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The Design Thinking Toolbox: A Guide to Mastering the Most Popular and Valuable Innovation Methods PDF

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How to use the Design Thinking Tools A practical guide to make innovation happen The Design Thinking Toolbox explains the most important tools and methods to put Design Thinking into action. Based on the largest international survey on the use of Design Thinking, the most popular methods are described in four pages each by an expert from the global Design Thinking community. If you are involved in innovation, leadership, or design, these are tools you need. Simple instructions, expert tips, templates, and images help you implement each tool or method. • Quickly and comprehensively familiarize yourself with the best design thinking tools • Select the appropriate warm-ups, tools, and methods • Explore new avenues of thinking • Plan the agenda for different design thinking workshops • Get practical application tips The Design Thinking Toolbox help innovators master the early stages of the innovation process. It’s the perfect complement to the international bestseller The Design Thinking Playbook....

Table of Contents

The Design Thinking Toolbox Preface Contents The Toolbox in a nutshell The global survey Results of the survey What is design thinking? Design thinking? Who is Lilly? Quick start The Toolbox Warm-ups that fit the setting Popular warm-ups Clapping game Bingo Stop & go 30 circles Ninja Marshmallow challenge Phase: Understand Problem statement Design principles Interview for empathy Explorative interview Ask 5x why 5W+H questions Jobs to be done Extreme users/Lead users Stakeholder map Emotional response cards Phase: Observe Empathy map Persona/User profile Customer journey map AEIOU Analysis questions builder Peers observing peers Trend analysis Phase: Define point of view “How might we...” question Storytelling Context mapping Define success Vision cone Critical items diagram Phase: Ideate Brainstorming 2x2 Matrix Dot voting 6-3-5 Method Special brainstorming Analogies & benchmarking as inspiration NABC Blue ocean tool & buyer utility map Phase: Prototype Frequently used kinds of prototypes Focused experiments - Critical Experience Prototype (CEP) & Critical Function Prototype (CFP) Crazy experiments – Dark horse prototype Combined experiments - Funky prototype Imagining the future - Vision prototype Prototype with a first function - functional (system) prototype Solutions in detail - “X is finished” (Hopefully) at the finish – Final prototype Exploration map Prototype to test Service blueprint MVP = Minimum viable product Phase: Test Testing sheet Feedback capture grid Powerful questions in experience testing Solution interview Structured usability testing A/B Testing Phase: Reflect I like, I wish, I wonder Retrospective “sailboat” Create a pitch Lean canvas Lessons learned Road map for implementation Problem to growth & scale innovation funnel Applications Universities: ME310 at Stanford University Companies: “Co-creation toolbox” by Siemens Intrapreneurship: “Kickbox” by Swisscom Transformation: “Digital transformation road map” Promotion of young talent: “Young innovators” Personal change: “Design thinking life” Closing words Authors & contributors Sources and index Workshop Planning Canvas EULA

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The History of Design Thinking

We need to appreciate the roots and origins of a concept to truly understand it—we need to know how it came to be. Let’s take a look at how design thinking emerged from an exploration of theory and practice to become one of the most effective ways to address the human, technological and strategic innovation needs of our time.

It’s virtually impossible to list all of the influential factors that led to the contemporary understanding of design theory , process and practice. Business analysts, engineers, scientists and creative individuals have studied the methods and processes behind innovation for decades. Early glimpses of design thinking date back to the 1950s and 1960s , although these references were more within the context of architecture and engineering — fields which struggled to grapple with the rapidly changing environment of that era.

World War II did have a profound effect on strategic thinking, however, and we have looked for new ways to solve complex problems ever since. In fact, we can say this huge world event fundamentally changed the way we apply ourselves to management, production and industrial design in the modern world. Let’s take a look at the history of design thinking, decade by decade, and see how the story unfolds from this point onwards.

© Interaction Design Foundation, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.

The 1960s: Attempts Were Made to Make Design Scientific

In the ‘60s, people applied scientific methodology and processes in an attempt to understand every aspect of design—how it functions and what it’s influenced by, for example.

Nigel Cross—Emeritus Professor of Design Studies at The Open University, UK—unpicks the struggle that began to unfold in the early 1960s in the paper “Designerly ways of knowing: design discipline versus design science ” (2001). Cross highlights statements made by radical technologist Buckminster Fuller, in which he refers to the “design science decade”:

"[Fuller] called for a ‘design science revolution', based on science, technology and rationalism, to overcome the human and environmental problems that he believed could not be solved by politics and economics." – Nigel Cross

The struggle continued throughout the decade as further attempts were made to bring the field within the objective of rational sciences and, ultimately, make design scientific.

The term “Wicked Problems” is Coined

In the mid-1960s, Horst Rittel wrote and spoke extensively on the subject of problem-solving in design… so much so that he’s known as the design theorist who coined the term “wicked problem” to describe problems which are multidimensional and extremely complex. Rittel specifically focused on how design methodologies could be used to tackle wicked problems and how these methodologies were influential to the work of many design practitioners and academics of the time.

Horst Rittel is known as the design theorist who coined the term “wicked problem” after he wrote and spoke extensively on the topic of problem-solving in the 1960s.

© LoraCBR, CC BY 2.0.

Wicked problems are at the very heart of design thinking because it is precisely these complex and multidimensional problems that require a collaborative methodology to gain a deep understanding of humans’ needs, motivations and behavior.

The 1970s: The Principles of Design Thinking Started to Emerge

Cognitive scientist and Nobel Prize laureate Herbert A. Simon was the first to mention design as a way of thinking in his 1969 book , The Sciences of the Artificial. He then went on to contribute many ideas throughout the 1970s which are now regarded as principles of design thinking.

Simon is noted to have spoken about rapid prototyping and testing through observation, for example—concepts which form the core of many design and entrepreneurial processes today, including two of the major phases in the typical design thinking process. Simon touched on the subject of prototyping as early as 1969 when he stated the following in The Sciences of the Artificial :

"To understand them, the systems had to be constructed, and their behaviour observed." – Herbert Simon

Early research in the field of artificial intelligence , such as the work by Herbert Simon, Allen Newell and Cliff Shaw involving chess software, also resulted in a better understanding of design as a way of thinking. Image courtesy of Carnegie Mellon University.

What’s more, a large proportion of his work was focused on the development of artificial intelligence and whether human forms of thinking could be synthesized—a topic which is very prevalent in the design world today.

Robert H. McKim, Emeritus Professor of Mechanical Engineering, also referred to the notion of design thinking in his 1973 book, Experiences in Visual Thinking. McKim differed from Simon in that he is best described as an artist and engineer—he focused his energies more on the impact visual thinking had on our ability to understand things and solve problems. McKim’s book unpicks various aspects of the visual thinking and design methods used to solve problems. He places an emphasis on the combination of left and right brain modes of thinking, to bring about a more holistic form of problem-solving. The ideas discussed in his book ultimately underpin the design thinking methodology we use today.

The 1980s: Solution-Focused Problem-Solving was Observed

In 1982, Nigel Cross continued to make history in the design thinking world when he discussed the nature of how designers solve problems in his seminal paper “Designerly Ways of Knowing”. (Please note, this is not to be confused with his series of articles and papers similarly titled “Designerly Ways of Knowing”, published much later in the 2000s). In his 1982 paper, Cross compared designers’ problem-solving processes to the non-design-related solutions we develop to problems in our everyday lives.

Bryan Lawson, Emeritus Professor at the School of Architecture, University of Sheffield, UK, also discussed the insights he’d gathered from a series of interesting tests. The main goal of the tests was to compare the methods used by scientists and architects when they attempted to solve the same ambiguous problem.

Bryan Lawson asked architectural and science students to arrange colored blocks according to a set of rules. What he discovered was incredibly interesting and contributed to his theories around the “designerly” way of problem-solving.

© Bryan Lawson 1980:Fair use.

Lawson conducted the tests on postgraduate architectural students (i.e., the “designers”) and postgraduate science students (the “scientists”). The problem he set for each group required the students to arrange colored blocks according to a set of rules—some of which were unknown to the students.

The results were as follows:

Lawson concluded that the scientists were problem-focused problem-solvers whereas the designers were solution-focused.

The designers chose to generate a large number of solutions and eliminate those which did not work. Cross deems this solution-focused mindset a core concept in the “designerly” way of problem-solving. According to Cross:

"A central feature of design activity, then, is its reliance on generating fairly quickly a satisfactory solution, rather than on any prolonged analysis of the problem. In [Herbert] Simon’s inelegant term, it is a process of ‘ satisficing ’ rather than optimising; producing any one of what might well be a large range of satisfactory solutions rather than attempting to generate the one hypothetically-optimum solution. This strategy has been observed in other studies of design behaviour, including architects, urban designers, and engineers." – Nigel Cross, 1982

1987: Design Thinking was Compared to Architecture Once Again

Peter Rowe, then Director of Urban Design Programs at Harvard, published his book Design Thinking in 1987. It focuses on the way architectural designers approach their tasks through an inquisitive lens.

"This book is an attempt to fashion a generalized portrait of design thinking. A principal aim will be to account for the underlying structure and focus of inquiry directly associated with those rather private moments of “seeking out,” on the part of designers, for the purpose of inventing or creating buildings and urban artifacts." – Peter Rowe (1987)

As you can see, the progression of design thinking as a subject made its journey through various fields of specialization over the decades. Thinkers within those various fields explored the cognitive processes within the scope of their own knowledge until design thinking finally became a separate concept and moved into a space of its own.

The 1990s to the Present

It is widely accepted that IDEO is one of the companies that brought design thinking into the mainstream. They developed their own customer-friendly terminology, steps and toolkits over the years, and made the process more accessible to those not schooled in design methodology.

IDEO have developed their own design thinking terminology, steps and toolkits. This picture was taken at one of their Make-a-thons—two fun, intense days where groups of people craft, hack and build human-centered design solutions to real-world problems.

© IDEO, CC BY-SA 2.0.

Richard Buchanan, then Head of Design at Carnegie Mellon University, published his article “Wicked Problems in Design Thinking”, which discussed the origins of design thinking. In the article, he discusses how the sciences developed over time to become more and more cut off from each other until they finally became specializations in their own right. He clarifies that design thinking is a means to integrate these highly specialized fields of knowledge so they can be jointly applied to the new problems we face in the world today—and from a holistic perspective.

David Kelley founded the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford—commonly known as the d.school. The d.school has made the development, teaching and implementation of design thinking one of its central goals since inception, and it serves as a source of huge inspiration to design thinkers across the world, including us here at the Interaction Design Foundation.

A day in the life of a pop-up class at Stanford d.School.

© Stanford d.School blog: Public License. Source.

Present Day

At present, the design thinking movement is rapidly gaining ground —with pioneers like IDEO and the d.school paving out a path for others to follow. Other prestigious universities, business schools and forward-thinking companies have adopted the design thinking methodology to varying degrees, and have sometimes even re-interpreted it to suit their specific context or brand values.

The understanding and use of the term 'wicked problems' has matured too, and Human-Centered Design pioneers and leaders like Don Norman now prefer the term 'complex socio-technical systems '.

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The Take Away

Both the Industrial Revolution and World War II pushed the boundaries of what we thought was technologically possible. Engineers, architects and industrial designers—as well as cognitive scientists—then began to converge on the issues of collective problem-solving, driven by the significant societal changes that took place at that time.

Design thinking emerged—or, should we say, converged —out of the muddy waters of this chaos from the ’50s and ’60s onwards. The process started to combine the human, technological and strategic needs of our times, and progressively developed over the decades to become the leading innovation methodology it is today. Design thinking continues to gain ground across a wide range of industries and is still explored and enhanced by those at the forefront of the field.

References & Where to Learn More

Bryan Lawson, How Designers Think: The design process demystified (fourth edition), 2005

Nigel Cross, Designerly Ways of Knowing , 1982.

Nigel Cross, Designerly ways of knowing: design discipline versus design science , 2001.

Herbert Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial (3rd Edition), 1996.

Peter Rowe, Design Thinking , 1987.

Richard Buchanan, Wicked Problems in Design Thinking , 1992.

Rhoda Sell, Design Thinking: A Beginner’s Guide to the History, Terminologies and Methodologies , 2018.

Jo Szczepanska, Design thinking origin story plus some of the people who made it all happen , 2017.

Hero Image: © Interaction Design Foundation, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.

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Design Thinking Methodology and Text-To-Image Artificial Intelligence: A Case Study in the Context of Furniture Design Education

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• Carlos Sena Caires   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8678-1802 10 ,
• Gerald Estadieu   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2632-8381 10 &
• Sandra Olga Ng Ka Man   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0006-3709-353X 10  

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Design and Innovation ((SSDI,volume 33))

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The design thinking methodology is a problem-solving approach that involves empathising with end-users, (re)defining problems, brainstorming solutions creatively, and experimenting with prototypes and testing. It has been widely adopted in education to help students develop critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills in design. On the other hand, text-to-image artificial intelligence is a method used to generate images from natural language descriptors (usually referred to as prompts). Design thinking methodology can teach students to think creatively and critically about real-world problems when applied in the classroom. In the context of design teaching at the University of Saint Joseph, Macao, students use the design thinking methodology to develop innovative proposals for furniture design solutions. Combining design thinking methodologies with text-to-image artificial intelligence can further enhance the learning experience by allowing students to generate visual representations of their ideas during the ideation phase. The authors developed a systematic approach to generate images for ideation on furniture design based on prompting text-to-image (PTI). The analysis related students’ results who applied the design thinking methodology without using AI tools and the results generated using a standard text-to-image programme. By combining both methods, teachers can help students develop critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills, while also allowing them to generate visual representations in a different paradigm and, by so, being able to communicate their ideas with the most appropriate support for them.

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Semantics is the analysis of meaning in natural languages. That is, it is devoted to the study of linguistic meaning, such as words and sentences.

Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are innovative machine learning technology based on competitive neural networks to generate models based on training data. For example, GANs can create images that look like photographs of human faces, even though the faces don’t belong to any real person.

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Caires, C.S., Estadieu, G., Olga Ng Ka Man, S. (2024). Design Thinking Methodology and Text-To-Image Artificial Intelligence: A Case Study in the Context of Furniture Design Education. In: Martins, N., Brandão, D., Fernandes-Marcos, A. (eds) Perspectives on Design and Digital Communication IV. Springer Series in Design and Innovation , vol 33. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41770-2_7

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