presentation on the heart

Cardiovascular System

• It is know as the “transportation” system of the body

Structures Include:

-Blood Vessels

Layers of the Heart

• Endocardium
• Smooth layer
• Lines the interior
• Valves are made from this layer
• Muscle layer
• Thickest layer
• Thin, outermost layer
• Joins with serous lining outside the heart to form the Pe ricardium
• Separates the left and right heart
• Interatrial – top part of the septum
• Interventricular – bottom part of the septum

The Four Chambers

• Right Atrium
• Right Ventricle
• Left Atrium
• Left Ventricle
• Right Atrium – receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava
• Right Ventricle – pumps blood to the lungs
• Left Atrium – receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
• Left Ventricle – pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, strongest chamber
• Valves are important to control the flow of blood from one chamber of the heart to another .
• Valves allow blood to flow in only one direction

Heart Valves

Tricuspid valve – opening between right atria and right ventricle

Pulmonary semilunar valve – opening between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Mitral valve (also called bicuspid) – opening between left atrium and left ventricle

Aortic semilunar valve – located between left ventricle and aorta

• Chordae tendineae – threads, keep valve flaps from flipping up into the atria
• Right Atrioventricular (tricuspid valve) – between the right atrium and right ventricle, has 3 flaps, prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium
• Pulmonic (semilunar valve) – between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle
• Left Atrioventricular (bicuspid valve) – between the left atrium and left ventricle, prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium, has 2 flaps (mitral valve)
• Aortic Valve – between the left ventricle and the aorta, prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle

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Anatomy of Human Heart PowerPoint Presentation

Located in the slide design is an Anatomy of Human Heart PowerPoint Presentation , which may be used as a visual aid to illustrate the parts of a heart, which is ideal for a presentation of proposals for new medical developments.

This PowerPoint slide shows a cross-section illustration of the human heart. This illustration shows the parts of the heart such as the veins, arteries and its chambers. It also shows each part labelled with its medical names. The heart’s walls and muscles are also very visible in this illustration. Another notable feature of the illustration is the clearly depicted borders and divisions of each chambers and veins. In this design, the part muscle part is clearly identified by its pink color and white borders around it. The PowerPoint objects are 100% editable to suit the presenter’s needs and preferences.

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Acute myocarditis: an overview of pathogenesis, diagnosis and management

Affiliations.

• 1 King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
• 2 University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
• 3 King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK - [email protected].
• PMID: 38536007
• DOI: 10.23736/S0031-0808.24.05042-0

Acute myocarditis encompasses a diverse presentation of inflammatory cardiomyopathies with infectious and non-infectious triggers. The clinical presentation is heterogeneous, from subtle symptoms like mild chest pain to life-threatening fulminant heart failure requiring urgent advanced hemodynamic support. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the pathogenesis, diagnostic approach, management strategies, and directions for future research in acute myocarditis. The pathogenesis of myocarditis involves interplay between the inciting factors and the subsequent host immune response. Infectious causes, especially cardiotropic viruses, are the most frequently identified precipitants. However, autoimmune processes independent of microbial triggers, as well as toxic myocardial injury from drugs, chemicals or metabolic derangements also contribute to the development of myocarditis through diverse mechanisms. Furthermore, medications like immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies are increasingly recognized as causes of myocarditis. Elucidating the nuances of viral, autoimmune, hypersensitivity, and toxic subtypes of myocarditis is key to guiding appropriate therapy. The heterogeneous clinical presentation coupled with non-specific symptoms creates diagnostic challenges. A multifaceted approach is required, incorporating clinical evaluation, electrocardiography, biomarkers, imaging studies, and endomyocardial biopsy. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging has become pivotal for non-invasive assessment of myocardial inflammation and fibrosis. However, biopsy remains the gold standard for histological classification and definitively establishing the underlying etiology. Management relies on supportive care, while disease-specific therapies are limited. Although some patients recover well with conservative measures, severe or fulminant myocarditis necessitates aggressive interventions such as mechanical circulatory support devices and transplantation. While immunosuppression is beneficial in certain histological subtypes, clear evidence supporting antiviral or immunomodulatory therapies for the majority of acute viral myocarditis cases remains insufficient. Substantial knowledge gaps persist regarding validated diagnostic biomarkers, optimal imaging surveillance strategies, evidence-based medical therapies, and risk stratification schema. A deeper understanding of the immunopathological mechanisms, rigorous clinical trials of targeted therapies, and longitudinal outcome studies are imperative to advance management and improve the prognosis across the myocarditis spectrum.

Functions of the Heart

Sep 11, 2014

410 likes | 2.98k Views

Functions of the Heart. Generating blood pressure Routing blood Heart separates pulmonary and systemic circulations Ensuring one-way blood flow Heart valves ensure one-way flow Regulating blood supply

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• blood pressure
• cardiac muscle
• body temperature
• heart rate decreases
• force match blood delivery

Presentation Transcript

Functions of the Heart • Generating blood pressure • Routing blood • Heart separates pulmonary and systemic circulations • Ensuring one-way blood flow • Heart valves ensure one-way flow • Regulating blood supply • Changes in contraction rate and force match blood delivery to changing metabolic needs

Size, Shape, Location of the Heart • Size of a closed fist • Shape • Apex: Blunt rounded point of cone • Base: Flat part at opposite of end of cone • Located in thoracic cavity in mediastinum

Pericardium

Heart Wall • Three layers of tissue • Epicardium: This serous membrane of smooth outer surface of heart • Myocardium: Middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cell and responsibility for heart contracting • Endocardium: Smooth inner surface of heart chambers

External Anatomy • Four chambers • 2 atria • 2 ventricles Major veins • Superior vena cava • Pulmonary veins • Major arteries • Aorta • Pulmonary trunk

Heart Valves • Atrioventricular • Tricuspid • Bicuspid or mitral • Semilunar • Aortic • Pulmonary • Prevent blood from flowing back

Function of the Heart Valves

Blood Flow Through Heart

Systemic and PulmonaryCirculation

Heart Skeleton • Consists of plate of fibrous connective tissue between atria and ventricles • Fibrous rings around valves to support • Serves as electrical insulation between atria and ventricles • Provides site for muscle attachment

Cardiac Muscle • Elongated, branching cells containing 1-2 centrally located nuclei • Contains actin and myosin myofilaments • Intercalated disks: Specialized cell-cell contacts • Desmosomes hold cells together and gap junctions allow action potentials • Electrically, cardiac muscle behaves as single unit

Conducting System of Heart

Cardiac Arrhythmias • Tachycardia: Heart rate in excess of 100bpm • Bradycardia: Heart rate less than 60 bpm • Sinus arrhythmia: Heart rate varies 5% during respiratory cycle and up to 30% during deep respiration • Premature atrial contractions: Occasional shortened intervals between one contraction and succeeding, frequently occurs in healthy people

Cardiac Cycle • Heart is two pumps that work together, right and left half • Repetitive contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of heart chambers • Blood moves through circulatory system from areas of higher to lower pressure. • Contraction of heart produces the pressure

Heart Sounds • First heart sound or “lubb” • Atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid vibrations as valves close at beginning of ventricular systole • Second heart sound or “dupp” • Results from closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves at beginning of ventricular diastole, lasts longer • Third heart sound (occasional) • Caused by turbulent blood flow into ventricles and detected near end of first one-third of diastole

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) • Average blood pressure in aorta • MAP=CO x PR • CO is amount of blood pumped by heart per minute • CO=SV x HR • SV: Stroke volume of blood pumped during each heart beat • HR: Heart rate or number of times heart beats per minute • Cardiac reserve: Difference between CO at rest and maximum CO • PR is total resistance against which blood must be pumped

Regulation of the Heart • Intrinsic regulation: Results from normal functional characteristics, not on neural or hormonal regulation • Starling’s law of the heart • Extrinsic regulation: Involves neural and hormonal control • Parasympathetic stimulation • Supplied by vagus nerve, decreases heart rate, acetylcholine secreted • Sympathetic stimulation • Supplied by cardiac nerves, increases heart rate and force of contraction, epinephrine and norepinephrine released

Heart Homeostasis • Effect of blood pressure • Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure • Effect of pH, carbon dioxide, oxygen • Chemoreceptors monitor • Effect of extracellular ion concentration • Increase or decrease in extracellular K+ decreases heart rate • Effect of body temperature • Heart rate increases when body temperature increases, heart rate decreases when body temperature decreases

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