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Investing in Botswana's Teacher Workforce

Botswana will need to invest in human capital and strengthen its skills base to transition into a knowledge-based economy. However, low foundational learning levels remain a key challenge for the education sector.   While Botswana has invested heavily in teacher supply, teacher deployment has not always reflected school-level teacher needs. The…

Research on Child Migration and Displacement in Latin America and the Caribbean

Although migration has been a longstanding fact of life in Latin America and the Caribbean, the number of children affected by migration, including both children migrating and residing in host communities, is increasing. Even where their needs are considered, too often children’s own perspectives are ignored. However, previous studies show that…

Youth, Protests and the Polycrisis

Youth, Protests and the Polycrisis  delves into this transformative potential of youth protests, while cautioning about the risks. Although many analyses exist on specific youth protests, fewer studies have global coverage. This paper combines quantitative research on protests with qualitative insights, including from young people themselves, and…, Youth activism often stems from a perception of marginalization, with diverse political, environmental, economic and social issues triggering protests. Protests on global issues, such as against climate change or racism, including through transnational youth-led movements, have increased.  , Young people help to diversify protest tactics and bridge online and offline activism, Digital technologies and platforms have been increasingly used by youth, bringing innovation to protests, fostering inclusivity and lowering the costs of organizing movements, though not without risks. Online mobilization may aggravate digital divides, and is also subject to surveillance, harassment and repression.   , Youth participation can contribute to more peaceful and inclusive activism, but even non-violent action faces preemptive repression, Most protests involving youth are peaceful, contradicting a misperception that young people are violent and unruly. Additionally, protests with youth participation are more inclusive and larger. At the same time, governments are more prone to repress mass protests preemptively and violently when they involve youth. , Youth participation contributes to protest impact and social change, but this does not necessarily produce direct gains for young people, Young people’s participation in protests means less violent, larger, more inclusive and more innovative campaigns, and these elements contribute to higher impact. Mass protests where young people are on the front lines are more likely to be effective and to achieve positive outcomes in their aftermath. On the other hand, even when mass protests…, U N I C E F I N N O C E N T I G L O B A L O F F I C E O F R E S E A R C H A N D F O R E S I G H T M A R C H 2 0 2 4 Youth, Protests and the Polycrisis This document is interactive and designed for digital viewing. Please consider the environment and refrain from printing. ContentsSynopsis 3 Introduction 5 1. Emerging trends in youth protests…

Early Childhood Education Systems in 15 Pacific Island Countries and Territories

Early childhood education (ECE) is becoming a global policy priority, especially in the Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) where there is commitment to invest in the youngest learners. Building on system-level mappings in 2015 and 2017, this report delves into the status of ECE systems in the Pacific region as of 2022. Based on a…

A Cash Plus Model for Safe Transitions to a Healthy and Productive Adulthood

Reports and briefs available for baseline (2017), Round 2 (2018), Round 3 (2019) and Round 4 (2021) surveys. “Ujana Salama” (‘Safe Youth’ in Swahili) is a cash plus programme targeting adolescents in households receiving cash transfers under the United Republic of Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) programme. Implemented by the…, Document cover Baseline report (April 2018), This report presents the evaluation design and baseline findings from a 24-month, mixed methods study to provide evidence on the potential for an additional plus component targeted to youth that is layered on top of the Government of Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net to improve future economic opportunities for youth and facilitate their…, Document cover Round 2 (Midline) report (2020), This report provides midline findings from the impact evaluation of a cash plus model targeting youth in households receiving the United Republic of Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN). Implemented by the Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF), with technical assistance of the Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS) and UNICEF Tanzania, the…, Document cover Round 3 report (2020), “Ujana Salama” (‘Safe Youth’ in Swahili) is a cash plus programme targeting adolescents in households receiving the United Republic of Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN). Implemented by the Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF), with technical assistance of the Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS) and UNICEF Tanzania, the ‘plus’…, Document cover Round 4 report (2024), This mixed-methods impact evaluation examines the impacts of “Ujana Salama” (‘Safe Youth’ in Swahili) which is a cash plus programme targeting adolescents in households receiving cash transfers under the United Republic of Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) programme. Implemented by the Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF), with…, A Cash Plus Model for Safe Transitions to a Healthy and Productive Adulthood:Baseline Report Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF) Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS) UNICEF Tanzania UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti Economic Development Initiatives (EDI) April 2018 The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are…

The Impact of Valor Criança

The Government of Angola and its Development Partners developed and implemented Apoio à Protecção Social – APROSOC (‘Strengthening and expanding social protection to the vulnerable population in Angola’) between 2014 and 2022 as a first step towards establishing a national social protection system. A key component of the programme, Valor Criança,…

The Impact of the Cash Transfer Intervention in the Commune of Nsélé in Kinshasa

In an effort to mitigate the negative socioeconomic consequences of the COVID-19 containment measures in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), UNICEF and the World Food Programme initiated a cash transfer programme in the peri-urban commune of Nsélé, near Kinshasa, the capital of DRC. The intervention reached about 23,000 households in the…

Mitigating the socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19 with a cash transfer in peri-urban Kinshasa

Prospects for Children in 2024: Cooperation in a Fragmented World

Prospects for Children in 2024: Cooperation in a Fragmented World is the latest edition of the Global Outlook, a series of reports produced each year by UNICEF Innocenti – Global Office of Research and Foresight, which look to the key trends affecting children and young people over the following 12 months and beyond., As we enter 2024, the world stands at a pivotal juncture. We can choose a path marked by increased global collaboration – a path that embraces innovation, knowledge sharing, policy transfer, and equitable growth. Or, there's a different course that could be taken, one which might entail less unity and a more protectionist approach, potentially…, 1. Geopolitical shifts and the risk of conflict may threaten children’s survival and well-being – but avenues for accountability and cooperation hold promise., In 2024, major powers will continue competing to expand their military, political, economic, and technological influence globally, including within multilateral institutions. Meanwhile, small and middle powers, including many in the Global South, are distancing themselves from confrontation between the major powers by forging new, flexible…, 2. Economic fragmentation threatens families’ livelihoods, children’s development and youth employment – but economic solidarity, market collaboration and investing in future skills can safeguard children’s rights and futures., Economic fragmentation, often driven by geopolitical interests and strategic considerations, is projected to widen disparities between nations in 2024. This unravelling of global economic integration threatens to undermine years of prosperity, progress, and innovation. It also adds fiscal pressure at a time when child poverty is rising in many…, 3. A fragmented multilateral system is not delivering on key issues for children – but it has a chance to reset its course in 2024 through global governance and financing reforms., The year 2024 will be pivotal for addressing a fragmented multilateral system that is failing on issues such as peace, security, climate change, financing for developing countries and the enforcement of normative standards – all of which can have an impact on children and their rights. Many countries, especially those in the Global South, believe…, 4. Developing economies still face structural inequities in the international financial architecture, limiting their ability to invest in children – but reforms to lending approaches and new technologies offer hope., Structural inequities in international financing will continue to limit developing countries’ investments in children in 2024. Excessive debt burdens, high remittance costs, overreliance on unpredictable economic monetary policies, and lack of voice in financial governance penalize poorer states. Debt crises triggered by these factors hurt…, 5. Global democracy will face unprecedented risks presented by disinformation and higher levels of political violence – but positive forces, including those led by children and youth, may still reverse the democratic decline., Democratic backsliding and youth dissatisfaction with democracy have been unfolding for years. But in 2024, as many nations face critical elections, two concerning trends emerge. First, advances in the digital technology for large language models and generative AI have introduced dangerous new disinformation capabilities that can create convincing…, 6. Fast-tracking transition to green energy is reshaping critical mineral and labour markets – if managed responsibly, cooperatively and justly, it can benefit children., In 2024, the accelerated transition to green energy will continue. This transition will be driven by volatility in energy markets, growth in the deployment of clean energy technology and policy imperatives like the development of new Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). A faster shift to green energy brings significant benefits to children…, 7. El Niño, mosquito-borne diseases and water scarcity threaten children’s health and well-being – but greater collaboration, holistic programming and technological innovation can mitigate the negative impacts and protect children., Throughout 2024, climate change will continue to pose many threats to children’s health and nutrition. Three key forces stand out: the continuation of El Niño; the rise in outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases due to climate change; and water scarcity. The 2024 El Niño could be even hotter and more dangerous to people and the planet than in 2023.…, 8. Potential impacts of unchecked technologies spark fear and concern for children’s well-being – but proactive policy and global digital cooperation can place children at the centre of responsible design and regulation., The digital environment continues to shape children’s lives. Advances such as artificial intelligence (AI) bring new opportunities for children's learning, health care and development. Because new technology also poses risks for children, striking a regulatory balance will be a 2024 priority for three main reasons: First, apprehension about the…, Prospects for Children: Cooperation in a Fragmented World 2 0 2 4 G L O B A L O U T L O O K This document is interactive and designed for digital viewing. Please consider the environment and refrain from printing. Eight trends for 2024 Geopolitical shifts and the risk of conflict Economic fragmentation A fragmented multilateral system Structural…

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Data Must Speak: United Republic of Tanzania

To improve the quality and relevance of basic education in Mainland Tanzania, the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MoEST) is interested in enhancing data usage and access in the country in order to develop, implement, and monitor evidence-based policies, plans and strategies for primary education. By merging and analyzing existing…

Data Must Speak: Brazil

Despite several efforts to strengthen its education system, the State of Maranhão in Brazil continues to face challenges in equitably improving student learning outcomes. By bringing together and analyzing existing administrative datasets in Maranhão, Brazil, this report helps identify important associations between school factors and educational…

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Child labor'

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Voy, Annie. "Globalization and child labor /." Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1883686921&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

Okusa, Maki. "Child labor in Asia : challenges and responses of the International Labour Organization in Thailand and India /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/7779.

Zheng, Xinye. "The Economics of Child Labor." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/16.

Clott, Timothy Alec. "Understanding the Relationship Between Poverty, Education and Child Labor: An Analysis of Child Labor in Nigeria." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64398.

Maffei, Alessandro. "The political economy of child labor." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=975789635.

Oryoie, Ali Reza. "Essays on Child Labor and Inequality." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/72965.

Kleinberger, Jacob. "Child labor in developing countries : a child exploitation measure (CEM)." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 1998. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/40.

Vimefall, Elin. "Essays on child education, child labor and the agricultural economy." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-44890.

Mudzongo, Courage Chikomborero. "Understanding Child Work and Child Labor in the 21st Century." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26768.

Saharia, Priyam. "LABOR VERSUS LEARNING: EXPLAINING THE STATE-WISE VARIATION OF CHILD LABOR IN INDIA." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/polysci_etds/10.

Ranade, Elizabeth. "Do international sanctions reduce child labor? evaluating the impact of the 1992 U.S. Child Labor Deterrence Act on Bangladesh /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2007. http://dspace.wrlc.org/handle/1961/4269.

Fatima, Ambreen. "Economics of child labour." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12967/.

Gorshkov, Boris Borisovich. "Factory children child industrial labor in Imperial Russia, 1780-1914 /." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Fall/Dissertations/GORSHKOV_BORIS_40.pdf.

Morgan, Sarah. "Credit and child labor the impact of parents' access to credit on children's labor /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/6130.

Sauder, Markus Ulrich. "Essays on the economics of child labour and child education." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3622/.

Sallee, Shelley Kathryn. "Inventing 'The forgotten child' : the whiteness of child labor reform in the new South /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

Eck, Klara, and Åsa Ullén. "A child labor free Philippine : When will that be?" Thesis, Ersta Sköndal högskola, Institutionen för socialt arbete, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:esh:diva-1230.

Lee, Chanyoung. "Three essays on child labor, schooling outcomes and health." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.

Tong, Patricia K. "Three essays in labor economics." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2010. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3403247.

Okusa, Maki 1976. "Child Labor in Asia: Challenges and Responses of the International Labour Organization in Thailand and India." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/7779.

Pan, Jiali. "The effects of child labor on school attendance in Cambodia." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2010. http://worldcat.org/oclc/646824964/viewonline.

Church, Audrey Leigh. "International standards and domestic compliance: the issue of child labor." FIU Digital Commons, 2002. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2362.

Sam, Victoria Nyarkoah [Verfasser]. "Child Labor in Ghana: A multidimensional analysis / Victoria Nyarkoah Sam." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2016. http://d-nb.info/112211091X/34.

Adisa, Bidemi Toyosi. "Income and child labor : evidence from agricultural households in Ethiopia." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60831.

Dutta, Gitanjali. "Child labor in Vietnam : the relative importance of poverty, returns to education, labor mobility, and credit constraints /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3074396.

Reiling, Robert. "A Child Left Behind: An Empirical Analysis of the Correlates and Consequences of Child Labor in Brazil." Thesis, Boston College, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/479.

Grime, Jill. "Children in between : child rights and child placement in Sri Lanka." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3675/.

Strayhorn, Kali-Ahset Amen. "Women's paid labor force participation and child immunization a multilevel model /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3583.

Khadka, Manbar Singh. "The relationship between child labor and microfinance evidence from rural Bangladesh /." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/9660.

Chamarbagwala, Rubiana Merwan. "The role of capital-skill complementarities in child labor & schooling." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1693.

Archampong, Elizabeth A. "The impact of child labor laws in Ghana, a critical assessment." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63265.pdf.

Chen, Yang. "Essays on Child Custody Laws, Divorce, and Child Outcomes." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397806698.

Mongado, Blair Coja. "Essays in Child Care Quality." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26186.

Angemi, Diego. "Poverty, vulnerability, and child labour : evidence from Uganda." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12459/.

Ashby, Elizabeth. "The effect of child support on family behavior." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU0NWQmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=3739.

Bahati, Angela Anthony. "A critical analysis of international legal regulations of child labour : a case study of Tanzania." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10161.

Tamefuji, Rieko. "The impact of child care proximity on labor force participation of parents." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/6990.

Kibukamusoke, Martha. "A critical analysis of child labour and human resource development in Uganda." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1196.

Fedewa, Lauren Elizabeth. "Between Extermination and Child-Rearing: The Foreign Child-Care Facilities of Volkswagen and Velpke." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2018. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/946.

Aguilar, Esteva Arturo. "Essays in Development and Labor Economics." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10413.

Humbert, Franziska. "The challenge of child labour in international law /." Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2009. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9780521764902.

Viaro, Arthur Augusto. "The impact of trade shock exposure on child labor and schooling in Brazil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-26092017-101518/.

Abu, Sharkh Miriam. "History and results of labor standard initiatives an event history and panel analysis of the ratification patterns, and effects, of the International Labor Organization's first Child Labor Convention /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2002/227/index.html.

Smith, Lauren C. "Re-evaluating poverty alleviation strategies: the impact of microfinance on child labor in Bangladesh." Claremont McKenna College, 2008. http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/u?/stc,39.

Smith, Lauren C. "Re-Evaluating Poverty Alleviation Strategies: The Impact of Microfinance on Child Labor in Bangladesh." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/224.

Wind, Steven. "A Reconsideration of Child Labor from the Perspectives of Multiple Stakeholders in Mysore, India." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195175.

Malik, Garima. "The role of parenting style in child substance use." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1118077175.

Robinson, Shirleene. ""Something like slavery"? : the exploitation of Aboriginal child labour in Queensland, 1842-1945 /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16845.pdf.

Mantovani, Aline Madia [UNESP]. "Trabalho infantil e desenvolvimento na perspectiva de profissionais da educação e famílias." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92259.

Patrick, Amanda A. "THE EFFECT OF MICROCREDIT ON POVERTY: THE EXTENT TO WHICH MICROCREDIT INFLUENCES AVERAGE DAILY HOURS SPENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOL." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/162.

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Thesis about Child Labour by Pramesh Ghimire 2019.

2019, Pramesh Ghimire

This is a study of a form of children labour, those, who are involved in performing their daily household chores among Khash, Aadhibasi/Janajati and Dalit community of total 177 respondents from 150 households of three wards of Kerabari VDC, Morang. It also provides the findings of involvement period and types of household chores by the social, economic and demographic characteristics. Among 177 Children from 150 household, 51.4 percent are male and rests are female. Most of them are from the age group 7 to 8 years and the average household size is 5.2 members per family. Most of the children have 1 to 2 siblings. The study has found out that Hindu is the major (83%) religious group and literacy rate of children is 89 percent. Out of 159 literate children majority of them (52.2%) are going to pre-primary level. Most of the children involve almost 2 hours in household chores and most of them involve in fetching water and wood as well as kitchen work. Most of the children aim to be a doctor in future. Similarly, majority of the children (86.7%) are from the agricultural family. Almost 26 percent children are from the family of having below 20,000 annual incomes and 45.3% families have less than 10 Kattha land. Among total 16 out-school children almost 10 are Dalit and 60 percent of them work four and more hours. Similarly, 27 percent in-school Dalit children work four and more hours, whereas only 16 and 15 percent children work four and more hours. Thus, Dalit children involve more in performing household chores. Similarly, out-school children also involve more hours. The involvement period is growing up along with the age and level of education of children. On the contrary, annual income among land-holding condition of family and availability of instruments of media exposure with average involvement period of children in household works. Most of the children are found to be involved in various types of household chores even so longer period from their very younger ages. Study has found that some of the children are in the worst form of child labour on the basic of period of involvement, types of hazardous and age of children.

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Nepalese Journal of Development and Rural Studies

Suman Kharel

This study explained access of women in community finance and its impact on their household economy. To the end, 140 community finance groups of Phulwari Village was regarded as case of the study and purposively selected 66 households were unit of analysis. Under case study methodology, descriptive/explanatory research design was used to analyze collected data. The study found that out of total 140 community finance groups, 92 were women led, 6 men led and 42 were jointly led by men and women. And from 66 sample households women are involved in 154 financial groups. The numbers of members in one financial group ranges from 9 to 296 at the time of establishment. A total amount NRs 22 million is saved from financial groups. The natures of groups are mostly unregistered, led by women, small amount of saving and dominated by Brahmin and Chhetri. Community finance has increased saving habit of the members and led them more access to credit facilities. Women are socio-economically and pol...

P. Oosterhoff , Bishnu Prasad Sharma

Executive Summary This report details a baseline study of bonded labour in three districts in South East Nepal with documented evidence of adults and children working through a system of agricultural bonded labour known as Harwa-Charwa . The baseline study focuses on NGO intervention areas over time with a view to seeing whether and how NGO interventions are impacting on prevalence and the factors that enhance the risks of bondage. Data was collected from 572 respondents relating to 1,660 households in 52 wards that were served by NGOs and interpreted by community participants. Participants discussed and analysed the findings at village level. The data was then aggregated at the hotspot level. Below are the major summary findings of the baseline study: Broadly speaking the interventions are in the right location. There are significant variations in the prevalence of bonded labour in the different NGO intervention areas – with prevalence ranging from 15% to 72%. In some villages, bonded labour does not seem to exist. Nevertheless, in all intervention areas, levels of bonded labour are significant. Almost a third of all households (29%) have members in bonded labour, with households split between 17% with all working family members in bonded labour and 12% with at least one bonded family member. The prevalence of bonded labour correlates with the remoteness of the community. Communities near roads have a lower prevalence of bondage. Rural communities that are more remote—and consequently less well-served by slavery and poverty eradication efforts—are likely to have a higher prevalence of bondage. A remarkably low number of child labourers and child bonded labourers was reported. This stands in contrast to a narrative analysis of life stories in which child labour and bonded child labour are reported to be widespread. One possible explanation is that children who work alongside their parents are not considered to be workers because they are not paid. Unsurprisingly in this system of agricultural bondage, fewer people who own land are bonded. 50.5 % of households with no bonded labour own land compared to 29.4 % of households that are comprised exclusively of bonded labourers. Similarly those bonded are less likely to have a bank account, which probably also reflects that these are remote villages with fewer banks. The link between loans and bonded labour is significant. Most households in the intervention areas have taken loans, but households with bonded labourers have slightly more loans and loan more often from money lenders and employers at relatively high interest rates. Interest rates from family and friends also go up when somebody already has a loan from somewhere else. Borrowing from a moneylender who is also the debtor’s employer is most common among households in which all workers are in bonded labour. The vast majority of loans taken are responses to health crises, with a high proportion of loans also for the purpose of covering marriage expenses, migration, and house repairs. Interestingly, most people in the study sample reported having access to healthcare whether or not they have members in bonded labour, but these health facilities do not provide enough of the services that people in the communities want and need to prevent them from taking out health related loans. Loans for migration are higher in the non-bonded categories reflecting the fact that most bondage is agricultural in nature--tying people to the land. It suggests that people coming out of bondage might also want to migrate to find alternatives. This will have implications for the dynamics of local social and economic life.

Yogendra B Gurung

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