biography of nelson mandela class 10 project

English Project On Nelson Mandela For Class 10th

Table of Contents

Nelson Mandela: A Beacon of Hope and Resilience

Why should you know about Nelson Mandela? Because he’s not just a historical figure; he’s a symbol of resistance, hope, and the indomitable human spirit. From his early life to his years in prison and his role in ending apartheid, Mandela’s story is a masterclass in resilience.

Name : Nelson Mandela
Father’s Name : Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa
Mother’s Name : Nosekeni Fanny
Born : July 18, 1918
Death : December 5, 2013
Death Age : 95
Education : University of Fort Hare, University of Witwatersrand
Political Party : African National Congress (ANC)
Presidency : May 10, 1994 – June 14, 1999
Awards : Nobel Peace Prize, among others

biography of nelson mandela class 10 project

Born on July 18, 1918, in Umtata, South Africa, Nelson Mandela was destined for greatness, and not the kind that comes from privilege. He was born into the Thembu royal family but chose a path that would be far removed from regal comfort. Why? Because Mandela saw the shackles that bound his people and decided he would be the one to break them. His father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, was a local chief and counselor to the monarch. His mother, Nosekeni Fanny, was the third of his father’s four wives. Together, they raised Mandela in a culture rich with moral and political teachings.

Education and Activism

Mandela wasn’t just a man with a mission; he was a man with the education to back that mission. He attended the University of Fort Hare and later the University of Witwatersrand, before working as a lawyer. He joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 1943. His education wasn’t just academic; it was a lesson in understanding the roots of oppression. He was expelled from Fort Hare for participating in a student protest, an early indicator of his activist spirit. Later, he moved to Johannesburg, where he completed his studies and joined a law firm.

The Struggle Against Apartheid

Mandela knew that the fight against apartheid was a fight for the soul of his nation. He was arrested and imprisoned multiple times for his activism. But it was his conviction in 1962 that led to a 27-year-long prison sentence. He used this time to earn an LLB degree and engage in secret communications with exiled ANC leaders. He was initially imprisoned in Robben Island and later moved to Pollsmoor Prison and then to Victor Verster Prison. During this time, the “Free Nelson Mandela” campaign gained international traction.

The Turning Point: 1990

In 1990, a seismic shift occurred. F.W. de Klerk, who had replaced P.W. Botha as South Africa’s president, announced Mandela’s unconditional release. Why is this significant? Because it set the stage for the end of apartheid and the beginning of a new chapter in South Africa’s history. Mandela’s release was broadcast live across the world, and he was greeted by a massive crowd upon his release.

The End of Apartheid and Political Ascendancy

Mandela was released from Victor Verster Prison on February 11, 1990. He didn’t just walk out as a free man; he walked out as a symbol of hope for millions. He engaged in preliminary negotiations with the government, leading to the end of apartheid. Mandela was elected ANC President in 1991, setting the stage for the multiracial general elections in 1994. He also led the ANC in the negotiations that led to the transition to multi-racial democracy.

The Nobel Peace Prize and Presidency

In 1993, Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The following year, Mandela became South Africa’s first Black president. But his presidency wasn’t just historic; it was transformative. He focused on reconciliation between the country’s racial groups and oversaw the establishment of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission. His government introduced various social and economic programs aimed at improving the living standards of South Africa’s Black population.

Legacy and Death

Nelson Mandela passed away on December 5, 2013, but his legacy is immortal. Streets are named after him, statues are erected in his honor, and his autobiography, “Long Walk to Freedom,” is considered essential reading for anyone who believes in human rights. He left behind a nation that was fundamentally transformed and a world that was deeply inspired.

Nelson Mandela’s life is a testament to the power of resilience, the importance of equality, and the enduring spirit of one man who could inspire millions. He didn’t just change South Africa; he changed the world.

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Nelson Mandela Biography Project for Class 10

Nelson Mandela, a name synonymous with courage, resilience, and the fight against injustice, left an indelible mark on the pages of history. Born Rolihlahla Mandela on 18th July 1918 in the village of Mvezo in South Africa, he would grow up to become a beacon of hope for his nation and the world. In this biography, we delve into the life, struggles, and triumphs of this remarkable figure who served as a symbol of resistance against apartheid and later as the President of South Africa.

Early Life and Education

Nelson Mandela’s childhood was deeply influenced by his heritage and family. His father, Gadla Henry Mandela, served as a counselor to the Acting King of the Thembu people, imparting important lessons about leadership and justice. Tragedy struck when Nelson was only nine years old, as his father passed away. Raised by his mother and the regent of the Thembu, he learned the values of unity and resilience.

Nelson’s educational journey began at a local missionary school, where his teacher bestowed upon him the name “Nelson.” His quest for knowledge led him to Fort Hare University and later the University of Witwatersrand, where he pursued a degree in law, setting the stage for his future political endeavors.

Political Career

Mandela’s political journey started when he joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 1943. His swift rise through the ranks was a testament to his unwavering commitment to ending apartheid, a discriminatory policy that had oppressed black South Africans for decades.

In 1952, Mandela played a pivotal role in the Defiance Campaign, advocating for non-violent civil disobedience against apartheid. However, the path to justice was not without peril. In 1960, he was arrested and charged with treason, eventually receiving a life sentence. His imprisonment transformed him into a symbol of resistance against apartheid.

Release and Presidency

Nelson Mandela’s release from prison in 1990 marked the beginning of a new era for South Africa. He led the ANC in negotiations with the apartheid government to dismantle the oppressive system peacefully. In recognition of his efforts, Mandela, along with President F.W. de Klerk, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

In 1994, South Africa held its first fully representative democratic elections, and Mandela was elected as President. During his presidency, he initiated measures to break down the apartheid legacy and promote racial reconciliation. Notably, he established the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate human rights abuses during apartheid.

Post-Presidency and Legacy

Nelson Mandela retired from politics in 1999 but continued his work on social justice issues through the Nelson Mandela Foundation. His commitment to justice, equality, and peace remained unwavering.

On December 5, 2013, Nelson Mandela passed away at the age of 95, leaving behind a legacy that continues to inspire people worldwide. He is celebrated as one of the most important figures of the 20th century, a global icon of peace and justice whose life exemplified the power of resilience, forgiveness, and unity in the face of adversity.

Nelson Mandela’s life is a testament to the ability of one person to bring about profound change in the world. His journey from a small South African village to the presidency of a nation serves as a beacon of hope for those fighting against oppression and injustice. In commemorating his life and legacy, we are reminded of the enduring power of compassion, reconciliation, and the unbreakable spirit of humanity.

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Nelson Mandela- Long Walk to Freedom Summary

Reading this first hand and beautifully written account of Nelson Mandela’s life is an extraordinary opportunity. Nelson Mandela, a South African freedom fighter and unfortunately a political prisoner for 27 years, his saga of eradicating the apartheid system from the country. The African National Congress struggled, and finally, Mandela was the first black president.

About Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela was a political leader and anti-apartheid activist from South Africa. Mandela was elected president of South Africa after serving 27 years in prison for supporting anti-apartheid views. He was the country's first black president and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to end apartheid in South Africa. Mandela has earned over 250 honors and is recognized universally as one of the most significant figures of the 20th century and an icon of democracy and social justice. Today, he is highly respected in South Africa.

We hope this CBSE Class 10 English Long Walk to Freedom Summary provided students with a strong overview of the chapter. You can visit Vedantu's website for more intriguing updates on CBSE and CBSE study material, as well as access to sample papers and question papers from previous years.

The Birth of the Mischievous Child - Summary

Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918, in a petit village in South Africa’s Transkei region. He was named Rolihlahla by his father, which colloquially translated to “troublemaker” in their language. Mandela was born to a noble lineage. His father held the position of the chief of the Thembu tribe. In his childhood, Mandela was a herd boy looking after cattle and sheep. He mainly ate “mealies' ' corn as his food. He attended a small one-room school in his village, often wearing his father’s cut-off pants secured by a string around the waist.

In his words- “ My life, and that of most Xhosas...was shaped by custom, ritual, and taboo.”

Mandela’s father passed away when he was just nine and his family sent him to live with Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo, the Thembu’s acting regent in Mqhekezweni, “the great place,” Thembuland’s provincial capital. He received a better education for a black South African of his generation. He studied in a reputed college named Wesleyan college in Fort Beaufort, and at the University College of Fort Hare, in Alice. While he was a student, the regent tried to arrange his marriage to a daughter of a Thembu priest. He refused and ran away to Johannesburg.

His Journey to a Rebellion

Mandela started his career as a night watchman at Crown Mines. It was a local gold mine. He utilized subterfuge to get this job, lying about the approval he had gotten from the well-reputed regent. Mine officials learned the truth and told Mandela to return immediately to Mqhekezweni. Refusing to leave Johannesburg, Mandela stayed with a cousin for some time. Then he moved in with Reverend J. Mabutho, but after knowing his truth, the reverend arranged for him to stay with neighbors.

Mandela went to work as a clerk for the law firm of Witkin, Sidelsky, and Eidelman and took correspondence courses from the University of South Africa. Despite his poverty, his eventual goal was to be a lawyer. In 1942, Mandela earned his bachelor’s degree. He enrolled in the University of the Witwatersrand for his law degree. He was the only black law student.

Fight for Freedom

The African National Congress had its young member, Mandela. He convinced the ANC's head to take a more substantial step towards the black people’s equal rights. During this period of his life, Mandela also got married to Evelyn Mase, his first wife.

“Apartheid was the policy for arranging the laws and regulations that had kept Africans in an inferior position to whites for centuries. In 1948, the National Party became the ruling party in South Africa and applied apartheid, the political separation and oppression of blacks. The nationalist party restricted black people’s freedom. This agitated the rebellion against Mandela, and he, along with his party, started civil disobedience.

He got arrested and was confined for a brief period and later again got arrested along with the ANP members and was put on trial. The court sentenced them to nine months of imprisonment for communism but later suspended the sentence.

By 1952, Mandela had inaugurated a law firm with Oliver Tambo. The authorities insulted them as “kaffir” lawyers, a racial slander. Their firm represented blacks in various police brutality cases but always lost in court. In 1953, The Nationalist government moved blacks to rural areas and gave their homes to white people. This angered Mandela, and he decided to give up the passive resistance. He was considered dangerous and was banned from politics for some years.

In 1956, the South African security police arrested Mandela and 155 other leaders, including nearly every ANC official. The charge was high treason, but the leaders were released pending trial. Mandela was accused by his ANC members of trying to create a Russian- Style Government.

Mandela’s marriage was on the rocks. Evelyn left with their sons Makgatho and Thembi, and their daughter, Makaziwe. Shortly after, Mandela fell in love with Nomzamo Winifred Madikizela, known as Winnie. He remarried Winnie, and she was active in the women's ANC group.

The interminable “treason trial” finally ended in March 1961, after four years. Though found innocent, Mandela went into hiding. The security forces issued new warrants for his arrest. He traveled surreptitiously, sometimes posing as a chauffeur or a “garden boy.” The government set up roadblocks to prevent his movements. Newspapers began to write about the former high-profile freedom fighter, now a mysterious will-o’-the-wisp. They called him the “Black Pimpernel.”

Before long, the South African police arrested Mandela for fomenting strikes and for leaving the country without the proper documents. Mandela defended himself at his 1962 trial but did not contest the charges. Finding him guilty, the judge sentenced him to five years in prison with no parole. He was sent to Robben Island, where white jailers greeted him with, “This is the island where you will die!” Soon the authorities brought new charges, for sabotage, against Mandela and the other freedom fighters. The government produced 173 witnesses against them. People worldwide demonstrated on behalf of Mandela and his comrades, but in 1964, they were found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment on Robben Island.

Their cells were damp, cramped, and unpleasant. Inside the walls, the “Coloreds” (mixed-race peoples) and the Indians received the best (though not good) food. Mandela and the other blacks received the worst.

“I wanted South Africa to see that I loved even my enemies, while I hated the system that turned us against one another.

Mandela always had to be on guard in jail. Once, he turned down a warden who offered to help him escape. Later, he learned that the man was with the Bureau of State Security. He planned that Mandela would be “accidentally” killed during the escape.

“I am told that when ‘Free Mandela’ posters went up in London, most young people thought my Christian name was Free.” - Mandela

More black South Africans than ever before joined the fight for freedom. New militant groups formed. The ANC’s popularity increased. The townships were in an uproar. Violence escalated. In 1985, the government offered to free Mandela if he renounced violence. Though he refused, he now believed it was time to negotiate with the Nationalists. As the de facto leader of the freedom movement, he met first with a special committee of Nationalist officials. Their initial topic was the armed struggle. The Nationalists said violence against the state was criminal. Mandela said the state “was responsible for the violence” and that the oppressor, not the oppressed, always “dictates the form of the struggle.”

In early 1990, de Klerk freed Mandela and seven of his comrades. They had imprisoned Mandela for 27 years. De Klerk also dismantled apartheid. In December, the two men met. The push for black freedom now moved with startling speed.

In 1993, the ANC and de Klerk’s administration announced plans for a “government of national unity,” calling for South Africa to hold its first truly democratic election the following year. For their efforts, Mandela and de Klerk received the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize. In April 1994, the ANC won 62.6% of the vote. Shortly thereafter, Nelson Mandela became president of South Africa. He served until 1999.

Work remains to be done. Mandela has not achieved his full original goal, “to liberate the oppressed and the oppressor,” though his country has taken bold steps forward. For now, He says, “We have merely achieved the freedom to be free, the right not to be oppressed.”

The courageous man is not the fearless one; instead, he is the one who overcomes his fear. According to Mandela, every man has responsibilities towards his country and community.

FAQs on Nelson Mandela

1. What was the reason behind singing two national anthems?

The two national anthems- one for Blacks and one for Whites, were sung to symbolize equality and respect for all members of the community, regardless of race.

2. According to Mandela, what does courage mean?

"Courage," according to Mandela, does not imply the absence of fear but the victory over it. A brave man has overcome his fear of beating all challenges.

3. What are the key points to remember?

Here are the key points:

The swearing-in ceremony took place in Pretoria's beautiful sandstone amphitheater.

He wished for Africa's independence to rule.

Army authorities, who could have apprehended him and imprisoned him previously, saluted him to show respect for the newly established democracy.

The two national anthems were sung during his swearing-in ceremony.

He reflects on the history and pays tribute to national martyrs who gave their lives for the cause of their homeland.

The martyrs, he claims, were men of remarkable courage, knowledge, and generosity.

He claims that man's goodness is a burning flame that can be quenched, but never exhausted.

He discusses his dual responsibilities, one to his family and the other to his country. He discovered he was not free while performing his duties.

As a result, he joined the African National Congress and fought for his country's independence.

He understood that the oppressor, like the oppressed, needed to be liberated.

4. How did Mandela's perspective of freedom evolve as he grew older and gained experience?

As a child, Mandela believed he was born free as long as he obeyed his father's demands and followed his clan's rules. He desired freedom as a student, which he saw as crucial for himself, such as the ability to remain out late at night, read whatever he pleased, and so on. He wished for the freedom to live a simple, dignified life as a young man in Johannesburg. Slowly, he discovered that not only was his freedom limited but that everyone in his town was restricted from living a regular, lawful life. That's when his desire for personal liberty transformed into a greater desire for the freedom of his people.

5. How did the desire for the freedom of his people animated Nelson Mandela’s life?

The desire for the freedom of his people changed Nelson Mandela’s life. He went from being a frightened young man to being a brave young man. A law-abiding attorney became a criminal as a result of his desire. A family-loving husband was transformed into a homeless guy, while a life-loving man was transformed into a monk. Mandela was neither virtuous nor selfless, and he could not even enjoy limited freedom. When he discovered that his people were not free, he felt robbed. He felt his people's slavery as if that was his own. His life was influenced by his desire for his people to be free to live their lives with dignity and self-respect. He was given freedom even though his people were not. The right to be free was indivisible. Any of his people's chains were the chains on all of them, and the chains on all of his people were likewise the chains on him. So, he fought for them.

Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom Summary Class 10 English

Summary of Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom

Long Walk to Freedom is the autobiography of Nelson Mandela, who was the former South African President. This article is for Nelson Mandela long walk to freedom summary. This chapter is the extracts from the “Long Walk to Freedom” book. It includes the description of the inauguration ceremony and citations from his speech and about his journey to being a freedom fighter. It says about the other countless people who fought for their freedom. In South Africa, a brutal practice named “apartheid” was very popular in those days. It referred to the discrimination between people on the basis of their race and colour. It was one of the most brutal societies in which dark-skinned people were deprived of their basic rights. This lesson gives us an overview of the struggles of Mandela for making the society with no discrimination on the basis of their colour, caste, race, age or gender.

Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom Summary in English

“A Long to Freedom”, by Nelson Mandela is all about the struggle of freedom of South-Africa. On May 10, 1994, Nelson Mandela has taken the vow as the first black president of South Africa. And therefore it was becoming a new-born democratic country. Nelson Mandela took the oath as the first black president.

Many dignitaries from different countries had come to be part of the most significant day. In his speech, Mandela thanked all those dignitaries. Mandela assured his countrymen that his country would never ever experience the same suppression of one by another. Democracy had been established in South Africa and as a result, a government of no discrimination was established.

Read more English Chapter Summaries here

The people of South Africa sang two National Anthems as a symbol of that day. Mandela recalled that the reason for this movement was that Black-skinned people were exploited by the White people. He said that this type of suppression of people of South Africa is the origin of many stars. People must learn to hate first, because if they hate then they can be taught to love, as love comes from the opposite circumstances. He also says that a brave man is not that who does not feel afraid but who conquers it.

In life, a man has two major obligations. First towards his family, to his parents, to his wife and to his children and second on the other hand obligation towards his country, people and the community. Everyone fulfils his duty as per his inclination and interest. But it was very tough to fulfil in a country like South Africa. When Mandela became an adult then he understood that his freedom was only an illusion. In fact, he was the slave of exploitation. He also understood that not only he was a slave but his other family members were also.

According to him, Freedom is also mandatory for them who were suppressing others in the past. They also have the right to have it because snatcher of other’s freedom is a prisoner of the same. Thus, the oppressor is as much a prisoner as the oppressed. The oppressor too is not free.

Conclusion of Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom

The brave man is not the one who does not feel afraid, but he is the one who conquers that fear. Mandela said that every man has his duties towards his country and community too.

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Nelson Mandela Long Walk to Freedom 10 English, First Flight – Summary, Explanation, Word Meanings

Last Updated on July 3, 2023 By Mrs Shilpi Nagpal

Nelson Mandela, Class 10 English, First Flight

Detailed explanation of “Nelson Mandela Long Walk to Freedom”, including definitions of difficult words. In addition, the explanation is followed by a lesson summary. Also, NCERT Question and Answers are also provided to help students understand this Chapter and do well in their exams.

☛ NCERT Solutions – Nelson Mandela Long Walk to Freedom

1 Introduction
3 Word Meanings

Introduction

The chapter is an extract from autobiography of Nelson Mandela’s, the First Black President of South Africa. It provides us a glimpse of the early life of Nelson Mandela, his education, thirty years in prison and the pains he had suffered in his young age. It also recounts his fight for the freedom of his own people who were tortured by the whites. It also mentions the contributions of other freedom fighters of his nation.

The oath taking ceremony of Nelson Mandela, the first black President of South Africa, and his colleagues took place on 10 th May, 1994. It was a historic occasion. Dignitaries and representatives of 140 countries came to attend it. The ceremony took place in the lovely sandstone amphitheatre, formed by the Union Buildings in Pretoria. Nelson Mandela had come to the ceremony with his daughter Zenani.

First, Mr. De Klerk was the 2nd Deputy President, then Thabo Mbeki the 1 st Deputy President were sworn in. Nelson Mandela took oath as the President. He pledged to obey and uphold the constitution and devote himself to the well-being of the republic and its people.

After taking the oath, President Mandela addressed the guests. He promised to create a society of which all humanity would be proud. He welcomed and thanked the international leaders for joining the ceremony that represented a common victory of justice, peace and human dignity. After getting political freedom, his government pledged to liberate people from the bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender and other discriminations. He wished the sun of freedom to shine on his country forever. He also promised that the new society would bring hope, equality and freedom to all.

After the oath ceremony, the display of military force was carried out. It showed the loyalty of military to democracy. The highest military generals saluted him. He recounted that they would have arrested him many years ago. Finally, the jets left off smoke trail of different colours, e.g., black, red, green, blue, and golden colour of the new South African flag. In the end, two National Anthems were sung by the whites and the blacks. The white sang Nkosi sikelel the old song and the black sang Die Stem the new song.

Later on that day, Mandela reformed history. In the first decade of the 20th Century, a few years after Anglo-Boer War before his birth, the white skinned patched up their differences and erected a system of racial domination against the dark skinned people of South Africa. It was the birth of Apartheid, the harshest in human creation. Now, in the last decade of the 20th century, the system has been overturned forever recognizing the rights of all people irrespective of the colour of their skin or religion.

On the auspicious day Mandela regretted the loss of thousands of people and remembered their sacrifice for the freedom from discrimination. He thought of himself as the sum of all those African patriots who sacrificed their lives before him.

It was a reign of oppression and cruelty that created a deep wound in African people. But deep oppression produced the Oliver Tambos, the Walter Sisulus, the Yusuf Dadoos. The Chief Luthulis, the Bram Fischers, the Robert Sobukwes etc. – men of unparallel courage, wisdom and generosity. He learnt that courage is not lack of fear but victory over that fear. Mandela thinks South Africa’s real wealth is her people who are finer, truer than the purest diamonds. His comrades taught him what courage meant.

It is not the absence of fear but victory over it. No one is born to hate another on the basis of colour of skin or religion. If they can learn to hate, then why not learn to love which comes naturally. He believes in the goodness of man that never dies.

Mandela believe that every man has two obligations, one towards his family and the other towards his people and his country. He believed that in a civil and human society every man is able to fulfill both of them. But a black born in South Africa , just like him, cannot fulfill both. In order to do something for his nation, Mandela was taken away from his family. Thus, he could never fulfil his obligations towards his family.

Mandela remembered that as a child, freedom for him meant being able to do what he wanted. As long as he obeyed his father and the rules of his tribe, he was free in every possible way. As a student, he wanted freedom just for himself. Then as a young man in Johannesburg, he wanted freedom to achieve his dreams, start a family, earn for himself etc. As he grew up, he started realising that the freedom that he enjoyed as a child was just an illusion.

Mandela realised that his complete community including him lacked freedom. Then, he joined the African National Congress with a desire to gain freedom, respect and dignity for his community. The desire for freedom for people as a whole changed his whole life. He transformed from a frightened young man to a bold person which turned him from a law abiding person to become a criminal. He realised that freedom is indivisible.

Mandela realised that he could not enjoy his freedom when his community was not free. He also realised that just like oppressed (torturer), the oppressor (tortured) is also not free. The oppressed is a prisoner of hatred, prejudice and narrow-mindedness. Thus, both the oppressor and the oppressed alike are robbed of their humanity. Both of them must be liberated.

Word Meanings

About Mrs Shilpi Nagpal

Author of this website, Mrs. Shilpi Nagpal is MSc (Hons, Chemistry) and BSc (Hons, Chemistry) from Delhi University, B.Ed. (I. P. University) and has many years of experience in teaching. She has started this educational website with the mindset of spreading free education to everyone. In addition to this website, author also has a Youtube channel, here is the link Class Notes Youtube Channel

Reader Interactions

July 4, 2021 at 9:35 am

Thanks for this And your mindset is nice of spreading free education.

September 23, 2021 at 5:51 am

Nice word with it’s meaning. Good

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A Brief History of Nelson Mandela's Life

The key moments of an extraordinary life.

By The Nelson Mandela Foundation

Nelson Mandela walks out of the gates of Victor Verster prison (1990-02-11) by Gideon Mendel The Nelson Mandela Foundation

Madiba's journey

Known and loved around the world for his commitment to peace, negotiation and reconciliation, Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was South Africa's first democratically elected president (1994-1999). Mandela was an anti-apartheid revolutionary and political leader, as well as a philanthropist with an abiding love for children. Mandela was born into the Xhosa royal family on 18 July 1918 and died on 5 December 2013.

Mvezo rondavels v2 (2007-04-16) The Nelson Mandela Foundation

The early years

Rolihlahla Mandela was born into the Madiba clan in the village of Mvezo, in the Eastern Cape, on 18 July 1918. His mother was Nonqaphi Nosekeni and his father was Nkosi Mphakanyiswa Gadla Mandela, principal counsellor to the Acting King of the Thembu people, Jongintaba Dalindyebo. In 1930, when he was 12 years old, his father died and the young Rolihlahla became a ward of Jongintaba at the Great Place in Mqhekezweni. Hearing the elders’ stories of his ancestors’ valour during the wars of resistance, he dreamed also of making his own contribution to the freedom struggle of his people.

Childhood (2010/2010) The Nelson Mandela Foundation

Gilbert Nzimeni Collection Healdtown photograph (front) The Nelson Mandela Foundation

Education He attended primary school in Qunu where his teacher, Miss Mdingane, gave him the name Nelson, in accordance with the custom of giving all schoolchildren “Christian” names. He completed his Junior Certificate at Clarkebury Boarding Institute and went on to Healdtown, a Wesleyan secondary school of some repute, where he matriculated. Mandela began his studies for a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University College of Fort Hare but did not complete the degree there as he was expelled for joining in a student protest. On his return to the Great Place at Mqhekezweni the King was furious and said if he didn’t return to Fort Hare he would arrange wives for him and his cousin Justice. They ran away to Johannesburg instead, arriving there in 1941. There he worked as a mine security officer and after meeting Walter Sisulu, an estate agent, he was introduced to Lazer Sidelsky. He then did his articles through a firm of attorneys – Witkin, Eidelman and Sidelsky. He completed his BA through the University of South Africa and went back to Fort Hare for his graduation in 1943.

Mandela with his law class at the University of the Witwatersrand (1944) by WITS University archive The Nelson Mandela Foundation

University Meanwhile, he began studying for an LLB at the University of the Witwatersrand. By his own admission he was a poor student and left the university in 1952 without graduating. He only started studying again through the University of London after his imprisonment in 1962 but also did not complete that degree. In 1989, while in the last months of his imprisonment, he obtained an LLB through the University of South Africa. He graduated in absentia at a ceremony in Cape Town.

The Big City (2010/2010) The Nelson Mandela Foundation

NRM and Bikitsha (1941/1941) The Nelson Mandela Foundation

Entering politics

Mandela, while increasingly politically involved from 1942, only joined the African National Congress in 1944 when he helped to form the ANC Youth League (ANCYL).In 1944 he married Walter Sisulu’s cousin, Evelyn Mase, a nurse. They had two sons, Madiba Thembekile "Thembi" and Makgatho, and two daughters both called Makaziwe, the first of whom died in infancy. He and his wife divorced in 1958.Mandela rose through the ranks of the ANCYL and through its efforts, the ANC adopted a more radical mass-based policy, the Programme of Action, in 1949.

scan0003 The Nelson Mandela Foundation

National Volunteer-in-Chief In 1952 he was chosen as the National Volunteer-in-Chief of the Defiance Campaign with Maulvi Cachalia as his deputy. This campaign of civil disobedience against six unjust laws was a joint programme between the ANC and the South African Indian Congress. He and 19 others were charged under the Suppression of Communism Act for their part in the campaign and sentenced to nine months of hard labour, suspended for two years.

Nelson Mandela and Jerry Moloi sparring by Bob Gosani/ BAHA The Nelson Mandela Foundation

Mandela and Tambo A two-year diploma in law on top of his BA allowed Mandela to practise law, and in August 1952 he and Oliver Tambo established a law firm called Mandela & Tambo. At the end of 1952 he was banned for the first time. As a restricted person he was only permitted to watch in secret as the Freedom Charter was adopted in Kliptown on 26 June 1955.

Treason Trial, Unthreading Mandela (2018-11-07) by Nelson Mandela Foundation The Nelson Mandela Foundation

The Treason Trial

Mandela was arrested in a countrywide police swoop on 5 December 1956, which led to the 1956 Treason Trial. Men and women of all races found themselves in the dock in the marathon trial that only ended when the last 28 accused, including Mandela, were acquitted on 29 March 1961.

The Prisoner (2010/2010) The Nelson Mandela Foundation

Nelson Mandela with his dog Gompo by Alf Khumalo The Nelson Mandela Foundation

State of emergency On 21 March 1960 police killed 69 unarmed people in a protest in Sharpeville against the pass laws. This led to the country’s first state of emergency and the banning of the ANC and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) on 8 April. Mandela and his colleagues in the Treason Trial were among thousands detained during the state of emergency.

Amy Thornton-Reitstein (1994-01-01) Original Source: To download a photograph click here

Spear of the Nation Days before the end of the Treason Trial, Mandela travelled to Pietermaritzburg to speak at the All-in Africa Conference, which resolved that he should write to Prime Minister Verwoerd requesting a national convention on a non-racial constitution, and to warn that should he not agree there would be a national strike against South Africa becoming a republic. After he and his colleagues were acquitted in the Treason Trial, Mandela went underground and began planning a national strike for 29, 30 and 31 March. In the face of massive mobilisation of state security the strike was called off early. In June 1961 he was asked to lead the armed struggle and helped to establish Umkhonto weSizwe (Spear of the Nation), which launched on 16 December 1961 with a series of explosions.

Winni and Mandela getting married (1958-06) by UWC, Robben Island , Mayibuye archives / Eli Weinberg The Nelson Mandela Foundation

Marriage During the trial Mandela married a social worker, Winnie Madikizela, on 14 June 1958. They had two daughters, Zenani and Zindziswa. The couple divorced in 1996.

AT040-13 Mandela Algeria (1962) by UWC, Robben Island , Mayibuye archives The Nelson Mandela Foundation

Undercover On 11 January 1962, using the adopted name David Motsamayi, Mandela secretly left South Africa. He travelled around Africa and visited England to gain support for the armed struggle. He received military training in Morocco and Ethiopia and returned to South Africa in July 1962. He was arrested in a police roadblock outside Howick on 5 August while returning from KwaZulu-Natal, where he had briefed ANC President Chief Albert Luthuli about his trip.

Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu by Unknown Robben Island Museum

Sentenced to 5 years in prison He was charged with leaving the country without a permit and inciting workers to strike. He was convicted and sentenced to five years' imprisonment, which he began serving at the Pretoria Local Prison. On 27 May 1963 he was transferred to Robben Island and returned to Pretoria on 12 June. Within a month police raided Liliesleaf, a secret hideout in Rivonia, Johannesburg, used by ANC and Communist Party activists, and several of his comrades were arrested.

8 Rivonia Trialists (1964) by Unknown Robben Island Museum

The Rivonia Trial On 9 October 1963 Mandela joined 10 others on trial for sabotage in what became known as the Rivonia Trial. While facing the death penalty his words to the court at the end of his famous "Speech from the Dock" on 20 April 1964 became immortalised: “During my lifetime I have dedicated my life to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons will live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal for which I hope to live for and to see realised. But, My Lord, if it needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.” Speech from the Dock quote by Nelson Mandela on 20 April 1964

Robben Island group of prisoners (1977-04-25) The Nelson Mandela Foundation

Robben Island On 11 June 1964 Mandela and seven other accused, Walter Sisulu, Ahmed Kathrada, Govan Mbeki, Raymond Mhlaba, Denis Goldberg, Elias Motsoaledi and Andrew Mlangeni, were convicted and the next day were sentenced to life imprisonment. Goldberg was sent to Pretoria Prison because he was white, while the others went to Robben Island.

Life in prison Mandela’s mother died in 1968 and his eldest son, Thembi, in 1969. He was not allowed to attend their funerals.

Release Mandela Original Source: Graeme Williams / South Photos

From freedom to liberation On 31 March 1982 Mandela was transferred to Pollsmoor Prison in Cape Town with Sisulu, Mhlaba and Mlangeni. Kathrada joined them in October. When he returned to the prison in November 1985 after prostate surgery, Mandela was held alone. Justice Minister Kobie Coetsee visited him in hospital. Later Mandela initiated talks about an ultimate meeting between the apartheid government and the ANC.

Release from prison

On 12 August 1988 he was taken to hospital where he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. After more than three months in two hospitals he was transferred on 7 December 1988 to a house at Victor Verster Prison near Paarl where he spent his last 14 months of imprisonment. He was released from its gates on Sunday 11 February 1990, nine days after the unbanning of the ANC and the PAC and nearly four months after the release of his remaining Rivonia comrades. Throughout his imprisonment he had rejected at least three conditional offers of release.

Inauguration of President Nelson Mandela (1994-05-10) Original Source: Guy Stubbs

Nobel Peace Prize Mandela immersed himself in official talks to end white minority rule and in 1991 was elected ANC President to replace his ailing friend, Oliver Tambo. In 1993 he and President FW de Klerk jointly won the Nobel Peace Prize and on 27 April 1994 he voted for the first time in his life.

Nelson Mandela signing the 'President's Bible' (1994-05-10) The Nelson Mandela Foundation

On 10 May 1994 he was inaugurated as South Africa’s first democratically elected President. On his 80th birthday in 1998 he married Graça Machel, his third wife.

The Statesman (2010/2010) The Nelson Mandela Foundation

Retiring from Retirement (2007-06/2007-06) The Nelson Mandela Foundation

Retirement True to his promise, Mandela stepped down in 1999 after one term as President. He continued to work with the Nelson Mandela Children’s Fund he set up in 1995 and established the Nelson Mandela Foundation and The Mandela Rhodes Foundation.

Madiba at Home - Mvezo (2005-07-18/2005-07-18) The Nelson Mandela Foundation

Mvezo and Mandla Mandela In April 2007 his grandson, Mandla Mandela, was installed as head of the Mvezo Traditional Council at a ceremony at the Mvezo Great Place.

Mandela's body being transported (2013-12-14) by Gallo images /Foto24/ Deaan Vivier The Nelson Mandela Foundation

Mandela's legacy Nelson Mandela died at his home in Johannesburg on 5 December 2013.

Mandela at 92 (2010-07-17) The Nelson Mandela Foundation

Nelson Mandela never wavered in his devotion to democracy, equality and learning. Despite terrible provocation, he never answered racism with racism. His life is an inspiration to all who are oppressed and deprived; and to all who are opposed to oppression and deprivation.

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Learners' biography

Rolihlahla Mandela was born into the Madiba clan in Mvezo, Transkei, on 18 July 1918.

His mother was Nonqaphi Nosekeni and his father, Nkosi Mphakanyiswa Gadla Mandela, was the main advisor to the Acting King of the Thembu people, Jongintaba Dalindyebo.

He received the name "Nelson" on his first day in primary school from his teacher Miss Mdingane. When he was 12 his father died and he was raised by the Regent at the Great Place in Mqhekezweni. He was sent to the best schools available and began studying a BA at Fort Hare University.

When he was expelled for joining a student protest, the Regent told him to return or get married. So he ran away to Johannesburg with his cousin Justice. His first job in 1941 was as a security guard on a gold mine and then as a legal clerk in the law firm Witkin, Edelman and Sidelsky. At the same time he completed his BA through Unisa.

In 1943 he enrolled for an LLB at Wits University. He was a poor student and became more involved in politics from 1944 after he helped to start the ANC Youth League. He married in the same year and needed money to support his family.

By mid-1952 when the university asked him to pay the 27 pounds he owed or leave, he already had three children. He only started studying again in 1962 in prison. He finally graduated with an LLB through Unisa 27 years later.

Later in 1952 he became the National Volunteer-in-Chief of the Defiance Campaign against apartheid laws. He and 19 others were later charged and sentenced to nine months, suspended for two years. In August he and Oliver Tambo started South Africa’s first black law firm, Mandela & Tambo.

In those days one could practise as an attorney with a two-year diploma. Later that year he was banned for the first time – he had to ask the government for permission whenever he needed to leave Johannesburg. After the adoption of the Freedom Charter in 1955, 156 people were arrested and charged with treason. The trial lasted four-and-a-half years until 29 March 1961 by which time all were acquitted. The ANC and PAC were banned after the 21 March 1961 killing by police of 69 unarmed protesters in Sharpeville.

Mandela called on the government not to turn South Africa into a republic on 31 May 1961 but to discuss a non-racial constitution. He was ignored so he called for a strike on 29, 30 and 31 March.

In June 1961 he was asked to lead the ANC’s armed wing, Umkhonto weSizwe and it launched on 16 December that year. On 11 January 1962, Mandela secretly left South Africa to undergo military training and to get support from African countries for the armed struggle.

He was arrested on 5 August and charged with leaving the country illegally and encouraging the strike. He was convicted and sentenced on 7 November 1962 to five years in prison.

On 11 July 1963, a secret hideout he once used was raided by police. On 9 October 1963 he joined 10 others on trial for sabotage in the Rivonia Trial.

On 12 June 1964 he and seven others were sentenced to life imprisonment. While he was in prison his mother and his eldest son died. He was not allowed to attend their funerals.

He spent 18 years on Robben Island, and while at Pollsmoor Prison in Cape Town in 1985 he had to go to hospital. When Justice Minister Kobie Coetsee visited him, he had an idea: to see if the government wanted to talk about one day meeting with the ANC.

In 1988 he was taken to hospital for tuberculosis. Three months later he was moved to Victor Verster Prison where he spent his last 14 months in prison. He was released on Sunday 11 February 1990, nine days after the unbanning of the ANC and the PAC.

Other political prisoners were freed and exiles returned. The ANC began talking to the government about South Africa’s future. For this work he and President FW de Klerk won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993, and on 27 April 1994, Mandela voted in South Africa’s first democratic elections.

On 10 May 1994, he was inaugurated as South Africa’s first democratically elected President and stepped down after one term. In his retirement he worked on building schools and clinics, highlighting HIV, children and leadership. He died at his home in Johannesburg on 5 December 2013.

Introduction: Nelson Mandela - Long Walk to Freedom | English Class 10 PDF Download

About the Author- Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela – a Short Biography

Theme of the Story

The lesson pays tribute to those black heroes and patriots who waged a relentless struggle against the apartheid or the racist regime of South Africa. Here we find a description of the inauguration ceremony held in the Union Buildings attended by politicians and dignitaries from more than 140 countries. Nelson Mandela gives a message of peace and unity of mankind. He foresees a new regime which will be based on the equality of men and women. He hopes that in the new regime there will be no exploitation of man by man. There will be no room for racialism and segregation in the new order.

Word-Meaning

Dawned — (here) presented itself, began, Pleasantly— in a pleasant way, Besieged — (here) surrounded closely by, Dignitaries— persons of high ranks, high officials their respect— express their honour/respect, Inauguration — (here) opening ceremony ,

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The life of Nelson Mandela

Discover the world-famous human rights activist who became south africa’s first black president….

Discover the remarkable life and work of Nelson Mandela – who helped change the lives of millions of South African people – in our Nelson Mandela facts…

Throughout history, lots of people around the world have faced discrimination – where they are treated differently because of their race, skin colour, gender, age and lots of other things, too.

Sadly, it still happens to this day! But there are some amazing people who have worked hard to make a change for the better, and helped us move towards a world where everyone is treated fairly and equally. One such person is Nelson Mandela …

Nelson Mandela facts

Who was Nelson Mandela?

Full name : Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela Born : 18 July 1918 Hometown : Mvezo, South Africa Occupation : President of South Africa and civil rights activist Died : 5 December 2013 Best known for : Becoming the first black President of South Africa and a civil rights hero Also known as : Madiba

Nelson Mandela’s early life

Nelson Mandela was born on the 18th July 1918 in the village of Mvezo , which is located in an area of South Africa called Transkei . His father’s name was Henry , and his mother was called Nosekeni Fanny .

As a youngster, little Nelson was actually called Rolihlahla – it wasn’t until he was seven that a teacher at school gave him the name ‘ Nelson ’, and it stuck!

And check this out… Nelson was born into royalty! His father, Henry, was chief of a tribe in South Africa called the Tembu , and his great grandfather was the tribe’s king! But sadly, Nelson was just twelve years old when his father died.

Nelson studied hard at school and later attended the University of Fort Hare , the South African Native College . He then moved to the city of Johannesburg to study law at the University of the Witwatersrand , before qualifying as a lawyer in 1942 , aged 24 .

Inequality in South Africa

South Africa is home to many different peoples and cultures – so much so that it’s been nicknamed the ‘ rainbow nation ’. But, sadly, at the time that Nelson Mandela was growing up, there was a huge racial divide in the country.

White people ran the country, and they generally led privileged lives with good jobs, nice homes and access to good schools and healthcare. Most black people, however, worked in low-paid jobs, and lived in poor communities with poor facilities. They had far fewer rights , too – they weren’t even allowed to vote in elections!

Like many others, Nelson Mandela felt that everyone deserved to be treated the same, regardless of their skin colour. So, in 1944 , he joined the African National Congress (ANC) – a political group that strived for equal rights for whites and blacks.

In 1948 the South African government introduced a system called ‘ apartheid ’, which furthered the country’s racial divide even more. Under new racist laws, black people and white people were forced to lead separate lives . They weren’t allowed to live in the same areas, share a table in a restaurant, attend the same schools or even sit together on a train or bus!

What did Nelson Mandela do?

Nelson Mandela became an important figure in the ANC , and he helped set up and lead a section for young people called the ANC Youth League . He later travelled the country to gain support for non-violent protests against the National Party’s racist laws, too.

This activism made him very unpopular with the authorities, and Nelson was arrested for treason – the crime of betraying your country’s government – several times.

While Nelson was under arrest in the late 1950s , the government banned anti-apartheid groups such as the ANC. But that didn’t stop Nelson and his fellow activists – in fact, they felt more had to be done to bring about change.

So, even though they preferred using peaceful protests in their struggle for equality, in 1961 Nelson and other ANC leaders formed a secret military group called Umkhonto we Sizwe , or Spear of the Nation .

Why did Nelson Mandela go to prison?

Nelson knew he would be in big trouble if the authorities found out about the secret army and their plans, and so he kept a very low profile. He lived in hiding – and even dressed in disguise! But in August 1962 , he was arrested on his return from a trip to Algeria in Northern Africa , and sentenced to five years in prison . From there, things only got worse for Nelson…

In 1963 , the police raided a farm near the city of Johannesburg and found documents belonging to the secret army, as well as weapons . The result? Nelson and seven other men were charged for plotting to overthrow the government and given life sentences . Nelson would spend the next 27 years behind bars …

Nelson was first sent to a prison on Robben Island , seven miles off the coast of Cape Town, South Africa’s capital city. He was moved to Pretoria Local Prison to appear in court, then returned to the Island prison for nearly ten years. In 1982 , Nelson was transferred to Pollsmoor Prison , and later in 1988 , he moved for a final time to Victor Verster Prison near a town called Paarl .

Throughout his time behind bars, Nelson Mandela didn’t give up on what he believed in. He even refused freedom on two occasions, and instead chose to stand by his principles. He used his time to learn new things, including Afrikaans – a language of South Africa spoken mostly by white people – which earned him respect from the guards he spoke to.

When was Nelson Mandela freed from prison?

Over time, Nelson Mandela became a famous prisoner, and there were calls all around the world to ‘ Free Nelson Mandela! ’. For decades, countries around the world had put pressure on South Africa to end apartheid, but now the anti-apartheid movement had more support than ever.

Change for the better finally came in 1989 . The president of South Africa, FW de Klerk , met with Nelson Mandela and in 1990 set him free!

In 1991 , Nelson became President of the ANC and worked with FW de Klerk to bring an end to apartheid in a harmonious way, and introduce equal rights for everyone. Their work towards making South Africa a more peaceful place won the pair the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 .

Come the 1994 general election , all races in South Africa were allowed to vote. Nelson’s hard work finally paid off – the ANC won, and Nelson Mandela became South Africa’s first black president .

As President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela improved the living standards and facilities of South Africa’s black population, who had suffered for decades under apartheid. He also worked hard to make South Africa a country of equality, where people of all race and colour could live together in peace.

In 1999 , Nelson Mandela retired as President and his successor was called Mbeki . But whilst he left politics behind, he continued to be an important figure around the world as a symbol of peace and equality. The same year that he retired, he founded the Nelson Mandela Foundation , an organisation that works to this day to promote the principals of equality, freedom and peace.

When did Nelson Mandela die?

From 2004 , he lived a quiet life with his wife Graça . Following a lung infection, Nelson Mandela sadly died in December 2013 , aged 95 years old.

How is Nelson Mandela remembered?

Nelson Mandela’s spirit and values are still very much alive to this day, and he will forever be remembered. He wrote a book called “ Long Walk to Freedom ”, where people can read about the struggles he faced in his battle against discrimination and fight for equality. In 2009 , Nelson’s birthday, 18 July , was officially named ‘ Nelson Mandela Day ’. Every year on this day, people around the world honour his legacy by helping their communities and making the world a better place.

Discover more inspirational figures who fought for equality by finding out all about Rosa Parks or reading our Martin Luther King facts .

What did you think of our Nelson Mandela facts? Let us know by leaving a comment, below!

WELL DONE, YOUR COMMENT HAS BEEN ADDED!

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i think he's great and a real hero unlike some people

it really is inspiring his story changed the world for all races

Awesome info!

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hahaha very funny!

Let's take action!

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I learnt so much about my history

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good'ay mate

Amazing life

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his life is AMAZING!!!!!!!

This site saved me from school work! Love your magazines! I count on you for everything!

This is an amazing site for facts this totally saved me from my angry teacher waving her assignment! Pls send more!

This is the best website ever for kids and children

I am so happy to see my child be so interested in Nelson Mandela. He is now my child's hero.

This is so cool. It is soo informative I didnt know some of these things about nelson mandela. He is amazing!!! I have actually met him once. OMG I am so happy just thinking about it. So cool #No:1 Mandela fan

It was some very interesting facts, and I think it will be very helpful for school - Stella

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this is a an interesting topic! i'd love to learn more :)

i learnd really much i hope you guys gone write more.

[…] The life of Nelson Mandela […]

[…] or webpage of info – Nelson Mandela […]

[…] https://www.natgeokids.com/uk/discover/history/general-history/nelson-mandela/ […]

Gives good infomation

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Let fight please

I think we should do movement and fight thank u

Let fight for life

why did nelson andela die

that sad... he died..

lets do this

Some stuff is not true

NELSON MANDELA!!!!

the facts of this source is not according of what we expect.It gives not the correct answers of what you haved look.can you please give more perspective information please and also relevant.

lets take action

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I did a project on Nelson Mandela at school and even got a certificate for it... It would have been even better if I had found out about the natgeokids website before my project!

That is so true

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IAS Preparation
This Day in History
This Day In History Jun - 12

Nelson Mandela Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - [June 12, 1964] This Day in History

South African anti-apartheid leader and world human rights activist Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life imprisonment on June 12, 1964 for his political activism by the South African establishment. He was freed from prison only after 27 years during which time he became the face of the anti-apartheid movement.

In this article, you can read about Nelson Mandela, the South African leader who fought against Apartheid and became the first black president of the country, for the IAS exam.

Biography of Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela was born on 18 th July 1918 into a royal family of the Thembu tribe in the village of Mvezo in Cape Province. The tribe spoke the language Xhosa.
His birth name was Rolihlahla. Aged nine, Mandela was adopted by another high-ranking member of the tribe who groomed him for a leadership role in the tribe.
Mandela became the first member of his family to receive formal education when he attended the local missionary school. He was given the English name ‘Nelson’ at the school, as was the custom then.
For his secondary education, he went to another missionary school. The Christian faith was to have a profound impact on him.
In 1939, Mandela entered the prestigious University of Fort Hare which was the only western-modelled institute of higher learning for black African students then.
However, he never completed his education as he was expelled for boycotting against the policies of the institute. Mandela returned home only to find out that his marriage had been arranged. To escape this, he fled to Johannesburg and started work as a night watchman.
He also studied for his bachelor’s degree by correspondence and found employment as a law clerk.
At the University of Witwatersrand, where he enrolled to study law, Mandela befriended many activists, both black and white.
He joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 1944. He also established its youth wing along with other leaders like Oliver Tambo, called the African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL).
In the 1948 elections in South Africa, the National Party came to power and implemented harsh segregation policies. The non-whites were placed under severe restrictions and denied basic rights. They were even barred from the government.
The ANC started its campaign for full citizenship for all South Africans through peaceful, non-violent means.
Mandela travelled the length and breadth of the country advocating equal rights. He led the ANC’s Campaign for the Defiance of Unjust Laws in 1952. He, along with Tambo, also started the country’s first black law firm to fight cases for black people affected adversely by unjust segregation laws.
In 1956, Mandela was arrested. He was released in 1961 after the trial but the situation was becoming increasingly tensed. The Pan Africanist Congress (PAN) had been formed in 1959 which advocated armed resistance against apartheid.
In 1960, the police opened fire at a group of peaceful black protestors in Sharpeville. 69 people were killed. Riots ensued in different parts of the country. The ANC and the PAC were banned by the government. It was also during this time that Mandela gave up peaceful resistance and started a more radical approach.
In 1961, he founded the Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) with his colleagues. This was an armed wing of the ANC.
The MK under Mandela’s leadership started a sabotage movement against the government.
He travelled abroad in January 1962 despite being banned from doing so and met Tambo who was exiled in London. He also received guerrilla training in Algeria.
In August 1962, he returned to South Africa and was arrested. He was sentenced to five years in prison. He was then taken to trial, which was called the ‘Rivonia Trial’. From the dock of the defendant in the courtroom, Mandela gave his famous 3-hour speech, now called the “I Am Prepared to Die” speech. The trial garnered international attention and many global organisations called for the release of Mandela and his associates. However, he was sentenced to life imprisonment.
The first 18 years of his incarceration was spent at the Robben Island Prison where he underwent brutal hardships. He had to do hard labour in a lime quarry and spent his days at a tiny cell without bedding or plumbing. He also received fewer rations than other white inmates. He and his associates also received harsh punishments for the slightest of ‘offences’.
Despite being in prison, Mandela became the face of the anti-apartheid movement.
The international community also put pressure on the government of South Africa by isolating them.
In 1989, the then South African President F.W. de Klerk cancelled the ban on the ANC and announced the formation of a non-racist country.

Legacy of Nelson Mandela

In February 1990, Mandela was released from prison after 27 years.
Mandela and de Klerk received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1993.
The first fully democratic elections were held in the country in April 1994, and Mandela was elected as the first black President of South Africa. He was president till 1999 when he retired from politics.
He died of a lung infection on 5 th December 2013 aged 95.
He had received many awards and accolades in his lifetime from various countries and organisations. India awarded him the Bharat Ratna in 1990.

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Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom – Notes Class 10 English

Post last modified: 25 June 2022
Post category: Class 10 English Notes

Study Notes on ‘Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom’ are given here with key-points summary, meanings, themes, characters and literary devices.

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Notes – Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom

This chapter is an excerpt from Nelson Mandela’s autobiography Long Walk to Freedom. It focuses on the momentous occasion of his inauguration. Not only does it signify the end of apartheid and racial segregation but it also signifies the birth of the democratic republic of South Africa.

The excerpt also provides a unique insight into Mandela’s thoughts on the inauguration and apartheid. It also stresses on the importance of freedom and courage over oppression and hate.

SUMMARY – Key Points

Broadly, Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom can be divided into:

Mandela’s Inauguration as President

Mandela’s Speech

Mandela about Apartheid

Mandela about Other South African Patriots and their Courage

Mandela about Love and Hate

Mandela about a Man’s Twin Obligations

Mandela’s Idea of Freedom

It took place on 10 th May, 1994 in the Union Building in Pretoria.
It was attended by dignitaries from around the world.
Mandela was accompanied by his daughter.
It marked the triumph of humanity, liberty and peace over oppression.
Mandela brought out the irony that not long ago he was regarded as a criminal and now he was hosting dignitaries from all over the world.
He pledged to fight against poverty and discrimination.
Mandela pledged never to let his nation be ruled by tyranny again.
Mandela’s inauguration marked the end of the one of most oppressive systems in human history – apartheid.
Apartheid is a system of racial discrimination where white-skinned people dominate over the dark-skinned people of their land.
Apartheid, Mandela notes, had caused immeasurable suffering for his people.
Apartheid also produced courageous men and women who had risked their lives to fight oppression.
It is through their sacrifice that Mandela understood the idea of courage.
“…courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it.”
By calling himself the ‘sum of all African patriots’ before him, he paid his tribute to the brave men and women who paved the way for Africa’s freedom.
Mandela believed that no one is born hating other human beings. Rather, they are taught to hate.
He believed in mankind’s boundless capacity for goodness and love.
Mandela believed every man has two obligations – one to family and one to country.
In an unequal society, a man cannot fulfil both obligations. Every man must be free to be able to do so.
Mandela had to put his people’s needs above those of his family’s.
Mandela realised that his freedom was an illusion only on reaching adulthood.
He further realised that other members of his community too were not free.
One cannot truly enjoy freedom if one’s fellow men and women are in chains. This realisation led Mandela to give up his own freedom and fight for the freedom of his people.
Mandela’s idea of freedom is all-inclusive. He believes that everyone must be free – not just the oppressed, but also the oppressor who is imprisoned by hate.

The two major themes of the chapter are:

Freedom vs Oppression

Courage vs Hate

Mandela contrasts the freedom enjoyed by his country now to apartheid and its consequences.
Freedom is impossible if it is restricted by a higher authority.
One cannot also be free if one’s fellow people are in chains.
Freedom is all-inclusive. Everyone – even the oppressors – should be free.
Mandela develops the idea of courage by reflecting on the sacrifices of African patriots.
The immeasurable suffering caused by apartheid produced brave men and women who were willing to do what it took to dismantle it.
Even though they suffered and were afraid, they risked their lives for the cause of the country.
In contrast to the innate ability of courage that Mandela emphasises, hate is often taught. Hate leads to discrimination on the basis of race or religion.

The excerpt provides a brief glimpse into Nelson Mandela’s character.

The first black president of South Africa

An Idealist: His speech shows his belief in the ideals of human dignity, liberty and freedom of fellow human beings.

Brave: Mandela braved prison and other untold sufferings to ensure freedom for his countrymen and women.

Intellectual: His speech to the world leaders, his reflections on apartheid, courage and freedom reflect this.

A True Revolutionary: Mandela gave up his family and personal freedom to take up the cause of the revolution. He also believed that everyone should be free.

LITERARY DEVICES

The use of contrasts.

Mandela uses contrasts in the chapter to reflect on ideas of courage, apartheid and freedom. Some of the contrasts used are:

Union Building Pretoria: A building, once a seat of white supremacy, would now form the first democratic, non-racial government of South Africa.

White vs Rainbow: Mandela uses the plain colour white to refer to the domination of dark-skinned by the white-skinned. In contrast, he uses the word ‘rainbow gathering’ to refer to all the people assembled for the inauguration.

The South African generals and police saluting Nelson Mandela. Only a few years back these same people would have put him in prison.

The two anthems – the vision of whites singing ‘Nkosi Sikelel –iAfrika’ and blacks singing ‘Die Stem’, the old anthem of the Republic.

Two Systems of Thought: Apartheid which is based on race and skin colour is one of the ‘harshest, most inhumane’ systems of oppression in human history vs the Republic which ‘recognised the rights and freedoms’ of all people regardless of skin colour.

‘Depths of oppression’ can create ‘heights of characters’ – the untold suffering faced by the African people produced great heroes.

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Long Walk to Freedom Theme | Class 10 | First Flight | Point wise | Deep Analysis

Long Walk to Freedom Theme edumantra.net

Take a closer look at “Long Walk to Freedom,” based on the themes of Resilience and Perseverance. from your Class 10 English book, First Flight . We’re going to talk about the main idea this story in a simple way, breaking it down point wise. This post is for students who want to understand the story better and for teachers who are looking for ways to make this story clearer to their students. Let’s dive into what Long Walk to Freedom theme is-

A Long Walk to Freedom Theme

The theme of A Long Walk to Freedom is: “Resilience and perseverance in adversity.”

Explanation- In the chapter A Long Walk to Freedom Nelson Mandela shows great resilience and perseverance. Even when things are very hard, he doesn’t give up and stays strong. His personality is brave and determined, helping him to face tough challenges without losing hope. This shows how Mandela’s strength and courage are central to the theme of overcoming difficulties.

Hard Words : Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
Extract Based MCQ Questions Long Walk to Freedom Class 10
Who is Narrating in the Story The Long Walk to freedom?
What is the Conflict of Long Walk to Freedom?
What Point of View is used the Long Walk to Freedom?

Some other themes of the chapter A Long Walk to Freedom

The themes observed in this chapter include:

1. Resilience and Perseverance: Persisting in the face of challenges. 2. Leadership and Responsibility: Taking charge and making impactful decisions. 3. Hope and Optimism: Maintaining a positive outlook despite adversity. 4. Equality and Justice: Striving for fairness and equal rights. 5. Personal Growth: Developing through experiences and challenges. 6. Solidarity and Community: The importance of unity and support. 7. Sacrifice: Enduring loss for a greater cause. 8. Courage in Adversity: Bravery in difficult situations.

Why is it called Long Walk to Freedom?
What is the Main Theme of Long Walk to Freedom?
What is the summary of Nelson Mandela Long Walk to Freedom Class 10?
Who is Narrating in the Story the Long Walk to Freedom?
Why is it Called Long Walk to Freedom?

Following is the Explanation of how A Long Walk to Freedom is truly based on these themes-

1. Resilience and Perseverance: Nelson Mandela faces many hardships, but he never gives up. His journey is filled with obstacles, yet his determination never wavers, showing his incredible resilience.

2. Leadership and Responsibility: Mandela emerges as a leader who takes responsibility for his actions and decisions. He leads by example, showing integrity and commitment, inspiring others to follow his path.

3. Hope and Optimism: Despite being in difficult situations, Mandela always maintains hope. His optimism is a beacon for others, proving that a positive outlook can bring change.

4. Equality and Justice: Mandela’s fight is for equality and justice. He challenges unfair systems and stands up for the rights of all, emphasizing the need for fairness and equal treatment.

5. Solidarity and Community: Mandela stresses the importance of unity. He understands that strength comes from community and solidarity, highlighting the power of working together.

Who Wrote Long Walk to Freedom
Long Walk to Freedom MCQ
Long Walk to Freedom Extra Questions
Long Walk to Freedom- Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type
Long Walk to Freedom Short Answer

6. Sacrifice: Mandela makes significant sacrifices for his cause. His willingness to endure personal loss for the greater good is an example to his character and dedication.

7. Courage in Adversity: Facing numerous challenges, Mandela’s courage is unwavering. He confronts adversity with bravery, setting an example of how to face fears and stand up for what is right.

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Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom

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From his early life to his years in prison and his role in ending apartheid, Mandela's story is a masterclass in resilience. Name: Nelson Mandela. Father's Name: Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa. Mother's Name: Nosekeni Fanny. Born: July 18, 1918. Death: December 5, 2013. Death Age: 95. Education: University of Fort Hare, University of Witwatersrand.
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Nelson Mandela Biography Project for Class 10. Nelson Mandela, a name synonymous with courage, resilience, and the fight against injustice, left an indelible mark on the pages of history. Born Rolihlahla Mandela on 18th July 1918 in the village of Mvezo in South Africa, he would grow up to become a beacon of hope for his nation and the world ...
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Biography of Nelson Mandela. Rolihlahla Mandela was born into the Madiba clan in the village of Mvezo, in the Eastern Cape, on 18 July 1918. His mother was Nonqaphi Nosekeni and his father was Nkosi Mphakanyiswa Gadla Mandela, principal counsellor to the Acting King of the Thembu people, Jongintaba Dalindyebo. In 1930, when he was 12 years old ...
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CBSE Class 10 English Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom Summary. Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom is an extract from the autobiography of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela that describes the struggle for freedom of black people in South Africa. On 10th May 1994, Nelson Mandela took the oath as South Africa's first Black President after more ...
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Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Transkei, South Africa on July 18, 1918. His father was Hendry Mphakanyiswa of the Tembu Tribe. Mandela himself was educated at University College of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand where he studied law. He joined the African National Congress in 1944 and was engaged in resistance against the ...
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Name of the author: Nelson Mandela. Name of the lesson : A Long Walk to Freedom. *Nelson Mandela. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and political leader who served as the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully ...
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