key Themes

2.1.10 End of Topic Test - Context & Key Themes 2

2.1.11 Grade 9 - Key Themes

3 Key Characters

3.1 Mr Birling

3.1.1 Mr Birling Analysis

3.1.2 Mr Birling Quotes

3.2 Mrs Birling

3.2.1 Mrs Birling Analysis

3.2.2 Mrs Birling Quotes

3.2.3 Exam-Style Questions - Mrs Birling

3.3.1 Sheila Analysis

3.3.2 Sheila Quotes

3.3.3 End of Topic Test - The Birlings & Sheila

3.4.1 Eric Analysis

3.4.2 Eric Quotes

3.5.1 Gerald Analysis

3.5.2 Gerald Quotes

3.6 Inspector Goole

3.6.1 Inspector Goole Analysis

3.6.2 Inspector Goole Quotes

3.6.3 End of Topic Test - Eric, Gerald & Inspector Goole

3.7 Grade 9 - Key Characters

3.7.1 Grade 9 - Key Characters

4 Authorial Method

4.1 Arrangement & Structure of the Play

4.1.1 Setting, Lighting & Dramatic Irony

4.1.2 Structure & Chronology

4.1.3 Structure & Chronology 2

4.1.4 End of Topic Test - Authorial Method

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Exam-Style Questions - Mrs Birling

Sheila Quotes

An Inspector Calls: A* / L9 Example Intro + Paragraph

Here are some samples of an essay on An Inspector Calls, on the theme of responsibility. I wrote these myself as a teacher to show students an example of the standard required to get a high level at GCSE. I’ve also broken down the structure below so you can see what to put into each paragraph and how to organise all of your ideas – this is the most important thing for getting a high level in an essay !

Thanks for reading! If you’re stuck on An Inspector Calls and need more help, you can access our full course .

How does Priestley explore the theme of responsibility in the play?  

EXAMPLE INTRO: 

Responsibility is a very important theme in An Inspector Calls, as the Inspector reveals one by one that all the Birling family are partly responsible for Eva’s death. Eva represents the lower classes, and Priestley uses the tragic ending of her character to spread his message about social responsibility, a message which is delivered by the Inspector himself, who acts as a mouthpiece for Priestley’s own views on socialism and equality. Overall, the audience realizes that their actions affect other people’s lives, so they are responsible for looking after and caring for everyone in society. 

An Inspector Calls: Character Revision

EXAMPLE MIDDLE PARAGRAPH: 

• Point (one sentence that answers part of the question, your idea)
• Evidence (quotes/references that prove your point) 
• The technique (language features/dramatic features/structure features)
• Explanation (analysis – how/why the evidence proves the point)
• Development (context/alternative interpretations)
• Link (linking back to the argument/thesis in the Intro)

Thanks for reading! If you’re stuck on An Inspector Calls and need more help, you can access our full course here .

Are you studying ‘An Inspector Calls’ at school or college? Don’t worry – we have a complete course that will help you get to grips with the text. It includes:

• 2 Hours of Video Lessons
• Extensive Support Material

JB Priestley embedded strong political messages in his play, and you need to understand those well to be able to write a high level essay or exam answer on the text. This course will enable you o revise the major characters and social messages in the play, and go deeper into the themes and context so you can get the most out of each essay

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Inspector Calls-How Sheila Birling Changes And Develops Through The Play

Sheridan Daley

An Inspector Calls

How does Sheila Birling change and develop throughout the play?

 An Inspector Calls by J.B Priestly was first performed in 1945. The play was set in 1912 before the war; it centres on the wealthy Birling family. A visit from the mysterious Inspector Goole proves to be a horrifying experience for the Birling's as they learn that they have each taken part leading up to the suicide of a woman named Eva Smith. The Birling family are strong Communists and believe that they should not share the money they have earned, they strongly agree with the social hierarchy with successful men at the top of the hierarchy (Mr Birling) and working class women at the bottom (Eva Smith). Society at the time was indefensible and there was terrible prejudice against women and the working class. Even so, class divisions were also crucial into making sure higher class had much better opportunities than the lower class, the poor were suppressed from the rich. The Birling family use their status, power and wealth to get what they want. In this essay I am going to explore how Sheila Birling develops and changes throughout the play.

Character summary

Mr Birling - is a prosperous factory owner his first priority is to make more money and get more power, he strongly believes that “a man has to make his own way” he also is looking forward into receiving a knighthood.

Mrs Birling - Wants to stick to the rules. She is only interested in the family-reputation; she is very conservative, old-fashioned, selfish, cold-hearted and looks down on the working class.

Sheila - at the beginning she’s snobbish, egoistic and lacks confidence, but in the end she thinks more clearly, critical, accepts criticism, nice, honest and responsible: she likes to change herself and feels sorry for what she had done. Her readiness to learn from her experiences of great contrast to her parents.

Eric-  makes jokes, behaves silly, lives an easy-going life, and doesn’t care about anything. He behaves half shy and half assertive, towards the end though he starts thinking and accepts his guilt, he also becomes more mature.

Gerald - Is good-looking, rich and clever. He’s engaged to Sheila and also son of an industrial company. He doesn’t change a lot during the story; stays a capitalist (just interested in money and profit). He seems to agree completely with Mr. Birling, quite the same attitude of living.

Inspector Goole - (Goole= Geist; spirit in death) isn’t a real inspector; more something like God because he makes them all feel guilty. His manners are quite extraordinary, rude and assertive. One of the main reasons to visit the Birling family is to make them realise, what responsibilities they have and that their behaviour has an influence on others (opposite to Mr. Birling’s moral).

At the beginning of the play the Birling family are celebrating the engagement between Sheila and Gerald Croft. The Birling family all crave and value power, wealth and money especially Mr Birling. ‘ Gerald I’m going to tell you frankly… your engagement to Sheila means tremendous lot to me… your father and I have been rivals in business… Crofts Limited are both older and bigger company- and now you have brought us together…’  This quotation shows that Mr Birling is happy that his daughter is getting married but it comes across as though the only reason Mr Birling is so pleased is because the rivalry between the two companies will no longer be competing which would benefit his business i.e. more money and higher status. When we first meet Shelia she is immature, snobbish, egoistic and lacks confidence dramatically. ‘ Oh- it’s wonderful…isn’t it a beauty? I think it is perfect, now I really feel engaged. ’ This quotation shows that she is very materialistic and cares about the ring rather than someone she loves and trusts. ‘Yes go on mummy.’  This proves that she is very childlike and still depends on her mother, she has lived a very sheltered life and wants her mother’s approval for everything she does, and she is not independent. Even though Sheila is a grown woman she still has sibling rivalry with Eric. ‘ Don’t be an ass Eric.’  This quotation shows that even though they have both grown up they still bicker like children and do not get on; Sheila is against Eric rather than with him. The stage directions tell us that Sheila is young, pretty and excited which indicates something good has happened in the Birling household. ‘ (half serious, half playful) This stage direction shows us that Sheila is insecure and is suspicious of Gerald but has no confidence to speak out- she pretends she is only joking as she doesn’t want to cause trouble. It makes the reader feel annoyed at Sheila for not confronting Gerald and being confident in herself; however it also makes the reader feel sorry for her as she hasn’t got the inner strength to say what she really feels without being held back and worrying of the possible outcome she might be facing. Sheila does not change or develop here.

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When the Inspector arrives and questions Mr Birling, Sheila responds shocked by the suicide but also she seems quite jealous of the girl and asks questions about her. ‘ What was she like quiet young…pretty?’  This quotation shows us that Sheila is jealous and insecure; she wants everything too be perfect for her. It also shows her selfishness, a poor girl is dead and all Sheila cares about is whether the girl (Eva Smith) was better than her, Sheila is lacking sympathy and at this point Sheila is jealous and insecure and she also shows she is starting to recognise the girl and reconciling the past. The Inspector then turns on Sheila who is the only person who does accept some of the blame. Sheila tends to over-react with things and when she thought a dress she tried on at Milward’s looked better on the shop assistant (Eva Smith) than it did on her she became very angry, this was clearly shown when she says ‘when I was looking at myself in the mirror I caught sight of her smiling at the assistant, and I was furious with her. I’d been in bad mood anyhow.’  This explains how Sheila abused her status and forced the manager to either sack Eva or she would never shop at Milward’s again. She was jealous of her. After Sheila confessed to her part you start to see noticeable changes in her. ‘…if I could help her now, I would.’  This shows us that Sheila knows what she has done wrong and takes responsibility for her actions, she is becoming more independent and mature. This also shows she does regret her actions. Sheila is starting to change and develop.

The Inspector then turns on Gerald, Sheila already knows and understands what is going on, this shows us that Sheila is being perceptive and being more independent with life without her mother’s approval. There is by now an evident tension between Sheila and Gerald which becomes heightened when he admits that he had had an affair with Daisy Renton (Eva Smith) in the spring of the previous year. Whilst feeling angry with Gerald for his involvement with the girl she does have a certain respect for his openness and honesty with his admission. She also becomes wiser and does not value the same things she once valued before, she is not materialistic. She hands him the ring  (stage directions). This stage direction tells us that the relationship between her and Gerald is over, she is more confident to follow her heart rather than materialistic objects. At the end of Act 2, she is the first to realise Eric's part in the story. Significantly, she is the first to wonder who the Inspector really is, saying to him, 'wonderingly' , ‘ I don’t understand about you’  She warns the others ‘he's giving us the rope - so that we'll hang ourselves’  and, near the end, is the first to consider whether the Inspector may not be real. These quotations prove to us that Sheila is wiser, mature and not materialistic. Sheila in Act 2 is in total contrast to herself than in Act 1; she no longer values expensive items and is a lot more confident to speak her mind. (Laughs rather hysterically) ‘Why-you fool- he knows. Of course he knows. And I hate to think how much he knows that we don’t know yet. You’ll see. You’ll see.’  This quotation shows that she is more alert about the Inspector and she knows he will bring a secret about one of them out into the open. She is becoming more confident and acting more like an adult and not afraid of speaking her mind. ‘Don’t interfere please father.’  This statement tells us that she is more confident and growing up, she say’s ‘father’  which also indicates that her child like ways are over, she is a lot more stern and forward. Sheila becomes more responsible and accepts what she had done wrong . ‘between us we killed her’  This shows that she has excepted what she has done wrong and feels guilty, she does take responsibility for her actions but wants her family to learn and change from their mistakes. Sheila is becoming more of a Socialist like the Inspector and in this act by Gerald confessing and other events happening it has caused her to change and develop her ways. In this act Sheila has fully changed and developed and taken responsibilities for her actions.

When Mrs Birling is being questioned by the Inspector she blatantly shows she has the least respect for him. She tries to intimidate him and when she is shown the picture of the body she lies to him and claims she does not recognise the girl. She tries to deny obvious facts about Eric’s drinking. Mrs Birling is a snob and looks down on the working class. ‘…gross impertinence…prejudiced me against her case…’  This quotation tells us that she is very aware of the differences between social classes and despises the working class. Mrs Birling’s reaction to the Inspector is in complete contrast to when Sheila was being questioned by the Inspector. Mrs Birling acted aggressive and confident towards the Inspector and also reminded him that she is higher class, whereas Sheila quickly became perceptive and worked with the Inspector. When Sheila’s mother is being questioned Sheila warns her mother. ‘ Mother-stop-stop…but don’t you see-…’  This display’s Sheila understands as to what is happening around her and is warning her mother to stop before she regrets it. Sheila mainly changes and develops here because she is a lot more perceptive and understands where the Inspector is coming from.

When the Birling family all learn that the Inspector wasn’t really an Inspector Sheila and Eric’s response is in utter contrast to the rest of the family. Gerald Croft immediately assumes he can have Sheila back and asks her to be with him, Sheila simply replies ‘ no not yet, it’s too soon I must think’ . This shows us that Sheila cannot just forget what has happened, she is a different person she realises she was spoilt and desperately wants to change. Sheila feels that she wants to think about her future clearly instead of just marrying Gerald for the sake of it. She wants to find her own personality not one that someone else wants her to be. Mr and Mrs Birling are relieved that the Inspector was not real just because their high status and wealth would still be intact; Sheila is outraged with them and does not like their attitude towards their way of life. ‘  I tell you, whoever the Inspector was, it was anything but a joke you knew it then you began to learn something and now you have stopped’.  This shows Sheila’s outrage that her parents are only happy because their status is still high on the hierarchy ladder, Sheila realises that just because the facts are not all there they should not go back to being Capitalists. Sheila shows a great deal of Socialism and tries to convince her parents with Eric that they are in the wrong. All these actions show that she and Eric have learnt their lesson and that Sheila has now matured and starting to build a new life for herself away from the parent’s Capitalist ways. Sheila has completely changed and developed here because she has opened her eyes and seen how her parents live and does not like the way they view life and treat others below them.

In Stephen Daldry’s production at the National Theatre Sheila, in Act One is presented wearing very expensive fashionable clothing indicating she is very materialistic. Sheila wears a lot of the colour white to make her seem pure on the outside but on the inside she is really hiding a dark secret. The white clothing is symbolising her to be pure and honest. She also wears gloves which symbolises her hiding her fingerprints like a criminal, she wants to appear pure and innocent. When Sheila is speaking in Act One the lighting placed on her has one half of her in light and her other half in darkness to symbolise that she is not totally perfect in the way she lives yet. Sheila has defensive, closed body language symbolising she is hiding something and does not want to speak out. In Act Two Steven Daldry presents Sheila having no gloves symbolising she has told the Inspector and is no longer hiding a secret, she also takes off her materialistic clothes and objects which show she is starting to change and develop. When Sheila is outside she puts her hands up in the rain illustrating her washing away all her sins and becoming truthful, she is now becoming more of a Socialist rather than a Capitalist. After ‘washing away her sins’ Sheila walks towards the light as if she is walking into a new life where she has no secrets. The rain and light symbolise purity and change in Sheila, the rain represents her rebirth, new life from now on and her body language is open. In Act Three when the Birling family realise the Inspector was a fake mr Birling and Mrs Birling drown out Sheila’s voice with their happiness, as the parents start to build their Capitalist lives back together Sheila and Eric stand outside the house symbolising that they don’t want to live their lives how they did before the Inspector came. Sheila has changed and developed and is now a Socialist.

Throughout the play Sheila Birling changed and developed. In Act One she was materialistic and could not stand up for herself, however in Act Two and Three she sees a different light and realises that she was a bad Capitalist and needed to change for the better. I think she has mainly changed because of the Inspector, if he had not of visited the family she would have still been selfish and a strong Capitalist who depended on her mother for approval. I believe that the point Priestly was trying to make was that people needed to be more caring about their community and the people in it. Priestley uses the character of the Inspector to convey his own thoughts, feelings and opinions about social issues. However, he also uses other characters, particularly Mr. Birling, to show the audience how cynical some people can be. J.B Priestly believed a great deal in Socialism. I think that Priestley set this play in 1912 for a reason. Arthur Birling is a rich businessman who thinks very highly of himself, even though he is often wrong. Arthur's family respect him and listen intently to his ideas that 'there isn't a chance of war'  and the Titanic is ' unsinkable.'  As the play was written in 1947 and set in 1912, this is an example of dramatic irony and the audience would know that Arthur was very wrong in his opinions and might even think him to be stupid. When he says 'the way some of these cranks talk and write now, you'd think everybody has to look after everybody else', he explicitly says that he is a strong Capitalist and is narrow minded. Priestley wanted the audience to have a low opinion of Birling because he was discouraging at Capitalist politics and trying to show people like Mr Birling to be in the wrong. I feel Priestly wanted to teach the audience community and socialism is always a better way of living than being a capitalist.

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How is Social Responsibility Shown in 'An Inspector Calls'

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Published: Aug 14, 2023

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Introduction, social responsibility in 'an inspector calls', arthur birling, sheila birling.

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• 22 February 2021 26 October 2022

This article focuses on some of the key quotes for Sheila Birling in the play, ‘An Inspector Calls’ along with explanation and analysis of these quotes.

These quotes can be used in exam answers. Some of the larger quotes do not necessarily have to be quoted in full but just the relevant words or sentence which connects to the point being made.

Many of the quotes cover the same themes and points, however this list of quotes is intended as a resource for students and readers of the play so each quote can be used in its own way or for explaining some of the same points as other quotes do. It would be up to the reader to decide which quote he would prefer to use if for instance two different quotes support the same point.

1. Quotes: I should jolly well think not, Gerald, I'd hate you to know all about port – like one of these purple-faced old men.

Analysis: This quote has to be seen in the context of the scene. It could be argued that Mr Birling is trying to impress Gerald by the fact that he (Birling) is drinking the same expensive wine as Gerald’s family in other words he is socially equal to them. This could perhaps stem from Birling’s inferiority complex originating from the fact that he is not from a rich family but a humble family but wants to be accepted by the traditionally rich.

Sheila has no such mentality and rather be impressed by port being an expensive wine and the Birling’s rich enough to have it on their dinner table she disapproves of it. We can already see a generational difference between Sheila and her father and also some class issues too. She also does not want Gerald to be like the older generation of rich men. J.B. Priestley wanted a new, fairer Britain and he hoped the new generation could help realise that including by rejecting some of the values of their parents.

2. Quotes: (half serious

Analysis: In response to Sheila’s comment above Birling says he is not a purple old man and she replies with this quote. She might be saying that contrary to the impression that he might be trying to give Gerald that he is well acquainted with this expensive wine, he in fact is not. In other words there is a degree of artificiality on the part of Birling by pretending to be something he is not by trying to impress Gerald. This is not totally clear from the text or conclusive but is quite possible.

Click on the Link to Read About: Mr Birling Character Analysis 

3. Quotes: Yes – except for all last summer, when you never came near me, and I wondered what had happened to you.

Analysis: There is obviously a degree of resentment as well as curiousity on the part of Sheila about Gerald’s absence during that period of time. Ironically part of her may end up wishing she never knew the full reality of what happened, including Gerald’s infidelity to her by having an affair with Eva Smith and also the eventual death of Eva Smith.

4. Quotes: Yes, that's what you say

Analysis: Gerald replies that he had been busy that summer with work, rather than accepting that and saying ‘I see’ for instance, Sheila says semi-playfully that is what Gerald claims implying he may not be telling the truth, which is indeed the case. He is lying and if he a member of the upper class of society is lying then he is a flawed person and not necessarily inherently morally superior to the working class which many in the upper class despised and held in contempt.

5. Quotes: I don't believe I will. (half playful, half serious, to Gerald.) So you be careful.

Analysis: This is said in reply to her mother reproaching Sheila for the comment above and telling Sheila important men will be busy with work and she must get used to that. Sheila says she doesn’t think she will and that is in fact partially true because a few years after the play was set and with the first world war, British women entered the world of work in massive numbers for the first time whilst their men folk were sent to the battlefield.

This comment by Sheila is interesting as it hints to the change in gender-relations which occur during this period and once again the different mentality she has to another of her parents. In the first few lines of the play we can see how Sheila is different to her parents. This represents a possibility for change and a hope for a better, fairer Britain.

6. Quotes: You're squiffy.

Analysis: This comment in itself is nothing of immense significance it is the reaction from her mother and the wider disgust. Mrs Birling is upset and surprised by Sheila using such a word and assumes she picked it up from somewhere. Sheila is subject to influences which lie outside of Mrs Birling’s control. Again this points to a society which is in a state of change with the new generation of the upper class being different to their parents.

7. Quotes: Neither do I. All wrong

Analysis: Sheila agrees with her mother on this point namely that her father should not talk about business during a celebratory family event like this. This is another example of her not being in total agreement with everything her father says.

8. Quotes: What's all this about?

Analysis: Sheila had just entered the room and catches the inspector midway through his speech with a reference to ‘streets’. She asks about what is being discussed to which her father replies that they will be finishing. Rather than just comply with what her father has said she stays. If she had left the room she may have never heard about the sad story of Eva Smith and also her role in it. This is why this quote is important in that things would have been very different if she ignored the inspector and left the room.

9. Quotes: Oh – how horrible! Was it an accident?

Analysis: Her reaction to being told by the inspector that a young woman has died. It is a human reaction. She does not know who the person is or their social class or anything about them but her natural human reaction to hear of the death of a fellow human being is compassion and sadness. There is good in Sheila and others like her from the wealthy elite in society, if that goodness can be drawn out more and used to call for change in society it can make Britain a fairer place. This is what Priestley wants.

10. Quotes: Sorry! It's just that I can't help thinking about this girl – destroying herself so horribly – and I’ve been so happy tonight. Oh I wish you hadn't told me. What was she like? Quite young?

Analysis: Sheila was happy but her happiness has been destroyed by hearing of the sad death of this young woman. She is not indifferent to the suffering of others. On a larger scale the rich in society should not be happy whilst others live and suffer in misery in the same country. Maybe the older members of the upper classes could but not all of the younger members and nor should they. Quote 9 and 10 illustrate Sheila’s humanity and compassion.

11. Quotes: What do you mean by saying that? You talk as if we were responsible--

Analysis: This is her response to saying the ‘girl’s dead though’. The irony is that they , the Birlings’ were all partly responsible for Eva’s sad death. On a larger scale the rich in society can be responsible for the suffering of the poor so have a moral duty to try and ensure a fairer and more just society.

12. Quotes: Why should you? He's finished with you. He says it's one of us now.

Analysis: This is said to her father who says he will go and speak to the inspector privately and end the matter.

If Sheila had been an ultra-compliant daughter never challenging her father she would never have found out the whole horrors of the suffering of Eva Smith and her role and her family’s role in it. She would have stayed ignorant as many as the rich in society were ignorant of the suffering of the poor. This play amongst other things was done to provoke the moral conscience of the rich, to dispel their ignorance

13. Quotes: (warmly) I should think so. It's a rotten shame.

Analysis: Her reply to the inspector speaking of Eva with no money, half-starved and no friends and ‘feeling desperate’ . Again we see that Sheila unlike her parents does not view the working class with contempt but as fellow human beings like herself worthy of basic dignity.

14. Quotes: But these girls aren't cheap labour – they're people.

Analysis: One of the most important Sheila Birling quotes in the play.

Working class female employees like Eva Smith are not just objects to be utilized for making money and profits, not just ‘cheap labour’, they are human beings, people with all that entails in terms of feelings, emotions, a basic right to respect and dignity.

Priestley wants the capitalist elite to stop viewing their workers purely as tools to be used to make money but as people, human beings.

15. Quotes: I've told my father – he didn't seem to think it amounted to much – but I felt rotten about it at the time and now I feel a lot worse. Did it make much difference to her?

Analysis: Sheila upon being shown the picture of Eva Smith goes in to tears and leaves. She then returns. This quote alludes to her telling her father about getting Eva fired. We see the contrast between her and her father. Her father is in different and essentially does not care but she felt ‘rotten’. There is a generational difference, highlighted once again in this quote where once again we see Sheila’s essential goodness and caring nature.

16. Quotes: So I’m really responsible?

Analysis: Rather than the arrogant statements of her mother who is dismissive of her role in Eva’s demise and a clear feeling that Eva as a member of the working class is inferior, Sheila has none of that. She is more sincere, less entrenched in class snobbery and has a more human attitude. She genuinely asks if she is guilty for Eva’s death.

17. Quotes: I went to the manager at Milwards and I told him that if they didn't get rid of that girl, I’d never go near the place again and I’d persuade mother to close our account with them.

Analysis: Sheila admits to her role in Eva Smith being fired from her job and thus ending up destitute, penniless. She also shows the huge power that the wealthy in society can wield and how abuse of this power can have horrible consequences. Perhaps Priestley is telling wealthier viewers of his play to be aware of their power and not misuse it and even unintentionally cause great harm to others.

18. Quotes: Because I was in a furious temper

Analysis: Sheila went to the manager to get him to fire Eva on what could be called a mere whim. She was angry with a mere smile and destroyed Eva’s life. There is a huge imbalance in power between the rich and poor in society, in addition to the imbalance in actual money. Britain is not quite the completely feudal society of the medieval period but it is quasi-feudal in terms of huge class differences.

19. Quotes: When I was looking at myself in the mirror I caught sight of her smiling at the assistant, and I was furious with her. I'd been in a bad temper anyhow.

Analysis: She by chance saw Eva smiling. Smiling in of itself is not a breach of any job or being rude to a customer. Sheila being in a negative state emotionally may have transferred some of her anger on to Eva by either being unhappy at seeing someone smiling or being paranoid that the smile was indicative of her sneering at Sheila. Regardless of all this it does not warrant someone losing their livelihood and having their life destroyed. Priestley is showing how much at the mercy of the wealthy elite the working class are. There is a huge power imbalance and this power if abused can even ultimately be fatal.

20. Quotes: No, not really. It was my own fault. (suddenly, to Gerald) All right, Gerald, you needn't look at me like that. At least, I'm trying to tell the truth. I expect you've done things you're ashamed of too.

Analysis: Sheila accepts that it was not Eva’s fault. Eva had done no wrong in smiling. She does react to Gerald and prophetically (but unknowingly as she is not yet aware of Gerald’s affair with Eva) tells him that he too might be ashamed of things that he has done. It is not just Sheila responsible but other members of her family and ultimately in a wider context the wealthier classes of society in general.

21. Quotes: How could I know what would happen afterwards? If she'd been some miserable plain little creature, I don't suppose I’d have done it. But she was very pretty and looked as if she could take care of herself. I couldn't be sorry for her.

Analysis:  Sheila says how good Eva looked in the dress that she (Sheila) had wanted to wear, much better than Sheila in comparison. Sheila ended up complaining and now expresses regret for this after hearing it contributed to a series of events leading to Eva’s death. It also shows upper class ignorance of the reality of life for the working class. Sheila assumed because Eva was pretty and relatively healthy she would not be impacted too much by this harsh act. Little did she know what would happen. She, like many of the upper middle class in British society, are completely ignorant of how life is for the working class. This sort of ignorance is what Priestley is seeking to tackle in the play.

22. Quotes: You not only knew her but you knew her very well. Otherwise, you wouldn't look so guilty about it. When did you first get to know her?

Analysis:  This continues on from Sheila’s earlier comments about Gerald being largely absent last summer. She knows from Gerald’s reaction he knew Eva well, perhaps she didn’t know how well he knew her in that he and Eva were in a sexual relationship.

23. Quotes: Yes, you did. And if you'd really loved me, you couldn't have said that. You listened to that nice story about me. I got that girl sacked from Milwards. And now you've made up your mind I must obviously be a selfish, vindictive creature.

Analysis: Sheila admits to getting Eva fired from her job and it is clear that what she did is wrong and she feels a great sense of shame. She even feels that her fiancee Gerald will judge her negatively. By accepting this sort of behaviour is wrong implicitly Priestley is telling his audience that the rich must respect the poor and not treat them badly.

24. Quotes: (Distressed) don't please – I know, I know – and I can't stop thinking about it –

Analysis: Sheila has a sense of morality and is very distressed over this. She cannot rest in mental peace over this whole sad tragedy and her role in it. She is partially responsible for this in the same way that the dominant wealthy elite in society are also all partly responsible for the sad state of the working class poor, thus reinforcing Priestley’s message of social responsibility.

25. Quotes: Yes, that's it. And I know I'm to blame – and I'm desperately sorry – but I can't believe – I won't believe – it's simply my fault that in that in the end she – she committed suicide. That would be too horrible –

Analysis: It wasn’t simply Sheila’s fault, but it was the collective fault of her whole family. We cannot separate ourselves from the other members of the same society that we all live in. What happens to others will ultimately impact us. Our actions against others may harm them negatively. Priestley is urging us to move away from a self-centred, classist and individualistic view of society to a more collective, compassionate one.

26. Quotes: we all started like that – so confident, so pleased with ourselves until he began asking us questions.

Analysis: The evening began on a happy note in the relative bubble of the Birling house. However this house is divorced from the reality of the majority of working class Britons at that time. That evening the Birlings get a glimpse of the reality of life for the poor. On a wider note the play also forces those amongst the wealthy in British society to watch to ask themselves questions about their own behaviour, lifestyle, views and how society is functioning in general. The rich need to engage in introspection.

27. Quotes: mother, I couldn't possibly go. Nothing could be worse for me. We've settled all that. I'm staying here until I know why that girl killed herself.

Analysis: Sheila’s morality compels her to stay until she knows why that girl killed herself. Sheila is an honest person not interested in labels, titles and reputation but in the reality of human suffering. If she finds out why the girl killed herself perhaps she can avoid behaviour that would lead to such suffering ever again and even work or campaign against such behaviour. Sheila wants the truth, to be educated about reality rather than stay in a delusional bubble centred around class privilege.

28. Quotes: you mustn't try to build up a kind of wall between us and that girl. If you do, then the inspector will just break it down. And it'll be all the worse when he does.

Analysis: This is Priestley speaking through Sheila to the rich. Do not view the working class poor as another not worthy of trying to be understood. Do not build walls with them but try to understand them, try to understand the reality of the vast majority of your society and the world you live in, otherwise if you do not then the ‘inspector’ who it could be argued is generally representative of ‘life’ , of morality, or being questioned on judgement day will expose things to you ultimately. It will be worse then because if you try to understand the poor and then help them it is better than if you treat them harshly and then later on find out the cruel consequences of your behaviour. We could even extend this a bit further and say that when reality is revealed than there may be a horrible impact on society. Priestley wrote less than 30 years after the Russian revolution and the removal of the Russian emperor (the Tsar) and the Russian aristocracy. Centuries of Russian feudalism were dismantled, there was no guarantee that if the working class poor in British society were not treated fairly then one day Britain itself could implode. This is not mentioned explicitly in the test but there are some who could draw that interpretation from it.

29. Quotes: I don't know. Perhaps it's because impertinent is such a silly word.

Analysis:  ‘Impertinent’ is such a silly word because it implies hierarchy. Sheila has the right to speak down to socially ‘inferior’ people like Eva Smith to whom she admits she was rude to in the shop but they cannot dare reply as equals let alone with the same degree of rudeness for that would be ‘impertinent’. The word impertinent in that play and the wider context of British society implies that certain people can speak to others in a certain way and others cannot speak to others in another way. Those in ‘lower’, ‘inferior’, social positions do not have the right to speak to others in a certain manner. It is based on classism, and is discriminatory and unjust.

30. Quotes: And Eric's one of them.

Analysis:  This is said in the context of young men drinking too much. Eric is not immune to this vice. Despite being of a middle class background this does not render him perfect or automatically make him more virtuous or morally superior to others e.g. the working class. Priestley is dispelling upper class notions that they are morally superior. He is showing they are as human as anyone else. We are all humans. We all share on society composed of human beings, rich or poor and as we see in the play our actions impact others. This quote also alludes to the elder Birling’s arguable failure in raising Eric properly an additional flaw of this upper class family, thus reinforcing the fact that the upper class are not necessarily superior and must also engage in self-scrutiny and introspection.

31. Quotes: I don't want to get poor Eric into trouble. He's probably in enough trouble already. But we really must stop these silly pretences. This isn't the time to pretend that Eric isn't used to drink. He's been steadily drinking too much for the last two years.

Analysis:  Priestley is telling the upper class/upper-middle class English that they should not believe they are perfect. They should not engage in ‘silly pretences’. Just as Sheila is aware of the ignorance of her parents about Eric, the upper-class in England should be aware of the reality of their own society.

32. Quotes: yes, of course it is. That's what I meant when I talked about building up a wall that's sure to be knocked flat. It makes it all harder to bear.

Analysis:  The truth will ultimately come out in the end sooner or later. Social systems have risen and collapsed. It is better for the British elite to understand the reality of their country than to live in false delusions because ultimately society itself will see these realities. Great empires rose and fall be it the Romans, the Napoleonic empire and countless others but later on in history the reality of many empires and societies was exposed. On a more personal level a rich person in society would sooner or later have to encounter the reality of social injustice, inequality, poverty in Britain and their own direct or indirect role in it. It is better to be aware of it beforehand and try to do something to make things better rather than finding out later.

33. Quotes: No, he's giving us the rope – so that we'll hang ourselves.

Analysis:  This is a very interesting quote. On a more surface level it means that the inspector will elicit things from the Birlings that will make them incriminate themselves in their role in the sad demise of Eva Smith, however on a deeper level it can be interpreted as the rich in society causing their own ultimate downfall be it in the form of a social revolution or some other type of upheaval. Remember Priestley was a socialist and though there are many types of socialists some believed or even yearned for a collapse of the existing social order, a revolution and the replacement of the current system with a new, fairer, more egalitarian system.

34. Quotes: well, we didn't think you meant buckingham palace

Analysis: Sheila has become more assertive and slightly sarcastic, contrary to the role of a deferential daughter that her mother and others would like to play. On a wider level this may be representative of the younger generation being more assertive and challenging the ways of their parents and thus making a better Britain.

35. Quotes: nothing would induce me. I want to understand exactly what happens when a man says he's so busy at the works that he can hardly ever find time to come and see the girl he's supposed to be in love with. I wouldn't miss it for worlds--

Analysis:  This is said in response to Gerald suggesting to Sheila that she leave the room. Sheila is defiant. Though not quite a mini-revolution of the sort that some leftists in Europe wanted at that time it is still an example of someone who is normally expected to follow certain norms defying them and being more assertive. Sheila clearly states she will stay in the room to find out why her fiancee was so busy last summer.

36. Quotes: but you're forgetting I'm supposed to be engaged to the hero of it. Go on, Gerald. You went down into the bar, which is a favourite haunt of the women of the town.

Analysis:  This is said immediately after Mrs Birling say that Sheila shouldn’t hear the sordid details of Gerald’s story to which Sheila replies that she is engaged to the ‘hero’ of this same story. The use of the word ‘hero’ is sarcastic but is clearly intended to show that Gerald (and by extension the upper-class in society in general) are not free from dishonourable behaviour. She is also in some ways more aware of the real world than her mother as we can see her being aware of the bar where men and women of the town frequent to engage in sexual promiscuity.

37. Quotes: and probably between us we killed her.

Analysis: Sheila moves on from the sheer shock and remorse of her role in the death of Eva. She was clearly emotional and shaken before but now we see a calmer and more sarcastic Sheila who in a calmer state of mind is reflecting on the sad reality of the collective responsibility of all the Birling’s in Sheila’s death which on a wider level this represents the responsibility of the wealthy in society for the suffering of the working class poor.

38. Quotes: you wait, mother.

Analysis: Sheila’s mother replies to the statement above by telling her not to speak ‘nonsense’. Sheila does not back down from this and tells her to ‘wait’ meaning that more revelations will come out that evening, which they in fact do, proving her correct that all the Birlings did things that ‘killed’ Eva Smith. Sheila who has a far more accurate and realistic understanding of the true nature of Brumley is of course proven correct. The delusional bubble that her mother and perhaps many of the wealthy upper class in British society live in is a false one. Not only is it a false bubble and view of reality it is one which is liable to causing them harm as with the example of Eva Smith she ends up becoming the mother of Mrs Birling’s grandchild who dies before pregnancy.

39. Quotes: of course we are. But everybody knows about that horrible old Meggarty. A girl I know had to see him at the town hall one afternoon and she only escaped with a torn blouse--

Analysis: This is said immediately after Mrs Birling says that they are learning quite a few things that evening. Sheila affirms that they are but on a deeper level perhaps many in Priestley’s audience would have learnt quite a few things about the reality of British society from watching the play. They are not exposed to such realities and like Mrs Birling are in their own little bubbles.

40. Quotes: of course, mother. It was obvious from the start. Go on, gerald. Don't mind mother

Analysis:  This quote again contrasts the ignorance based on false assumptions which are themselves based on a false worldview of Mrs Birling with the more realistic understanding of everything by Sheila. Mrs Birling is stunned that Gerald kept Eva as a mistress, this shock is probably based on a few things such as: 1. Gerald is a good boy from a “good” (rich) family and would not do such a thing. 2. Even if he did he wouldn’t associate himself with let alone have an affair with a ‘lowly’ working class girl like Eva. The rich are good, the poor are bad and morally inferior and should be kept away from in the mind of Mrs Birling. Sheila however knows that Gerald is a human being and suspected from the beginning he had been cheating on her with Eva Smith whilst listening to Gerald’s answers to the inspector.

41. Quote: just what I was going to ask!

Analysis:  This is said directly after the inspector asks Gerald if he was in love with Eva. Sheila wants to know that not only did he just physically betray her but did he carry out, what is considered by many, the more grievous act of ’emotional betrayal’. Implicit in this is an understanding that despite their class differences what supercedes this is a common humanity which both Gerald and Eva share. There is a chance that Gerald may have fallen in love with Eva. All of this would be unthinkable to Mrs Birling and other rich people in Britain who looked down upon the poor with contempt and could not imagine a wealthy young man even falling in love with a working class girl.

42. Quote: yes, and it was I who had the girl turned out of her job at Milwards. And I'm supposed to be engaged to gerald. And I'm not a child, don't forget. I've a right to know. Were you in love with her, gerlad?

Analysis:  Sheila asks once again if Gerald was in love with Sheila. She states that she is not a child. This is important to bear in mind because Sheila is an adult and not only an adult she will be amongst the next generation of parents that are to shape the new Britain which Priestley hoped would be a fairer one. Women such as Sheila should not be quiet deferential little consorts to ‘important husbands’ but were adults, not children with their own personalities, views and contribution to society which had to be recognised and respected.

43. Quote:(with sharp sarcasm) of course not. You were the wonderful fairy prince. You must have adored it, gerald.

Analysis:  Again contrary to any false notions of the inherent moral superiority of the wealthy upper class in comparison to the working class, they e.g. Gerald have faults. The ‘it’ which Gerald must have adored according to Sheila is the fact of being looked up to with great respect by Eva as ‘the most important person in her life’. Gerald admits he did but says any man would. He is a man, just like any man including working class man. Common human traits transcend class differences and Priestley is trying to elevate our common qualities as humans over secondary differences based on class. He is trying to make us see the common humanity in us all and thus respect which then leads to a desire for a more egalitarian and just society where all are cared for.

44. Quote: that's probably about the best thing you've said tonight. At least it's honest. Did you go and see her every night?

Analysis:  Sheila admires Gerald for his honesty. This is in stark contrast with her mother who is more interested in appearances and reputation. If Eva Smith died what would be more important for Mrs Birling is that the Birlings reputation be maintained and not the truth. However Sheila praises Gerald for being truthful, for this is a night where pretences must be removed and ignorance dispelled. Gerald has admitted that he is an ordinary man, a human being with all the inevitable failings and weaknesses that come with being a human. Intertwined with this honesty is humility and it is these two key qualities that can help the upper-classes of British to see that they are not perfect, as exemplified by the Birlings, and that they need to change society to make it better. Sheila respects Gerald for being truthful. Priestley is encouraging the audience to engage in truthfullness, introspection and humility out of which could hopefully emerge a resolve to work for a better Britain, a fairer society where there would be less Eva Smiths who would suffer.

45. Quote: (cutting in) I do. And anyhow, we haven't had any details yet.

Analysis: This is in response to Mrs Birling saying she wants to hear no more details of this ‘disgusting affair’. Though Mrs Birling may have ideally wanted Sheila to be a nice, good upper-middle class girl kept safe from the more grimy and gritty realities of life this is not the case. Perhaps by extension Priestley is telling the upper-middle class in general that there is no guarantee that they can hide the hard realities of British society from their children, that they have to acknowledge this reality and subsequent to this acknowledgement can proceed a desire to change it and make a better Britain. Sheila does not want to stay ignorant. She wants to know more, more of the reality. In a way she is stronger than her mother who is scared, a cowardly fear of unpleasant truths being unravelled and exposed and shaking her false but convenient of the world. Sheila has no such fear and values truth.

46. Quote: but just in case you forget – or decide not to come back, Gerald, I think you'd better take this with you. (she hands him the ring.)

Analysis:  Sheila hands back the ring to end her engagement with Gerald. It has been an emotional roller coaster of a night for Sheila with her world being shaken and rent asunder. First she hears of her role in the death of an innocent and poor young woman, then her being betrayed by the man who she thought loved her, or loved her exclusively. What was meant to be a night of celebration and joy has turned in to a night of pain and horror. How quickly things change, perhaps Priestley is subtly also alluding to how fickle things can be including for the rich. That they may be on the verge of great joy and fulfilment only for all of it to be destroyed in an instant. Sheila’s engagement is the culmination of years, decades of Mr Birling working hard to provide for his family and Sheila, of being financially successful with the end result that he has achieved a level of respectability that even someone from a traditionally very rich woman considers it respectable to marry in to the Birling family. However this respectability may be destroyed tonight with it being replaced with shame and scandal. How quickly things change. This potential marriage which may have seen the union of the Birlings with the Crofts is now at risk. This is ultimately due to the cruel treatment of Eva Smith. The poor may be ‘unimportant’ but their mistreatment can result in very painful consequences for the rich.

47. Quote: I don't dislike you as I did half an hour ago, gerald. In fact, in some odd way, I rather respect you more than I've ever done before. I knew anyhow you were lying about those months last year when you hardly came near me. I knew there was something fishy about that time. And now at least you've been honest. And I believe what you told us about the way you helped her at first. Just out of pity. And it was my fault really that she was so desperate when you first met her. But this has made a diffence. You and I aren't the same people who sat down to dinner here. We'd have to start all over again, getting to know each other--

Analysis: Sheila does not totally rule out continuing with Gerald but it would have to be ‘getting them to know each other’ properly. Sheila again expresses respect for Gerald’s honesty. She, in this short period of time, has grown. She is a different person to the one who first sat down at the dinner. Life is about change and growth, about progress. Despite what Mrs Birling may think no one is perfect and everyone has flaws. Just as individuals have flaws then societies which are collections of individuals have flaws and must also scrutinise themselves, look at their own flaws as a society and seek to make themselves better.

48. Quote: don't interfere, please, father. Gerald knows what I mean, and you apparently don't.

Analysis:  Gerald knows better than her father according to Sheila. This is Priestley again showing that Mr Birling, and by extension many in the wealthy capitalist elite and business, are not necessarily more intelligent than the rest of others. It also again shows the generational differences between the younger Birlings (if we count Gerald as someone possibly marrying in to the Birling family) and the elder Birlings, representative of a perhaps wider generational difference in British society, with the young possibly having more progressive and compassionate views such as the ones Sheila has.

49. Quote: it means that we've no excuse now for putting on airs and that if we've any sense we won't try. Father threw this girl out because she asked for decent wages. I went and pushed her farther out, right into the street, just because I was angry and she was pretty. Gerald set her up as his mistress and then dropped her when it suited him. And now you're pretending you don't recognize her from that photograph. I admit I don't know why you should, but I know jolly well you did in fact recognize her, from the way you looked. And if you're not telling the truth, why should the Inspector apologize? And can't you see, both of you, you're making it worse?

Analysis:  Sheila condemns the family and clearly highlights everything that has been revealed so far and this is before Eric and his mother’s role in Eva’s fate is revealed. The Birlings cannot pretend to be so wonderful and put ‘on airs’. On a wider level perhaps this is Priestley telling any wealthier views of his play not to indulge in false delusional values of their own inherent moral superiority to others and supposed flawlessness.

50. Quote: mother, she's just died a horrible death – don't forget.

Analysis:  The difference in values and outlook between Sheila and her mother is shown again. Sheila is not happy with her mother’s indifference to Eva’s tragic death and reminds her to understand what has actually happened, a person has died. Sheila is the main voice of morality in the play, alongside the inspector at the end. She may represent others in the wealthy elite of Britain who have a greater sense of compassion and wish for a better Britain.

51. Quote: No, no, please! Not that again. I've imagined it enough already.

Analysis:  This is in response to the inspector saying he’d wish everyone would have seen Eva’s body in the infirmary that night. Sheila’s pain and anguish is such she doesn’t want to even think about it. Visualising an image of a real, human being dead rather than some unknown anonymous person only spoken about brings the horror of what has happened even more to life. Despite the potential ending of Sheila’s engagement to Gerald and hearing about his betrayal, Sheila has an inherent kindness to her personality. She does not think ‘oh well good that woman whom Gerald was sleeping with is dead’, she is still very appalled and devastated by this.

52. Quote: No! Oh – horrible – horrible! How could she have wanted to kill herself?

Analysis:  This in direct response to the inspector mentioning how Eva was going to have a child. Thus two lives have been lost rather than one. Sheila cannot understand why Eva would do this. She has never lived the sort of life that Eva has lived, there is ignorance and a lack of empathy on the part of many of the rich elite in Britain to the reality of the lives of the working class. Priestley, it can be argued, is through Sheila’s words trying to get his wealthier views to try and understand Eva’s plight and to have empathy for not just Eva but the poor in general.

53. Quote: thank goodness for that! Though I don't know why I should care now

Analysis:  Sheila is told that Gerald was not the father of Eva’s child. She has conflicting feelings and is in a state of confusion and ambivalence, on the one hand she still has feelings for Gerald and is glad he is not the father but then says why should she even care now since obviously they are at this point supposedly not engaged any more.

54. Quote: mother, I think it was cruel and vile.

Analysis:  This is directly after the inspector tells Mrs Birling despite her having children herself she slammed the door in Eva’s face. Again we see the generational differences between the younger and older female Birlings. Mrs Birling may care immensely about reputation, image and status but her own daughter is condemning her actions in strong language.

55. Quote: (bitterly) for letting father and me have her chucked out of her jobs!

Analysis:  This is said when Mrs Birling says that the person to be blamed first of all is Eva herself. Sheila replies with irony and is upset. She does not try to engage in a defensive mentality which seeks to exonerate her and her family from any blame in order to preserve their reputation and standing, which is what her mother is seeking to do. Rather she is concerned about truth and basic human morality. She is more real and natural than her mother whose mentality is a product of a classist upbringing which creates ways of thinking that people are not born with but develop, ideas of social separation, discriminatory attitudes and false hubris and arrogance.

56. Quote: Of course he does. I told you he did.

Analysis:  As part of Mrs Birling’s ignorant and false world, the delusional bubble that she lives in that is devoid of many truths, she cannot believe that Eric drinks and Sheila then says that of course he does. Sheila is used by Priestley to highlight the flaws of the Birlings which include her harsh behaviour towards Eva, her father’s firing of Eva, Gerald’s affair with Eva and Eric’s alcohol problems. This is in stark contrast to the conservative Mrs Birling who thinks or would love to think that her family are all free of any great faults. In some ways Mrs Birling’s mental world comes crushing down this evening but the reality is her family are full of flaws, and so thus by extension are the upper class in general for they too are human just like their fellow human beings in the working class, who are not a different breed of creature or another species but fellow humans like them who have two eyes, two hands and who have feelings.

57. Quote: No, that's not fair, Eric. I could have told her months ago, but of course I didn't. I only told her tonight because I knew everything was coming out – it was simply bound to come out tonight – so I thought she might as well know in advance. Don't forget – I've already been though it.

Analysis:  Sheila is honourable. She does not highlight Eric’s alcoholic problems and heavy drinking to make him look bad but because she felt since it was inevitable that everything was going to be revealed tonight (which is what happens) she might as well say it but in the interests of truth, for the sake of everyone to understand the whole reality and she herself refers to her having ‘been though it’ i.e. her faults exposed and her admitting her own errors and shortcomings.

58. Quote: I know. I had her turned out of a job. I started it.

Analysis:  This quote needs to be seen in conjunction with quote no 57. This further proves that Sheila telling her mother of Eric’s drinking is not out of a childish desire to ‘get him in trouble’ but out of a want to see truth coming out, the whole truth, including the truth of Sheila’s role in this. The inspector accuses Eric of using Eva for sexual pleasure ‘as if she was an animal’. Sheila says straight after this that she was the one who ‘started’ Eva’s demise. She does not turn on Eric and attack him but switches the focus back on to her own role in all of this. She is after the truth. She is saddened by this and most likely she believes that by everyone discovering the truth something good can come out of it e.g. avoiding future mistakes, avoiding someone else suffering in the same way as Eva.

59. Quote: That's the worst of it.

Analysis:  The inspector says that the Birlings cannot say sorry to Eva. For Sheila that is the worst aspect of this entire tragedy. There is no way to lessen any harm, no way to make any amends, no way to apologise. Eva is no longer with us. Perhaps then the only thing that Sheila and others can do to make any good come out of this is to find out the truth and ensure that such a horrible, sad tragedy like this never happens again.

60. Quote: I behaved badly too. I know I did I'm ashamed of it. But now you're beginning all over again to pretend that nothing much has happened

Analysis: Sheila feels that some of the shock is lessening and that people seem to be reverting to their usual mentality and not taking this seriously. She highlights her own blame and is ashamed and wants everyone else to be ashamed but is worried that they are not. The last thing that Priestley would want is for his audience to watch the play , be momentarily shocked by it but then soon after revert to their usual ways of thinking.

61. Quote: But that's not what I'm talking about. I don't care about that. The point is, you don't seem to have learnt anything.

Analysis:  Eva can’t be apologised to (see quote 59), she won’t be returning back to life but at least the Birlings could learn something from this. Not only the Birlings but those among the upper-middle classes watching Priestley’s play. This is said in response to her father saying that he does take all of this seriously but in the sense that he will suffer more than anyone else. Sheila is not concerned at this moment with her father but it is the tragedy of Eva Smith that takes priority. Sheila is not self-centred and thinking of only her family and its reputation but of a fellow human being and human dignity and morality in general. She is a far more noble person than her father, a wealthy industrialist. Priestley is thus again undermining the capitalist elite in society through portraying Mr Birling negatively.

62. Quote: It doesn't much matter now, of course – but was he really a police inspector?

Analysis:  This is an interesting part of the play. Priestley plays around subtly with the idea of the supernatural. We are never told explicitly that inspector Goole is a ghost or some sort of paranormal being. He is however mysterious. Sheila knows that the inspector knows everything that has happened but she doesn’t think he is a police inspector. This adds to the element of mystery and enigma around inspector Goole. It also suggests that despite all of our best efforts that there are other things beyond the normal reality of cause and effect that will catch up with us, that may expose our crimes, and if we take this even further possibly punish us. Goole represents these forces that lie outside the normal material world of cause and effect. Thus we need to be careful to be weary of these elements and of course of our actions.

63. Quote: No, it doesn't.

Analysis:  Mr Birling says if he isn’t an inspector it changes everything and makes a huge difference. He is thinking in terms of punishment from the authorities and the possible destruction of his reputation. For Sheila these are not important, everything is the same, in the sense that a human being died. The death of a poor young mother is a reality, a sad reality regardless if Goole is a real inspector or not. Sheila prioritises human suffering and human welfare over reputation and status.

64. Quote: Well, it doesn't to me. And it oughtn't to you, either.

Analysis:  Sheila stands her ground against her father who is angry at her for suggesting that whether the inspector is a real police inspector or not is irrelevant. Her value system, morality is different to that of her father and the irony it is a child telling the one who raised them on how to think, on what moral values to have. Again an example of the inter-generational differences present in the play and with it the hope for a better Britain with the new generation to come.

65. Quote: (flaring up) I'm not being. If you want to know, it's you two who are being childish – trying not to face the facts.

Analysis:  Sheila’s mother tells her to stop being childish and Sheila reacts. The truth is that she is indeed the more mature one.

The elder Birlings prioritise things such as business profits (Mr Birling does), status, reputation, image and the suffering of a human being is either secondary or even irrelevant. These little labels such as the various ‘titles’ and ‘positions’ Mr Birling has had are small, petty things in the grander scheme of things, in the greater context of human suffering, of human happiness and a fairer society. Sheila is more noble, a bigger person but also more of an adult than either her parents.

66. Quote: I'm going anyhow in a minute or two. But don't you see, if all that's come out tonight is true, then it doesn't much matter who it was who made us confess. And it was true, wasn't it? You turned the girl out of one job, and I had her turned out of another. Gerald kept her – at a time when he was supposed to be too busy to see me. Eric – well, we know what Eric did. And mother hardened her hearth and gave her the final push that finished her. That's what's important – and not whether a man is a police inspector ot not.

Analysis:  Priestley is using Sheila is the voice of morality, a figure of hope for a better Britain with her more moral and humane attitudes. Priestley is saying, through Sheila, that rather than the rich focusing on whether they will get caught or not for any harsh behaviour towards the poor, they should look inside, to their inner self, their inner morality and reflect, and if required have a sense of shame and guilt.

67. Quote: That's what I mean, Eric. But if it's any comfort to you – and it wasn't to me – I have an idea – and I had it all alone vaguely – that there was something curious about him. He never seemed like an ordinary police inspector

Analysis:  Sheila’s intuition is that Goole is not really a police inspector, see quote no. 62 on this. Goole is in fact not a police inspector and Priestley does not make it clear who he is. He goes as vanishes, mysteriously. He is unknown to the police themselves. Who really is he? This is a mystery that Priestley left unanswered and for the audience to wonder about. He could be viewed as some sort of supernatural being or even a spiritual being and ominously allude to the potential that spiritual powers can expose the behaviour of the rich in the long run or can even punish them.

68. Quote: Oh – Mother!

Analysis: Sheila says the inspector made the family ‘confess’, implying wrong doing on their part. Mrs Birling in her rigid classist arrogance and set deep in her ways rejects this and says she had done her duty as far as Eva was concerned. Sheila is frustrated by this, this stone cold hearted, stubborn rigidity. Despite all her pleas to the Birlings’ conscience her parents are unmoved. A very sad thing and a critique of the wealthy elite in the form of the elder Birlings by Priestley.

69. Quote: (bitterly) I suppose we're all nice people now.

Analysis: This is said in response to Mr Birling saying Goole not being a real inspector makes all the difference. Sheila is concerned about the reality regardless of external factors such as the police, authorities but the real, deeper, fundamental world of right and wrong and not of ‘well we be caught and shamed publicly or not?’. The latter mentality is borne out of a self-centred desire to remain safe and to preserve status and image. S heila does not care about such things. For her a mother and her child died. See quotes 63, 64 and 65

70. Quote: You see, Gerald, you haven't to know the rest of our crimes and idiocies.

Analysis: Again Priestley using Sheila to say the Birlings and thus the upper-middle class are not perfect, that they too have their share of ‘crimes and idiocies’. They are not any less or any more human than their working class counterparts. The discriminatory classist attitude of social apartheid and prejudice prevalent at the time made some of the rich see the poor not quite as ‘sub-human’ but definitely not on the ‘same level’ of humanity as them. Priestley seeks to tear this apart and show ‘look, we are all people, we all have good and bad, mistakes, be we rich or poor’.

71. Quote: (eagerly) That's just what I feel, Eric. And it's what they don't seem to understand.

Analysis: This is said to Eric who is upset by what he sees as his parents indifference to Eva’s death. Again inter-generational differences and both of the younger Birlings being far better people than their parents, so thus a hope for a better future.

72. Quote: And Eric's absolutely right. And it's the best thing any one of us has said tonight and it makes me feel a bit less ashamed of us. You're just beginning to pretend all over again.

Analysis: Eric says the same as Sheila, it matters whether the inspector is real or not, what matters is a young woman died. This has been covered in the quotes above. Also the parents do not understand and it seems do not want to understand. This lack of understanding is borne out of ignorance and also the values being disseminated amongst the upper classes at that time which inhibit interaction between the rich and poor and thus perpetuate class hierarchy and the attendant inequality and discrimination that come along with it. Priestley wants people to understand. Sometimes to understand, people need to be shocked, to be stunned and this is what he hopes the play would achieve in its own small way, but he is aware that like the elder Birlings some may not care and seek to maintain the unfair, classist, capitalist society of Britain at that time.

73. Quote: But that won't bring Eva Smith back to life, will it?

Analysis:  Mr Birling tells Eric he has to stay to account for the money he has stolen, Sheila is saying that is not the real issue here. The real issue is Eva’s death. Money can return, can come back, Eva won’t. Human life, human dignity take priority over money. Caring for others takes priority over greedy self-interest or in the eyes of Priestley and other leftists, a more egalitarian Socialist system which seeks to care for all is superior to a selfish capitalist one which perpetuates inequality and poverty.

74. Quote: Well, he inspected us all right. And don't let's start dodging and pretending now. Between us we drove that girl to commit suicide.

Analysis:  Again, whether he was a real inspector or not is secondary or irrelevant to Sheila. She assigns collective blame on all the Birlings for Eva’s death.

75. Quote: So nothing really happened. So there's nothing to be sorry for, nothing to learn. We can all go on behaving just as we did.

Analysis: Priestley is being ironic, through Sheila, here and highlighting the possibility and dangers of not reflecting on tragedies such as Eva. There would have been wealthy industrialists like Mr Birling who could care very little if one of their former workers like Eva died but people in general should be better than that and learn from this and change their ways, and that is Priestley’s fundamental goal in ‘An Inspector Calls’ to shock his audience, expose horrible realities, disgust people and make them decide in their own way to work towards a fairer, better more just and kinder society.

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