computer revolution essay

The Causes and Effect of the Computer Revolution Cause and Effect Essay

The innovative technologies dominate in the modern world. More and more people become occupied by the computers and the Internet. It is obvious that the effect of the intrusion of the computers in the everyday life is great.

Comparing and contrasting the life of people before and after the spread of the computer technologies, it becomes obvious that more and more people become occupied by the computers and the opportunities they offer and cannot imagine their lives without them.

Computer revolution has a lot of specific advantages which have made life of simple people easier and the professional implementation more effective, however, the computer technologies have brought some particular disadvantages which effect the life of simple people.

Therefore, the main idea 9of this paper is to discuss the positive and negative causes and effect of the computer revolution in the modern world. The computer revolution has brought the Internet to the modern world. Many people cannot imagine their lives without the Internet, the mobile phones, Wi-Fi and other priorities. These and many other aspects are going to be discussed in this paper with the stress on the effect of the development of different things.

Starting the discussion with the positive effect of the issue, it should be stated that the implementation of the computer technologies in the modern world has lead to the fact that most of the processes became automatic. This has relieved many people from performing dangerous tasks. Most of the manufacturing processes are automated and the computer and other innovative technologies are used to monitor the processes and their correct implementation (Card and DiNardo 750).

Therefore, the use of computers at the manufacturing helped people get rid of the dangerous work and become more professionally useful in other spheres. This is one of the most positive effects as the manufacturing of many products became easier and less dangerous, however, there are still professions which include much hazard and the computer revolution has brought nothing particular for them.

The next positive effect of the computer revolution is the information availability. The appearance of the Internet has created the supportive environment for development of the particular content and spaces for people all over the world.

Now, to get to know something interesting or the latest news people should not go either to the library or wait for the night news. It is possible just to search for the appropriate information online. Moreover, the information delivery has become easier and people are able to find the news and data interesting for them online.

It has increased the speed of the information sharing and people are able to draw conclusions faster, use the knowledge they get more effective. Therefore, the world has become faster and this is one of the effects of the computer revolution. The information delivery along with the manufacturing processes which are able to be completed faster. This may create an impression that human life is also going faster and rush.

It has already been mentioned that the information access is one of the main effects of the computer revolution and the Internet development. However, this very aspect may be considered as the negative if to look at the situation from another point off view.

The easy and fast access to the information creates more possibilities for people, but also makes those consider more and more information which is of no use. People become so overburden with data that they are unable to distinguish important data from useless information. It creates many difficulties as human brain is unable to analyze the information people get every day. that is why many people are depressed, exhausted, and stresses every day.

This is the negative effect of the computer revolution and we are unable to judge the final effect of it as living in the condition of the constant brain activity, trying to know and remember as much as possible people forget about the effect on their health and unpredicted outcome in the future.

The notion of informational security has appeared with the computer revolution. Data has become even more important than the human life. This is a great contrast, as being too available, much data in conserved from the unauthorized access. The military, political and economical data along with medical and other spheres are too valued and many people are ready to pay any money to get what they need.

The hackers and other people who are able to get the data risk their lives to achieve their aims. Thus, the priorities have shifted and no one knows what results will be. The computer revolution helped the medicine to make a great step ahead. The use of innovative technologies helps scientists in the whole world develop and test new medicine that helps people become healthier. Therefore, it may be concluded that the development of the science as a whole is created with the help of the opportunities prepared by the computer revolution.

Social spaces, charts and other information sharing content along with online computer games has made many people refuse from reality and live in the unreal online world. This has become a real problem for many people as being able to communicate with others, to entertain and to play online, many teenagers forget about the beauties of life and stay in front of computers all day long. The harm from such time spending cannot be even imagined.

First of all, people harm their health as sitting the whole day restricts them in movement and makes their eyes strengthen. Thus, the overweight and blindness are the main possible health problems people may have. Additionally, getting used to talk with others online many young people do not have desire to talk to people in the real world. It affects the sociability the future structure of the society.

The reduction of the number of marriages and the lowering of the birthrate is one of the main outcomes of the spread of the computer technologies. The cyberspace has captured many people, it has become like a drug and people (especially youth) are unable to get rid of it.

In conclusion, it should be stated that the consideration of the causes and the effects of the computer revolution helps to say that there are both positive and negative effects. Depending on the sphere and the implementation of the computer technologies, the effect may be different.

Generally, the computer revolution has brought more positive effect to the whole mankind, still, some aspects make it possible to judge positively about the issue. The automation of the manufacturing, the scientific discoveries and the possibility to conduct better research different spheres are the great effects which are to be appreciated.

Works Cited

Card, David, and John E. DiNardo. “Skill-Biased Technological Change And Rising Wage Inequality: Some Problems And Puzzles.” Journal of Labor Economics 20.4 (2002): 733-783.

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IvyPanda . 2023. "The Causes and Effect of the Computer Revolution." October 31, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-causes-and-effect-of-the-computer-revolution/.

1. IvyPanda . "The Causes and Effect of the Computer Revolution." October 31, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-causes-and-effect-of-the-computer-revolution/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "The Causes and Effect of the Computer Revolution." October 31, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-causes-and-effect-of-the-computer-revolution/.

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The computer revolution: how it's changed our world over 60 years

The BlueGene/L supercomputer can perform 280.6 trillion operations per second. Image:  REUTERS/KimberlyWhite

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Stay up to date:, fourth industrial revolution.

It is a truism that computing continues to change our world. It shapes how objects are designed, what information we receive, how and where we work, and who we meet and do business with. And computing changes our understanding of the world around us and the universe beyond.

For example, while computers were initially used in weather forecasting as no more than an efficient way to assemble observations and do calculations, today our understanding of weather is almost entirely mediated by computational models.

Another example is biology. Where once research was done entirely in the lab (or in the wild) and then captured in a model, it often now begins in a predictive model, which then determines what might be explored in the real world.

The transformation that is due to computation is often described as digital disruption . But an aspect of this transformation that can easily be overlooked is that computing has been disrupting itself.

Evolution and revolution

Each wave of new computational technology has tended to lead to new kinds of systems, new ways of creating tools, new forms of data, and so on, which have often overturned their predecessors. What has seemed to be evolution is, in some ways, a series of revolutions.

But the development of computing technologies is more than a chain of innovation – a process that’s been a hallmark of the physical technologies that shape our world.

For example, there is a chain of inspiration from waterwheel, to steam engine, to internal combustion engine. Underlying this is a process of enablement. The industry of steam engine construction yielded the skills, materials and tools used in construction of the first internal combustion engines.

In computing, something richer is happening where new technologies emerge, not only by replacing predecessors, but also by enveloping them. Computing is creating platforms on which it reinvents itself, reaching up to the next platform.

Getting connected

Arguably, the most dramatic of these innovations is the web. During the 1970s and 1980s, there were independent advances in the availability of cheap, fast computing, of affordable disk storage and of networking.

Compute and storage were taken up in personal computers, which at that stage were standalone, used almost entirely for gaming and word processing. At the same time, networking technologies became pervasive in university computer science departments, where they enabled, for the first time, the collaborative development of software.

This was the emergence of a culture of open-source development, in which widely spread communities not only used common operating systems, programming languages and tools, but collaboratively contributed to them.

As networks spread, tools developed in one place could be rapidly promoted, shared and deployed elsewhere. This dramatically changed the notion of software ownership, of how software was designed and created, and of who controlled the environments we use.

The networks themselves became more uniform and interlinked, creating the global internet, a digital traffic infrastructure. Increases in computing power meant there was spare capacity for providing services remotely.

The falling cost of disk meant that system administrators could set aside storage to host repositories that could be accessed globally. The internet was thus used not just for email and chat forums (known then as news groups) but, increasingly, as an exchange mechanism for data and code.

This was in strong contrast to the systems used in business at that time, which were customised, isolated, and rigid.

With hindsight, the confluence of networking, compute and storage at the start of the 1990s, coupled with the open-source culture of sharing, seems almost miraculous. An environment ready for something remarkable, but without even a hint of what that thing might be.

The ‘superhighway’

It was to enhance this environment that then US Vice President Al Gore proposed in 1992 the “ information superhighway ”, before any major commercial or social uses of the internet had appeared.

Meanwhile, in 1990, researchers at CERN, including Tim Berners-Lee , created a system for storing documents and publishing them to the internet, which they called the world wide web .

As knowledge of this system spread on the internet (transmitted by the new model of open-source software systems), people began using it via increasingly sophisticated browsers. They also began to write documents specifically for online publication – that is, web pages.

As web pages became interactive and resources moved online, the web became a platform that has transformed society. But it also transformed computing.

With the emergence of the web came the decline of the importance of the standalone computer, dependent on local storage.

We all connect

The value of these systems is due to another confluence: the arrival on the web of vast numbers of users. For example, without behaviours to learn from, search engines would not work well, so human actions have become part of the system.

There are (contentious) narratives of ever-improving technology, but also an entirely unarguable narrative of computing itself being transformed by becoming so deeply embedded in our daily lives.

This is, in many ways, the essence of big data. Computing is being fed by human data streams: traffic data, airline trips, banking transactions, social media and so on.

The challenges of the discipline have been dramatically changed by this data, and also by the fact that the products of the data (such as traffic control and targeted marketing) have immediate impacts on people.

Software that runs robustly on a single computer is very different from that with a high degree of rapid interaction with the human world, giving rise to needs for new kinds of technologies and experts, in ways not evenly remotely anticipated by the researchers who created the technologies that led to this transformation.

Decisions that were once made by hand-coded algorithms are now made entirely by learning from data. Whole fields of study may become obsolete.

The discipline does indeed disrupt itself. And as the next wave of technology arrives (immersive environments? digital implants? aware homes?), it will happen again.

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• Essay Editor

The Causes and Effect of the Computer Revolution

1. introduction.

The origins of the computer revolution, as any revolution before it, can be linked to a culmination of discontent with existing systems and the development of a new way of addressing familiar problems. The cause of the discontent for the computer revolution can be dated back to the Second World War. At that time, the US, using a number of mathematicians and statisticians, was able to produce ballistic tables which predicted the path of artillery shells. The method used to calculate these tables required the construction of large, specialised mechanical calculators which were not flexible enough to accommodate new tasks or changes in old ones. Recognising the shortcoming of this set up, IBM proposed a more general automatic calculator which could be programmed in much the same way one of the older tabulation machines had been. With the ability to alter its program and store these new programmes for later use, this new machine would be far more flexible than any calculator before, taking far less time and resource to consider a new task and produce the results. This idea of a general automatic calculator would thrive in the US and be picked up by various academic and research institutes, ultimately leading to the development of the stored program digital computer. The first of these machines was intended for the solving of systems of simultaneous linear equations, a task too complex for any existing calculators at the time. But as chance would have it, before the machine was built, the institute concerned found that the task had already been solved. In an effort to test the capabilities of their new machine, they posed the same problem, but using an example of seventeen variables and twenty equations, a considerable step up from the original problem. This event truly marks the beginning of computer use. The machine and its prowess at solving complex mathematical problems quickly attracted the attention of academics. In time, this attention, coupled with the availability of computing time, would lead to simulation of practical problems, a useful solution being sought after the Second World War and the emergence of a conscience that the power of these machines could be used for both good and evil.

1.1 Background

The history of computers and computer technology has involved a number of disciplines and developments. It began with the use of humans to perform calculations and developed through the use of mechanized devices that culminated in the invention of the computer. The computer revolution was the most important technological development of the 20th century. Computers are now in virtually all aspects of modern society, and there are predictions that every man, woman, and child will have two or more computers by the year 2014. The 20th century has seen the four main revolutions in the history of the computer: mainframe and minicomputers (1950-1970), the discovery of the microprocessor (1970s), and the personal computer (1980s). However, this revolution began in the mid-1940s with the development of the first electronic computers. Due to the extent of how far computers have taken us as a society, it is difficult to believe that they only started to develop during the 1940s. This is possibly the reason why the revolution is said to have traveled through this century; it could also be because of the tremendous growth in computer technology and its wide range of uses.

1.2 Purpose

Understanding the impact of computers involves the exploration of many aspects ranging from the need for computer literacy, the feminist movement, to the global corporation. Stearns states, "To search for causes inevitably leads to simplification, but at least it can be maintained that the initial stimulus for the computer revolution had more positive than negative connotations" (Stearns, 141). This essay will try to demonstrate that the development and evolution of computer technology has had an exceedingly positive impact on our society. In particular, the global assembly line and the feminist movement for equal pay and opportunities are evidence that substantiates a positive global impact due to the increased efficiency that computer technology has provided to modernize industry. The essay will explore the adoption and evolution of computer technology in the context of developed and developing nations. On further inspecting the purpose of this essay, the general category of technology will be taken into account. This is because computer technology is such an integral part of our society that it is often taken for granted and forgotten that computer technology is a subset of technology as a whole. The impacts of computers may often be viewed as a distinct transition in quality and efficiency to various processes in many fields ranging from space exploration through NASA, to modernization in developing nations mentioned earlier. This may give the impression that computer technology is a force of its own when in reality computer technology has depended on the advancements of other technology. For example, a quantum physicist is more interested in utilizing a quantum computer to simulate molecules and atoms than would a computer hardware engineer. Such a physicist would still depend on the advancements of current computer technology but would unlikely need to understand the workings of computers to a level comparable to the hardware engineer. In this instance the physicist would be interested in the increased efficiency that a quantum computer could provide to simulations, thus the impact of computer technology for this scenario is a more efficient method of simulating the behavior of molecules and atoms. This is but one example but will serve to remind the reader that in looking at the impacts of computer technology, it is important to consider the grand scheme of advancements to various technologies due to the dependency that computer technology has on other technologies.

2. Causes of the Computer Revolution

Technological advancements throughout the 20th century have been major contributors to the computer revolution. The first generation of computers took up vast amounts of space and could only perform simple calculations. The development of transistors in the late 1950s revolutionized computers to make them smaller and faster than their predecessors. The use of integrated circuits and the miniaturization of components have continued this trend so that the modern computer of today may be held in one's hand. Such drastic improvements in the processing power and capabilities of computers have sparked further major developments. The demand for increased automation in various sectors has led to the use of computers to store and process data. Computers are often considered to be more accurate than humans in tasks that involve sorting, analyzing, and processing data. It is for this reason that computers are now an integral part of industries such as banking and airlines. The trend towards increased automation in these types of industries has the potential to eliminate many jobs that are currently performed by humans. This is both a positive and a negative aspect of the computer revolution. Although increased automation leads to computer-related jobs and higher efficiency in the given task, it puts individuals out of work and can be considered unbeneficial to the economy as a whole.

2.1 Technological advancements

Technological advancements have become a major catalyst in the computer revolution. Advances in miniaturization have enabled computer systems to come to a more manageable size. Small computers have spread to many different types of devices and a plethora of devices have been innovated by the same token. For example, smartphones, digital cameras, and video game consoles. It can be said that the increased variety of computer-related products has spurred a high demand for computers. The increased demand is not only in terms of quantity, but quality as well. The surge in technology has given us an insatiable need for the most up-to-date and high-performing computer. Modern consumers have been taught to throw away what is old and buy into what is new, this has taken place in the realm of computers. Previously, computers were a luxury for the select few, but with the advent of the internet, prices have dropped and there has been a global increase in computer literacy. This can be an effect of the consumer society that has been developed in First World nations. The push of computers and computer systems has been synonymous with progression. It can be said that to buy into a better future for one's children, a computer is a necessary tool. As Third World nations are being pulled into the global economy, they too are being pushed to buy into computer systems in an effort to modernize and not be left behind.

2.2 Increased demand for automation

As discussed in the introduction, the computer revolution began in the industrial phase with the development of automation technologies. Automation comes from the word "automatic" and means a mechanical or automatic device that imitates human activity or work. The automatic control of machinery has been with us for many years dating back to ancient times. However, the development of microelectronics in the middle of the 20th century provided a significant growth in the implementation of automation technologies. At the time when the first general purpose computers were created, automation was designed to assist humans by executing mundane, repetitive tasks; freeing humans to do higher level work and problem solving. This concept was very attractive and helped to drive microprocessor development during the 1970s and late 20th century where the cheaper, smaller and more efficient microprocessors were becoming an economically viable alternative to electromechanical and relay logic controllers. The availability of more powerful control devices encouraged the development of more sophisticated automation leading to an exponential increase in the implementation of computers and computer based technologies. The increased demand for automation was driven by cheaper and more powerful computing hardware and software. Typically a computer is the most versatile tool and is well suited to solving a variety of problems. The use of computers to solve problems led to a need to better understand the problem and also led to an increase in the complexity of problems that could be solved. This has led to the migration of computer technology from standalone control applications to more complex systems throughout the entire 20th century. The rapid pace of development has seen computer technology permeate into every aspect of industry from the primary sector, to manufacturing and service industries. Focusing on manufacturing and service industries, a driving factor was the belief that automation using computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) was the key to competitive success. The advantages of CIM included lower production costs, increased quality and reliability, and improved flexibility in the manufacturing process. These advantages were derived from the inherent capabilities of computer technology and were very attractive to industry. In today's global economy, many organizations have sought to implement CIM technologies to remain competitive. The demand for automation and CIM has resulted in a higher integration of computers and information technologies into the infrastructure of industry. The increased demand for automation has had profound effects on the development of computer technology as a whole. As stated in the history of computing hardware, during most of the history of computer development the primary focus has been on computer hardware; the physical mechanisms and control devices. This changed with the onset of the fifth generation where the development of computer technology was no longer oriented on simple hardware devices but on the advancement of computer software and more efficient hardware. This in effect led to the current era of computer technology. Increased automation meant a greater need for development and support in all fields of computer technology; hardware maintenance, electronics, mechanical engineering, computer programming, system analysis, and systems engineering. Today, entire fields are dedicated to the automation of control systems and the development of computer technology has greatly increased the potential for computer application and its applicability across a wide range of complex problems.

2.3 Internet and connectivity

The beginnings of the internet stemmed from protecting the U.S during the Cold War. In the 1950s, the U.S created a military program that allowed information to be passed around in a quicker and safer manner. If the Soviets (or any other country) attacked the U.S with nuclear weapons, the old style of communication would make relaying information to different soldiers about the attack futile. In 1969, the ARPANET was launched. ARPANET stands for the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network and was funded by the U.S Department of Defense. It was the first of its kind to directly link computers together. Its sole purpose was to ensure research and development projects backed by the military would still be able to continue if a nuclear attack was made on the U.S. This in turn made it the first to use the methodology of packet switching, which is nowadays one of the major backbones of the internet. The idea of this was to split information into small blocks and have it sent to its destination and then recompiled. This way, information would still be able to get through even if parts of the network were damaged. With this new technology came the adoption of TCP/IP, which allowed data transmission between different networks. These new technologies were so compelling that there was major growth occurring in the network. This started in the U.S and quickly made its way throughout the entire world. The growth of ARPANET itself is evidence of this, due to it constantly adding new members to expand the network. It had come to a point where the price of switching to packet switching on the National Physical Laboratory's network was equal to the cost of building a new network. This resulted in it simply connecting with ARPANET. In 1990, ARPANET was disbanded, but its technology and the idea had spread. In less than 5 years. Another milestone, you could say, in the brief history of the internet was the invention of the World Wide Web. In 1989, at CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire), a man by the name of Tim Berners-Lee proposed a global hypertext project, to be known as the World Wide Web. Based on the earlier "Enquire" work, it was designed to allow people to work together by combining their knowledge in a web of hypertext documents. This was done by 1992, and in the latest period of 2 - 3 years, there has been an incredible growth in the amount of information on the web. This is especially evident by the inclusion of some reliable full-text databases of information. Following just last year, there was a breakthrough with multimedia capabilities on the internet. This has been led by the latest developments with JAVA, VRML, and RealAudio/Video. With this, it is apparent that the internet is growing at a substantial rate and is something that is not to be taken lightly.

3. Effects of the Computer Revolution

They say the only thing that remains constant is change, and that would be the best way to describe what the computer revolution brought to the world. Computer technology has altered the way we perform tasks, comprehend information, and in general live our day-to-day lives. It’s quite hard to imagine a life without the internet, without computers, or for that matter, without MP3 players. All these technologies are products of the ever-expanding computer field, and they have changed our lives in so many ways, some of which we have yet to fully understand. The cause of so much change comes as a result of new technologies being introduced into the workplace. This was a huge part of what inspired the computer revolution. With the advent of the computing era, it’s safe to say that current and future technologies have become universal; as a result, it is essential for any job seeker to learn a wide array of computer software in order to be viable in any career setting. This includes, but is not limited to, the Microsoft Office suite, web browsers, and email. The thought alone of not utilizing some sort of email-based communication in the workplace is hard to imagine, since it will likely stand as the most common form of communication in the workplace between colleagues for quite some time. Smailagic and Zhang foresee a future with the creation of intelligent software that can do complex programming and software design by simply translating user intentions in natural language. This technology will likely still be in the distant future. But with the current growth of programming technology and software used in the workplace, it’s hard to predict how much longer this will be. Changes in workplace technology have opened many doors for making processing and exchanging information easier. The effectiveness of computers has made a direct impact on us, in that they will be sure to accelerate the rate at which various other new technologies will be developed. Rahmen and Iizuka make note of new medical technologies in their discussion of computers' effects on modern society, using the example of digital x-ray machines. All current technologies aside, it’s safe to say that medicine is an ever-evolving field. Techniques and diagnoses will change frequently, and the rate at which old technologies get replaced by newer ones will increase. This is true for all other technological fields. The easier exchange and storage of information has made it a more replaceable tool. And the easier that it is to develop something, the more developments we will see. This concept holds up no matter how confusing it may be.

3.1 Transformation of industries

Traditional industries such as steel production, rubber manufacturing, and financial services generally involved physical manufacture of goods or performance of services. Information technology, including computer systems, software, and the Internet, is now being applied to virtually every manner of task performed and good produced by such industries. The resulting "digital" products and services are likely to be of even lower bulk and weight than traditional ones and they can be more easily customized to suit the needs of individual customers. For example, modern aircraft are highly computerized machines; not only in their controls (e.g. "fly by wire") but also in design and production. An aircraft is now just as much a product of information technology as is the software for managing airline reservations. Aircraft design information is held as computer data which simplifies modification and testing until the optimal configuration is found. Once the design is frozen, production will be accomplished through computer-aided machinery and robotics in an attempt to achieve maximum precision and minimize throughput time. All this has obvious implications for employment of computer specialists within the aeronautical industry and it also represents a shift of the industry into the "high tech" sector. The same general process is going to be seen in other "traditional" industries over the next few decades with a trend towards utilizing the capabilities of information technology to achieve products which are higher in quality, yet produced more quickly and with less waste of resources. Another trend is the formation of new industries based around modern computer technology. It has been said that today "the hottest places in hell are reserved for those who in a time of great crisis maintain their neutrality". One cannot be neutral in the information revolution and the emergence of an "information society". This is a global revolution, with an impact comparable to the industrial revolution and it is taking place at an accelerating pace; best evidenced by the exponential growth of computer processing power and Internet communications. It is beyond the scope of this article to elaborate on all of the inter-related phenomena which characterize the information society but it is widely anticipated that national economies will undergo a dramatic transformation as industry moves away from traditional resource-based products to "high tech" products and services. The latter will be based around manipulation and transmission of computerized information and it is expected that they will provide the key to long run economic growth and an increase in the standard of living. Thus computers have become a key feature of society because of structural changes to the economy and globalization of industry. They are indispensable for any business aiming to be competitive in the information age and without them an "impoverished" economy is virtually ensured.

3.2 Changes in the workforce

The section "3.2 Changes in the workforce" is an analysis of how employment patterns and the nature of work have changed in the computer age. It begins by considering the extent of the "hidden unemployment" in developed countries, caused by the displacement of workers from declining industries. Many of these workers retrain and find new jobs, often at lower wages and in less secure positions than those they have lost. Others experience long-term unemployment and, if they are relatively old, may drift into early retirement or simply give up the hope of finding another job. This wastage of human resources is a serious potential social problem. A second issue is the polarization of job opportunities and incomes into "cyberpolarized" and "low skill/no skill" work. As demand grows for computer experts and highly skilled professionals, it seems that these workers are siphoning off the fruits of economic growth, leaving proportionally less work for those in other occupations. Agencies serving indigenous people in Australia and elsewhere have reported a rapid loss of entry-level and clerical positions for their clients, who then join the queue for an ever-diminishing supply of low-skilled jobs. Polarization has related to increased income inequality in the U.S and elsewhere. Although computers are not the only factor at work here, they have doubtless contributed to the shift in bargaining power between labor and capital in favor of the latter. As technology has made companies less dependent on particular skilled workers or work teams to perform a given task, it has become easier for management to contract out work to the lowest bidder or utilize a casual or part-time workforce, thereby reducing the leverage and job security of employees. Step in changes to employment conditions including the erosion of award wage standards and the deregulation of the industrial relations institution, often with the stated intent of improving labor market flexibility and reducing "restrictive practices". Studies have shown that the computing industries and those using ICT intensively have had the greatest relative growth in non-union firms and in industries exempt from labor legislation. Finally, globalization has brought both positive and negative impacts on workforce development in different countries. The rapid dissemination of IT capabilities around the world has made it a core competency for development in general and an essential requirement for accessing knowledge and participating in the global economy. Computer revolutions in the countries which are currently industrializing and developing may skip the historical sequence in which earlier industrializers built their technology and production capabilities. This might open up new opportunities for late starters while making it more difficult for low-skill workers in developed countries to compete with cheaper overseas labor.

3.3 Impact on communication and information sharing

By reducing the price of sending messages and creating a global community through the internet, at the primary level, technology has caused a cheapening of communication. This has had a profound impact on all facets of society, and particularly business, where this cheapening of communication has opened up possibilities in globalization and outsourcing. If it is cheap and reliable, communication is no longer a barrier to commerce. Internet technology has caused a profound change in the way people retrieve their news, as the internet provides easy accessibility to news on any topic. With the use of search engines offering news delivered in a matter of seconds on any issue, news on paper mediums is struggling to survive. In large countries with dispersed populations, the internet has the potential to influence some reduced knowledge on political issues, as the print and electronic media more effectively target voters through a variety of methods to evaluate their mood. With increasing globalization, the communication of multinational languages often refers to the use of technology to directly translate news and documents from one language to another. This has the effect of potential loss in job opportunities for translators, through to an increased global knowledge on language.

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Essay on “Computers Revolution” Complete Essay for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation and other classes.

Computers Revolution

3 Best Essay on “Computer Revolution”

Essay No. 01

Civilizations have flourished in the past and gone on the establish themselves based on the foundation of singular inventions like the use of the iron or copper or bronze. The singular invention, which has become as omnipresent today, as did the iron and bronze tools in the past ages, is the computer. An invention of miraculous dimensions, computers have revolutionized our lifestyles, mostly for the better, and continue to do so. In less than fifty years they have influenced practically every field of activity. The Computer Age is our new reality.

No one could have imagined that the initial computing machines would so soon be developed into highly sophisticated present-day computers. And this stupendous revolution has been carried out by the computer without a shot being fired or a drop of blood being shed. Computers have taken up key roles in all fields of activity including agriculture, weather forecast, scientific research, designing, banks, and financial institutions, space research and technology, communication and media, medicine, aviation, railways, traffic control, language learning, literature, and entertainment.

A computer is an electronic device that can carry out calculations and process information. Vast amounts of data can be handled effectively and efficiently at a very fast rate.

A computer can virtually carry out any activity but it cannot think, at least for now! It thus requires a human operator and a set of detailed instructions called a program. The storage unit of a computer is called the memory which can be accessed via an input device–the keyboard. The output and the processed data can be received on a TV screen or in print via a printer. Computers can vary from very compact laptops to large mainframe systems and supercomputers.

Computers have become indispensable in all areas in which they have been introduced. Industries and business houses would virtually collapse if computers were to be suddenly withdrawn. Right from management, organization, and planning to the actual production, computers are being used at every stage. Robots, which are nothing but computer-controlled arms and hands, are increasingly in use in assembly lines of many factories. They can efficiently carry out monotonous and hazardous tasks. Personal robots have also been developed for a variety of uses including assisting handicapped people in becoming independent and self-sustained. Hazardous tasks like handling dangerous chemicals or metals at high temperatures can be performed with ease by robots under human supervision.

Automation in banks and railway stations has provided relief to the public and staff alike. Ticketing and reservation have become more efficient and convenient. Business transactions and the high volume of associated data are easily managed using computers.

In the field of medicine, especially in medical diagnosis, computers are being used to locate, and investigate accurately and precisely any abnormalities or diseases. Computers are also vital to diagnostic tests which help incorrect diagnosis and the choice of appropriate treatment.

Scientific research and space exploration have also evolved to their present extents with the aid of computers. Complicated problems are solved with amazing speed and accuracy. This has revolutionized the engineering and technological fields. Not only do computers solve complicated equations, but they can also simulate various conditions and predict accurately the behavior of things under such conditions. In this manner, computers have made possible inventions and discoveries which would otherwise have been unfeasible. Any space mission and satellite launch rely heavily on computers for precisely calculating and organizing the whole procedure including angles of entry, Velocities required, and trajectory. We have been able to gather vital information about distant galaxies and their components with the help of computers.

Computers in communication and media have effectively turned the whole world into a global village. Access between any two points on the earth is possible. Services like e-mail have made it possible for people to exchange data and information. Personal computers have practically taken over the tasks of writing and keeping household accounts. Networks can now be established enabling people to exchange news, data, and all sorts of information. Today the entire world is linked through satellites. Art and entertainment have also developed immensely by using computers. Animation films or movies like Jurassic Park would have been inconceivable in the absence of computers.

The use of computers has its negative aspects too, at the individual as well as the social level. Excessive use of computers can damage eyes and long hours of work on the keyboard can lead to joint ailments and spondylitis. At another level, computers are being used in developing dangerous and lethal weapons. Misuse of data by people who break into computer networks is also becoming a problem of large dimensions.

Evil or super-efficient, computers are increasingly making themselves felt as indispensable in homes, schools, and offices even in a developing country like India. The silent revolution has been efficiently carried out. Computers are here to stay. It is up to us to use them for the benefit and betterment of humankind.

The takeover of computers in the various fields of human activity is almost complete. And it has been accomplished quietly.

Essay No. 02

Computer Revolution

The world is on the threshold of a computer revolution. It is going to be the permanent tool of the modern age. Computers are being used in all the areas today; be it business, finance education, science. They are fast changing the way of work Computers are, no doubt, designed to play a very important role in future as there is no field of human activity in which the computers cannot help.

Computer technology has made stupendous progress in the last four; decades. It was only in 1944 that Professor Aikens and his” team had designed first ever computer in Harvard University, U. S. A. Since there we have come a long way. Today, the world is the threshold of a computer revolution. In fact, in the decades to come, they are going to play a very crucial role; as there is a field of activity in which computers cannot help. Every day new uses are being found for computers. They are already helping man in a fantastic range of holds-agriculture industry, scientific research, machine design, banks, aviation, space research, medical diagnosis, traffic control, and even in literature

Computers have some special features which make them extremely useful to mane-speed; accuracy and storage of information or memory. The computer is designed in such a way that they rarely 111ake errors. Modern computers are machines with a high degree of reliability We often hear of computers making funny and at times costly mistakes. The culprit, however, is not the machine but the human being who operates the machine Computed have some qualities which make them superior to man in some ways, for one thing, computers never get tired. Also, the same computer can do a wide variety of jobs. Besides, being an automatic machine it can do long jobs with little or no help from a human operator. No wonder computer is considered the greatest invention of man. For the first time, man has made a machine that adds power to his brain. When he manmade machines, he added to the power of his muscles, when he made vehicles, he was adding faster feet just as the industrial revolution brought great changes to the way people worked and lived and changed the human role from being a source of power for labor into being it controller of machines, in a similar manner today we are facing a second revolution, as machines tended by people are being increasingly replaced by computers. Before the industrial revolution, people worked mainly on land. The invention of machines meant most people started to work in factories In the future, computers are going to make it possible for a man to transact business and do the shopping without leaving his home Aided by computers, man has become capable of feats they had never dreamt of. 

The computer has become indispensable in industry and business. They are being extensively used in industry.“ They have been installed in business houses, offices, factories, hospitals, banks, petrol pumps, railway stations, etc., and taken the drudgery out of the life of the Clerical staff. Even in a country like India, computers are a fast-changing Indian way of life and work. The stuffy, overcrowded air and rail reservation officers in most cities are fast being replaced by air-conditioned ones that have neat rows of booking clerks seated behind terminals, punching out tickets rapidly. In commercial and business houses they are keeping track of tiles and vital statistics; reviewing the achievement of targets; chalking our sales strategies, etc. Computers have brought about automation in every field. In fact, they carry out activities and tasks which were formerly thought of essentially as human. This has increased productivity and reduced the requirement for manpower in industry and business. In fact, computers have wide applications in various industries like chemical processing industries, metal industries, packaging, etc. In the last few years advances have been made in the hold of assembly of complex components like in the Automobile industry.

The trend set off a controversy about the impact of automation on unemployment. Will the spread and extension of automation mean economic mm as unemployment rises and productive potential soars? Time alone will answer such questions. However, one thing is certain that in this age pr automation was ushered in by the second industrial revolution, nothing is going to remain the same for human life.

Modern medical diagnosis has become more accurate, precise, and fast with the help of computers. Some of the most advanced tools are being used in medical research, diagnosis, treatment, and investigation. Machines like CAT scan enable medical specialists to reproduce the body slice by slice and prepare films to ascertain the tract location of a disease, function of a particular organ in the body, detect any abnormalities, growths, etc. Doctors these days rely, heavily on these diagnostic tests before making a final diagnosis and choosing the course of treatment. These tests help in detecting diseases like ulcers, cancers in early stages and have proved real leasing to the modern man, who is susceptible to several diseases which were unknown to his forefathers, due to the stresses and strains of everyday life.

The exploration of space has been one of the most exciting developments of this century. Most spacecraft which-have been launched in space in the last 30 years, since the time-space age began, have transmitted a vast amount of knowledge back to earth. It now does not seem so distant a reality or a difficult dream to realize that one day we shall be able to establish human colonies on other planets with our present techniques and resources. It is only the development and application of computers which has brought man closer to realizing his dreams. Besides, satellites which are launched in space are of immense use in communication. They have made it possible to obtain television linkage between distant countries and enthrall” T.V. viewers all over the world by taking their favourite programs or events of world significance right into their living rooms.

Photographs from satellites have helped in the field of agriculture, geology,  meteorology. Weather satellites help to give advance warning of any such developments which may be dangerous to human life. India has purchased a supercomputer Cray XMP-14 from the U.S.A. It has been installed in the India Meteorological Department, New Delhi. It will help in preparing weather forecasts 3-10 days in advance. Besides, it is expected to be useful; in the areas of health, agriculture, and solid-state physics. Undoubtedly computers are doing a lot of useful work by controlling special machines? Given arms and hands, a computer can do more physical work. That is precisely what the robots are doing. Today robots are really computers with muscle though a layman tends to dismiss them as mere metal imitations of humans with steel claws or hands. Robots can work untiringly. In some of the advanced countries of the world, these robots are performing tasks which earlier it was considered only humans could do. Robots are being used in industry, entertainment, Space, medicine. It seems possible now that robots will be the servants of the future. Already there are a number of personal robots available. In countries like U.S.A. and Russia, they are proving of great» help to the handicapped, the aged, and the mentally retarded. A lot of research is being carried out in this field. People who are conducting the research are trying to make robots more intelligent so that they can think and act rationally like the human brain.

Today, there is practically no aspect of civilized life which is not at some stage under the control of computers. In the future one may expect that most homes Will have a computer terminal just as today they have a telephone However, one question that is frequently asked is will the computers always be such a blessing? Scholars and others are not so sure. The power of the computer can be misused. It is already being used in needless warfare. In  advanced countries, experts. are working Out ways of preventing misuse of computers, Therefore, to prevent computers from turning against and dominating its creator like Frankenstein’s monster, man must use his discretion” Computers will represent no danger to humanity if we do not allow them to make decisions on problems involving moral issues Moreover, there are activities of the human brain which seem beyond the realm of artificial intelligence of computers and robots.

However, whatever may be the advantages and disadvantages of computers,  we cannot put the clock back there is little doubt though that the world will sooner or later have to make up its mind to use computer technology only for the benefit and welfare of humanity.

Essay No. 03

The world’s technological horizon is dominated by the computer since the year 1970, and by now, it has entered into every sphere of human existence, and in the last two decades it has taken over the charge of all that was once man’s handiwork.

A computer is an electric device which helps in boosting our efficiency and helps us in being more creative by taking up the work of repetition itself. The computer helps us create programs, communicate, and also helps us to earn. Today, even in India it is beyond our imagination to conceive of any avenue where the computer has not made a dent., may it be in business, banking, publishing engineering, etc. This change over to computerization is welcomed by all and sundry but, it leaves one burning question in the minds of people. We are all apt to believe that, computerization is apt to throw men out of employment, no it is not so, this belief is just a misnomer. The reason for this is that a man who was once doing the job of a clerk would now be able to execute more productive assignments, thus contributing his best to his employer society, and the nation. The computer is expected to ensure the enhancement of knowledge levels, productivity, earnings, and living standards of society. If India wants to emulate the economic superpowers of the world it is necessary for India to completely computerize, and link the Indian economy and industry with International information in a super big way. This can be made possible only with the help of the computer and the Internet networks.

It was in October 1977 that the private sector Internet Service Provider ushered into India. And this was a great step forward, in the growth of the telecom and communication industry. This single step is expected to open new avenues of technology in this country, in the next century. The Internet is a complicated web of satellites and cable networks connecting millions of computers across the world. With this advent of the computer, information is shared in the form of data, pictures, and graphics. The application of the Internet would include surfing and access to data.

In India, there are about 93000 computers linked to the Internet so far. The ISPs have to give a bank guarantee equivalent to a license fee for one year. In India, the VSNL, i.e. the Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd. is the only provider of Internet Services. The Internet has come as a storm in the Indian business and industry. Indian manpower is about the best in the world, in almost any sphere of work. Now we have really arrived into a new world of a global village.

In the Indian context, computerization is absolutely necessary as telecommunication and satellite imagery are both computer-based. Life in urban India is dependent on the telephone, E-mail, fax, internet connectivity and cell phone and all these services warrant the usage of the computer, for their operation and maintenance. Even in rural areas, the computer can play an important role in crop development, software for seed research, crop diseases, rural industry, and rural education. The avenue of rural telecommunication has been revolutionized by the computer.

The computer could be of great value in education. This is because all information is stored and managed by computers, and so they become necessary in the modern times and are also accessible to all. India can hope to become a country of world standards, only when it computerizes its economy, business, scientific and all other operations. Only this technology can help India to benefit on all fronts. It is a certainty that the new century would belong entirely to the computer.

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The history of computing is both evolution and revolution

Head, Department of Computing & Information Systems, The University of Melbourne

Disclosure statement

Justin Zobel does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

University of Melbourne provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation AU.

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This month marks the 60th anniversary of the first computer in an Australian university. The University of Melbourne took possession of the machine from CSIRO and on June 14, 1956, the recommissioned CSIRAC was formally switched on. Six decades on, our series Computing turns 60 looks at how things have changed.

It is a truism that computing continues to change our world. It shapes how objects are designed, what information we receive, how and where we work, and who we meet and do business with. And computing changes our understanding of the world around us and the universe beyond.

For example, while computers were initially used in weather forecasting as no more than an efficient way to assemble observations and do calculations, today our understanding of weather is almost entirely mediated by computational models.

Another example is biology. Where once research was done entirely in the lab (or in the wild) and then captured in a model, it often now begins in a predictive model, which then determines what might be explored in the real world.

The transformation that is due to computation is often described as digital disruption . But an aspect of this transformation that can easily be overlooked is that computing has been disrupting itself.

Evolution and revolution

Each wave of new computational technology has tended to lead to new kinds of systems, new ways of creating tools, new forms of data, and so on, which have often overturned their predecessors. What has seemed to be evolution is, in some ways, a series of revolutions.

But the development of computing technologies is more than a chain of innovation – a process that’s been a hallmark of the physical technologies that shape our world.

For example, there is a chain of inspiration from waterwheel, to steam engine, to internal combustion engine. Underlying this is a process of enablement. The industry of steam engine construction yielded the skills, materials and tools used in construction of the first internal combustion engines.

In computing, something richer is happening where new technologies emerge, not only by replacing predecessors, but also by enveloping them. Computing is creating platforms on which it reinvents itself, reaching up to the next platform.

Getting connected

Arguably, the most dramatic of these innovations is the web. During the 1970s and 1980s, there were independent advances in the availability of cheap, fast computing, of affordable disk storage and of networking.

Compute and storage were taken up in personal computers, which at that stage were standalone, used almost entirely for gaming and word processing. At the same time, networking technologies became pervasive in university computer science departments, where they enabled, for the first time, the collaborative development of software.

This was the emergence of a culture of open-source development, in which widely spread communities not only used common operating systems, programming languages and tools, but collaboratively contributed to them.

As networks spread, tools developed in one place could be rapidly promoted, shared and deployed elsewhere. This dramatically changed the notion of software ownership, of how software was designed and created, and of who controlled the environments we use.

The networks themselves became more uniform and interlinked, creating the global internet, a digital traffic infrastructure. Increases in computing power meant there was spare capacity for providing services remotely.

The falling cost of disk meant that system administrators could set aside storage to host repositories that could be accessed globally. The internet was thus used not just for email and chat forums (known then as news groups) but, increasingly, as an exchange mechanism for data and code.

This was in strong contrast to the systems used in business at that time, which were customised, isolated, and rigid.

With hindsight, the confluence of networking, compute and storage at the start of the 1990s, coupled with the open-source culture of sharing, seems almost miraculous. An environment ready for something remarkable, but without even a hint of what that thing might be.

The ‘superhighway’

It was to enhance this environment that then US Vice President Al Gore proposed in 1992 the “ information superhighway ”, before any major commercial or social uses of the internet had appeared.

Meanwhile, in 1990, researchers at CERN, including Tim Berners-Lee , created a system for storing documents and publishing them to the internet, which they called the world wide web .

As knowledge of this system spread on the internet (transmitted by the new model of open-source software systems), people began using it via increasingly sophisticated browsers. They also began to write documents specifically for online publication – that is, web pages.

As web pages became interactive and resources moved online, the web became a platform that has transformed society. But it also transformed computing.

With the emergence of the web came the decline of the importance of the standalone computer, dependent on local storage.

We all connect

The value of these systems is due to another confluence: the arrival on the web of vast numbers of users. For example, without behaviours to learn from, search engines would not work well, so human actions have become part of the system.

There are (contentious) narratives of ever-improving technology, but also an entirely unarguable narrative of computing itself being transformed by becoming so deeply embedded in our daily lives.

This is, in many ways, the essence of big data. Computing is being fed by human data streams: traffic data, airline trips, banking transactions, social media and so on.

The challenges of the discipline have been dramatically changed by this data, and also by the fact that the products of the data (such as traffic control and targeted marketing) have immediate impacts on people.

Software that runs robustly on a single computer is very different from that with a high degree of rapid interaction with the human world, giving rise to needs for new kinds of technologies and experts, in ways not evenly remotely anticipated by the researchers who created the technologies that led to this transformation.

Decisions that were once made by hand-coded algorithms are now made entirely by learning from data. Whole fields of study may become obsolete.

The discipline does indeed disrupt itself. And as the next wave of technology arrives (immersive environments? digital implants? aware homes?), it will happen again.

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Essay: Revolutionary, Evolutionary or Transformational? The Computer, Computer Technology and its Impact on Society

The computer, an outgrowth of the Industrial Revolution, was developed to carry out complex mathematical tasks with speeds faster than humans could calculate. It has been around in its electronic form for more than 60 years. These last 60 years have been called a "Computer Revolution," a "technology evolution," and even an "information or electronic transformation" that demanded "...ever faster, cheaper, sleeker, and accessible..." computers....

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In the 1950s, scholars in Europe and the United States announced the end of political ideology in the West. With the rise of affluent welfare states, they argued, ideological movements which sought to overthrow prevailing liberal democracy would disappear. While these arguments were questioned in the 1960s, similar ideas were presented after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Scholars now claimed that the end of the Cold War meant the end of mankind's " ideological development, " that globalization would undermine the left/right distinction and that politics would be shaped by cultural affiliations rather than ideological alignments. The purpose of No alternatives is to compare the end of ideology discussion of the 1950s with some of the post-Cold War theories launched at the time of, or in the years following, the fall of the Berlin Wall. Juxtaposing monographs, essays and papers between 1950 and 2000, the dissertation focuses on three aspects of these theories. First, it analyzes their concepts of history, demonstrating that they tended to portray the existing society as an order which had resolved the conflicts and antagonisms of earlier history. Second, the investigation scrutinizes the processes of post-politicization at work in these theories, showing how they sought to transcend, contain or externalize social conflict, and at times dismiss politics altogether. Third, it demonstrates how the theories can be understood as legitimizing or mobilizing narratives which aimed to defend Western liberal democracy and to rally its citizens against internal threats and external enemies. As the title of the dissertation implies, the end of ideology discussion of the 1950s and the post-Cold War theories of the 1990s sought to highlight the historical or political impossibility of any alternatives to the present society.

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This review, aims at revisiting the clash of civilizations thesis in the light of Islamic cum West relations especially in regards to whether the Clash of Civilizations' thesis is Western in its orientation and content? How the Clash' thesis is a vindication and basis for post-Cold War U.S foreign policy goals and strategies? To ascertain the prime responses of the thesis from the perspectives of the non Western world and to assess the view of Muslim scholars on Huntington's thesis. It further attempts to explore the nature of Western cum Islamic relations in the light of clash of civilizations thesis. The analysis reveals that several problems are ingrained in Huntington's argument. First, Huntington's classification of civilizations is difficult to operationalize. Secondly, civilizational conflicts constitute a minority of ethnic and international conflicts. Thirdly, conflicts between the West and both the Confucian and Islamic civilizations, which Huntington predicts will be the major conflicts in the post-Cold War era, constitute a small minority of civilizational conflicts. Finally, there is no statistically significant evidence that the intensity of civilizational conflicts have risen relative to other types of ethnic conflicts since the end of the Cold War. Thus the clash' thesis is essentially a policy advice by one of America's policy makers to the American government. Following the collapse of Communism, Islam lingers as the only vital opposing ideology which could pose a serious threat to Western secularism especially its spread of degenerate social ills like gay marriage; man-animal marriage and their like in the name of freedom and liberalism. The world does not live in the shadows of any impending civilization clash rather it is hunted by a voracious hope of the empire state of America to economically recolonise the entire human race and it does that under the guise of promoting promoting democratic ideals. The West does not actually spread a gospel of liberty but plots to extend its political and economic hegemony. The Muslim and non-Western world must sustain the use of dialogue in taming the imperialist West.

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Too Soon To Tell: Essays for the End of The Computer Revolution 1st Edition

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• ISBN-10 0470080353
• ISBN-13 978-0470080351
• Edition 1st
• Publisher Wiley-IEEE Computer Society Pr
• Publication date February 12, 2009
• Language English
• Dimensions 6.2 x 0.7 x 9.25 inches
• Print length 256 pages
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Editorial Reviews

From the inside flap.

Too Soon to Tell is a revised and expanded collection of David Alan Grier's popular monthly column "In Our Time" for Computer magazine. In forty-three personal essays—twenty of which are entirely new for this publication—the author draws upon the experiences of everyday people, their companies, and their interactions to reveal how computers moved from the drawing table and into our offices and living rooms. The result is a book that offers a singular portrait of the computer revolution that has yet to be told.

Written in a simple, easy-to-follow style that is free of industry jargon, each essay begins with a short introduction that recounts the author's experiences with his students or those of the author's father and his generation of computer scientists—which seamlessly connect the themes that are explored throughout the book. Set against a backdrop that spans more than half a century, this poignant book allows readers to gain an intimate and meaningful understanding of the relationship between humans and machines, the connections between fathers and sons, the impact of rapid technological change on the family, and the revolutionary nature of a technology that has rebuilt human institutions in its own image.

Too Soon to Tell is an original and starkly human portrait of the computer era that will entice readers from all walks of life.

From the Back Cover

Too Soon to Tell is a revised and expanded collection of David Alan Grier's popular monthly column "In Our Time" for Computer magazine. In forty-three personal essays―twenty of which are entirely new for this publication―the author draws upon the experiences of everyday people, their companies, and their interactions to reveal how computers moved from the drawing table and into our offices and living rooms. The result is a book that offers a singular portrait of the computer revolution that has yet to be told.

Written in a simple, easy-to-follow style that is free of industry jargon, each essay begins with a short introduction that recounts the author's experiences with his students or those of the author's father and his generation of computer scientists―which seamlessly connect the themes that are explored throughout the book. Set against a backdrop that spans more than half a century, this poignant book allows readers to gain an intimate and meaningful understanding of the relationship between humans and machines, the connections between fathers and sons, the impact of rapid technological change on the family, and the revolutionary nature of a technology that has rebuilt human institutions in its own image.

About the Author

David Alan Grier writes the "In Our Time" column for Computer magazine and is the Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, The Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University. His first book, When Computers Were Human, won favorable reviews on NPR's Marketplace?and in Nature and Discover. Grier writes across a wide variety of genres, including general news pieces for the Washington Post, children's articles, and academic pieces for American Mathematical Monthly and the Communications of the ACM.

Product details

• Publisher ‏ : ‎ Wiley-IEEE Computer Society Pr; 1st edition (February 12, 2009)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Paperback ‏ : ‎ 256 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0470080353
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0470080351
• Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 15.2 ounces
• Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6.2 x 0.7 x 9.25 inches

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Then the Apple computer company took this complex computer language and evolved it to a simpler system of computer language using words that made sense in their context. This system was called BASIC. BASIC was a major development in the computer industry, because it made computers accessible to the average American. This helped greatly in proving that computers were no longer just toys and they had a very useful purpose. Most people still felt the cost was too great for a glorified typewriter. Several years after they introduction of the BASIC system, Apple introduced a new line of computers called the Macintosh...

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