presentation in medical terminology

Overview and General Information about Oral Presentation

• Daily Presentations During Work Rounds
• The New Patient Presentation
• The Holdover Admission Presentation
• Outpatient Clinic Presentations
• The structure of presentations varies from service to service (e.g. medicine vs. surgery), amongst subspecialties, and between environments (inpatient vs. outpatient). Applying the correct style to the right setting requires that the presenter seek guidance from the listeners at the outset.
• Time available for presenting is rather short, which makes the experience more stressful.
• Individual supervisors (residents, faculty) often have their own (sometimes quirky) preferences regarding presentation styles, adding another layer of variability that the presenter has to manage.
• Students are evaluated/judged on the way in which they present, with faculty using this as one way of gauging a student’s clinical knowledge.
• Done well, presentations promote efficient, excellent care. Done poorly, they promote tedium, low morale, and inefficiency.

General Tips:

• Practice, Practice, Practice! Do this on your own, with colleagues, and/or with anyone who will listen (and offer helpful commentary) before you actually present in front of other clinicians. Speaking "on-the-fly" is difficult, as rapidly organizing and delivering information in a clear and concise fashion is not a naturally occurring skill.
• Immediately following your presentations, seek feedback from your listeners. Ask for specifics about what was done well and what could have been done better – always with an eye towards gaining information that you can apply to improve your performance the next time.
• Listen to presentations that are done well – ask yourself, “Why was it good?” Then try to incorporate those elements into your own presentations.
• Listen to presentations that go poorly – identify the specific things that made it ineffective and avoid those pitfalls when you present.
• Effective presentations require that you have thought through the case beforehand and understand the rationale for your conclusions and plan. This, in turn, requires that you have a good grasp of physiology, pathology, clinical reasoning and decision-making - pushing you to read, pay attention, and in general acquire more knowledge.
• Think about the clinical situation in which you are presenting so that you can provide a summary that is consistent with the expectations of your audience. Work rounds, for example, are clearly different from conferences and therefore mandate a different style of presentation.
• Presentations are the way in which we tell medical stories to one another. When you present, ask yourself if you’ve described the story in an accurate way. Will the listener be able to “see” the patient the same way that you do? Can they come to the correct conclusions? If not, re-calibrate.
• It's O.K. to use notes, though the oral presentation should not simply be reduced to reading the admission note – rather, it requires appropriate editing/shortening.
• In general, try to give your presentations on a particular service using the same order and style for each patient, every day. Following a specific format makes it easier for the listener to follow, as they know what’s coming and when they can expect to hear particular information. Additionally, following a standardized approach makes it easier for you to stay organized, develop a rhythm, and lessens the chance that you’ll omit elements.

Specific types of presentations

There are a number of common presentation-types, each with its own goals and formats. These include:

• Daily presentations during work rounds for patients known to a service.
• Newly admitted patients, where you were the clinician that performed the H&P.
• Newly admitted patients that were “handed off” to the team in the morning, such that the H&P was performed by others.
• Outpatient clinic presentations, covering several common situations.

Key elements of each presentation type are described below. Examples of how these would be applied to most situations are provided in italics. The formats are typical of presentations done for internal medicine services and clinics.

Note that there is an acceptable range of how oral presentations can be delivered. Ultimately, your goal is to tell the correct story, in a reasonable amount of time, so that the right care can be delivered. Nuances in the order of presentation, what to include, what to omit, etc. are relatively small points. Don’t let the pursuit of these elements distract you or create undue anxiety.

Daily presentations during work rounds of patients that you’re following:

• Organize the presenter (forces you to think things through)
• Inform the listener(s) of 24 hour events and plan moving forward
• Promote focused discussion amongst your listeners and supervisors
• Opportunity to reassess plan, adjust as indicated
• Demonstrate your knowledge and engagement in the care of the patient
• Rapid (5 min) presentation of the key facts

Key features of presentation:

• Opening one liner: Describe who the patient is, number of days in hospital, and their main clinical issue(s).
• 24-hour events: Highlighting changes in clinical status, procedures, consults, etc.
• Subjective sense from the patient about how they’re feeling, vital signs (ranges), and key physical exam findings (highlighting changes)
• Relevant labs (highlighting changes) and imaging
• Assessment and Plan : Presented by problem or organ systems(s), using as many or few as are relevant. Early on, it’s helpful to go through the main categories in your head as a way of making sure that you’re not missing any relevant areas. The broad organ system categories include (presented here head-to-toe): Neurological; Psychiatric; Cardiovascular; Pulmonary; Gastrointestinal; Renal/Genitourinary; Hematologic/Oncologic; Endocrine/Metabolic; Infectious; Tubes/lines/drains; Disposition.

Example of a daily presentation for a patient known to a team:

• Opening one liner: This is Mr. Smith, a 65 year old man, Hospital Day #3, being treated for right leg cellulitis
• MRI of the leg, negative for osteomyelitis
• Evaluation by Orthopedics, who I&D’d a superficial abscess in the calf, draining a moderate amount of pus
• Patient appears well, states leg is feeling better, less painful
• T Max 101 yesterday, T Current 98; Pulse range 60-80; BP 140s-160s/70-80s; O2 sat 98% Room Air
• Ins/Outs: 3L in (2 L NS, 1 L po)/Out 4L urine
• Right lower extremity redness now limited to calf, well within inked lines – improved compared with yesterday; bandage removed from the I&D site, and base had small amount of purulence; No evidence of fluctuance or undrained infection.
• Creatinine .8, down from 1.5 yesterday
• WBC 8.7, down from 14
• Blood cultures from admission still negative
• Gram stain of pus from yesterday’s I&D: + PMNS and GPCs; Culture pending
• MRI lower extremity as noted above – negative for osteomyelitis
• Continue Vancomycin for today
• Ortho to reassess I&D site, though looks good
• Follow-up on cultures: if MRSA, will transition to PO Doxycycline; if MSSA, will use PO Dicloxacillin
• Given AKI, will continue to hold ace-inhibitor; will likely wait until outpatient follow-up to restart
• Add back amlodipine 5mg/d today
• Hep lock IV as no need for more IVF
• Continue to hold ace-I as above
• Wound care teaching with RNs today – wife capable and willing to assist. She’ll be in this afternoon.
• Set up follow-up with PMD to reassess wound and cellulitis within 1 week

The Brand New Patient (admitted by you)

• Provide enough information so that the listeners can understand the presentation and generate an appropriate differential diagnosis.
• Present a thoughtful assessment
• Present diagnostic and therapeutic plans
• Provide opportunities for senior listeners to intervene and offer input
• Chief concern: Reason why patient presented to hospital (symptom/event and key past history in one sentence). It often includes a limited listing of their other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes, hypertension, etc.) if these elements might contribute to the reason for admission.
• The history is presented highlighting the relevant events in chronological order.
• 7 days ago, the patient began to notice vague shortness of breath.
• 5 days ago, the breathlessness worsened and they developed a cough productive of green sputum.
• 3 days ago his short of breath worsened to the point where he was winded after walking up a flight of stairs, accompanied by a vague right sided chest pain that was more pronounced with inspiration.
• Enough historical information has to be provided so that the listener can understand the reasons that lead to admission and be able to draw appropriate clinical conclusions.
• Past history that helps to shed light on the current presentation are included towards the end of the HPI and not presented later as “PMH.” This is because knowing this “past” history is actually critical to understanding the current complaint. For example, past cardiac catheterization findings and/or interventions should be presented during the HPI for a patient presenting with chest pain.
• Where relevant, the patient's baseline functional status is described, allowing the listener to understand the degree of impairment caused by the acute medical problem(s).
• It should be explicitly stated if a patient is a poor historian, confused or simply unaware of all the details related to their illness. Historical information obtained from family, friends, etc. should be described as such.
• Review of Systems (ROS): Pertinent positive and negative findings discovered during a review of systems are generally incorporated at the end of the HPI. The listener needs this information to help them put the story in appropriate perspective. Any positive responses to a more inclusive ROS that covers all of the other various organ systems are then noted. If the ROS is completely negative, it is generally acceptable to simply state, "ROS negative.”
• Other Past Medical and Surgical History (PMH/PSH): Past history that relates to the issues that lead to admission are typically mentioned in the HPI and do not have to be repeated here. That said, selective redundancy (i.e. if it’s really important) is OK. Other PMH/PSH are presented here if relevant to the current issues and/or likely to affect the patient’s hospitalization in some way. Unrelated PMH and PSH can be omitted (e.g. if the patient had their gall bladder removed 10y ago and this has no bearing on the admission, then it would be appropriate to leave it out). If the listener really wants to know peripheral details, they can read the admission note, ask the patient themselves, or inquire at the end of the presentation.
• Medications and Allergies: Typically all meds are described, as there’s high potential for adverse reactions or drug-drug interactions.
• Family History: Emphasis is placed on the identification of illnesses within the family (particularly among first degree relatives) that are known to be genetically based and therefore potentially heritable by the patient. This would include: coronary artery disease, diabetes, certain cancers and autoimmune disorders, etc. If the family history is non-contributory, it’s fine to say so.
• Social History, Habits, other → as relates to/informs the presentation or hospitalization. Includes education, work, exposures, hobbies, smoking, alcohol or other substance use/abuse.
• Sexual history if it relates to the active problems.
• Vital signs and relevant findings (or their absence) are provided. As your team develops trust in your ability to identify and report on key problems, it may become acceptable to say “Vital signs stable.”
• Note: Some listeners expect students (and other junior clinicians) to describe what they find in every organ system and will not allow the presenter to say “normal.” The only way to know what to include or omit is to ask beforehand.
• Key labs and imaging: Abnormal findings are highlighted as well as changes from baseline.
• Summary, assessment & plan(s) Presented by problem or organ systems(s), using as many or few as are relevant. Early on, it’s helpful to go through the main categories in your head as a way of making sure that you’re not missing any relevant areas. The broad organ system categories include (presented here head-to-toe): Neurological; Psychiatric; Cardiovascular; Pulmonary; Gastrointestinal; Renal/Genitourinary; Hematologic/Oncologic; Endocrine/Metabolic; Infectious; Tubes/lines/drains; Disposition.
• The assessment and plan typically concludes by mentioning appropriate prophylactic considerations (e.g. DVT prevention), code status and disposition.
• Chief Concern: Mr. H is a 50 year old male with AIDS, on HAART, with preserved CD4 count and undetectable viral load, who presents for the evaluation of fever, chills and a cough over the past 7 days.
• Until 1 week ago, he had been quite active, walking up to 2 miles a day without feeling short of breath.
• Approximately 1 week ago, he began to feel dyspneic with moderate activity.
• 3 days ago, he began to develop subjective fevers and chills along with a cough productive of red-green sputum.
• 1 day ago, he was breathless after walking up a single flight of stairs and spent most of the last 24 hours in bed.
• Diagnosed with HIV in 2000, done as a screening test when found to have gonococcal urethritis
• Was not treated with HAART at that time due to concomitant alcohol abuse and non-adherence.
• Diagnosed and treated for PJP pneumonia 2006
• Diagnosed and treated for CMV retinitis 2007
• Became sober in 2008, at which time interested in HAART. Started on Atripla, a combination pill containing: Efavirenz, Tonofovir, and Emtricitabine. He’s taken it ever since, with no adverse effects or issues with adherence. Receives care thru Dr. Smiley at the University HIV clinic.
• CD4 count 3 months ago was 400 and viral load was undetectable.
• He is homosexual though he is currently not sexually active. He has never used intravenous drugs.
• He has no history of asthma, COPD or chronic cardiac or pulmonary condition. No known liver disease. Hepatitis B and C negative. His current problem seems different to him then his past episode of PJP.
• Review of systems: negative for headache, photophobia, stiff neck, focal weakness, chest pain, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, urinary symptoms, leg swelling, or other complaints.
• Hypertension x 5 years, no other known vascular disease
• Gonorrhea as above
• Alcohol abuse above and now sober – no known liver disease
• No relevant surgeries
• Atripla, 1 po qd
• Omeprazole 20 mg, 1 PO, qd
• Lisinopril 20mg, qd
• Naprosyn 250 mg, 1-2, PO, BID PRN
• No allergies
• Both of the patient's parents are alive and well (his mother is 78 and father 80). He has 2 brothers, one 45 and the other 55, who are also healthy. There is no family history of heart disease or cancer.
• Patient works as an accountant for a large firm in San Diego. He lives alone in an apartment in the city.
• Smokes 1 pack of cigarettes per day and has done so for 20 years.
• No current alcohol use. Denies any drug use.
• Sexual History as noted above; has sex exclusively with men, last partner 6 months ago.
• Seated on a gurney in the ER, breathing through a face-mask oxygen delivery system. Breathing was labored and accessory muscles were in use. Able to speak in brief sentences, limited by shortness of breath
• Vital signs: Temp 102 F, Pulse 90, BP 150/90, Respiratory Rate 26, O2 Sat (on 40% Face Mask) 95%
• HEENT: No thrush, No adenopathy
• Lungs: Crackles and Bronchial breath sounds noted at right base. E to A changes present. No wheezing or other abnormal sounds noted over any other area of the lung. Dullness to percussion was also appreciated at the right base.
• Cardiac: JVP less than 5 cm; Rhythm was regular. Normal S1 and S2. No murmurs or extra heart sounds noted.
• Abdomen and Genital exams: normal
• Extremities: No clubbing, cyanosis or edema; distal pulses 2+ and equal bilaterally.
• Skin: no eruptions noted.
• Neurological exam: normal
• WBC 18 thousand with 10% bands;
• Normal Chem 7 and LFTs.
• Room air blood gas: pH of 7.47/ PO2 of 55/PCO2 of 30.
• Sputum gram stain remarkable for an abundance of polys along with gram positive diplococci.
• CXR remarkable for dense right lower lobe infiltrate without effusion.
• Monitored care unit, with vigilance for clinical deterioration.
• Hypertension: given significant pneumonia and unclear clinical direction, will hold lisinopril. If BP > 180 and or if clear not developing sepsis, will consider restarting.
• Low molecular weight heparin
• Code Status: Wishes to be full code full care, including intubation and ICU stay if necessary. Has good quality of life and hopes to return to that functional level. Wishes to reconsider if situation ever becomes hopeless. Older brother Tom is surrogate decision maker if the patient can’t speak for himself. Tom lives in San Diego and we have his contact info. He is aware that patient is in the hospital and plans on visiting later today or tomorrow.
• Expected duration of hospitalization unclear – will know more based on response to treatment over next 24 hours.

The holdover admission (presenting data that was generated by other physicians)

• Handoff admissions are very common and present unique challenges
• Understand the reasons why the patient was admitted
• Review key history, exam, imaging and labs to assure that they support the working diagnostic and therapeutic plans
• Does the data support the working diagnosis?
• Do the planned tests and consults make sense?
• What else should be considered (both diagnostically and therapeutically)?
• This process requires that the accepting team thoughtfully review their colleagues efforts with a critical eye – which is not disrespectful but rather constitutes one of the main jobs of the accepting team and is a cornerstone of good care *Note: At some point during the day (likely not during rounds), the team will need to verify all of the data directly with the patient.
• 8-10 minutes
• Chief concern: Reason for admission (symptom and/or event)
• Temporally presented bullets of events leading up to the admission
• Review of systems
• Relevant PMH/PSH – historical information that might affect the patient during their hospitalization.
• Meds and Allergies
• Family and Social History – focusing on information that helps to inform the current presentation.
• Habits and exposures
• Physical exam, imaging and labs that were obtained in the Emergency Department
• Assessment and plan that were generated in the Emergency Department.
• Overnight events (i.e. what happened in the Emergency Dept. and after the patient went to their hospital room)? Responses to treatments, changes in symptoms?
• How does the patient feel this morning? Key exam findings this morning (if seen)? Morning labs (if available)?
• Assessment and Plan , with attention as to whether there needs to be any changes in the working differential or treatment plan. The broad organ system categories include (presented here head-to-toe): Neurological; Psychiatric; Cardiovascular; Pulmonary; Gastrointestinal; Renal/Genitourinary; Hematologic/Oncologic; Endocrine/Metabolic; Infectious; Tubes/lines/drains; Disposition.
• Chief concern: 70 yo male who presented with 10 days of progressive shoulder pain, followed by confusion. He was brought in by his daughter, who felt that her father was no longer able to safely take care for himself.
• 10 days ago, Mr. X developed left shoulder pain, first noted a few days after lifting heavy boxes. He denies falls or direct injury to the shoulder.
• 1 week ago, presented to outside hospital ER for evaluation of left shoulder pain. Records from there were notable for his being afebrile with stable vitals. Exam notable for focal pain anteriorly on palpation, but no obvious deformity. Right shoulder had normal range of motion. Left shoulder reported as diminished range of motion but not otherwise quantified. X-ray negative. Labs remarkable for wbc 8, creat 2.2 (stable). Impression was that the pain was of musculoskeletal origin. Patient was provided with Percocet and told to see PMD in f/u
• Brought to our ER last night by his daughter. Pain in shoulder worse. Also noted to be confused and unable to care for self. Lives alone in the country, home in disarray, no food.
• ROS: negative for falls, prior joint or musculoskeletal problems, fevers, chills, cough, sob, chest pain, head ache, abdominal pain, urinary or bowel symptoms, substance abuse
• Hypertension
• Coronary artery disease, s/p LAD stent for angina 3 y ago, no symptoms since. Normal EF by echo 2 y ago
• Chronic kidney disease stage 3 with creatinine 1.8; felt to be secondary to atherosclerosis and hypertension
• aspirin 81mg qd, atorvastatin 80mg po qd, amlodipine 10 po qd, Prozac 20
• Allergies: none
• Family and Social: lives alone in a rural area of the county, in contact with children every month or so. Retired several years ago from work as truck driver. Otherwise non-contributory.
• Habits: denies alcohol or other drug use.
• Temp 98 Pulse 110 BP 100/70
• Drowsy though arousable; oriented to year but not day or date; knows he’s at a hospital for evaluation of shoulder pain, but doesn’t know the name of the hospital or city
• CV: regular rate and rhythm; normal s1 and s2; no murmurs or extra heart sounds.
• Left shoulder with generalized swelling, warmth and darker coloration compared with Right; generalized pain on palpation, very limited passive or active range of motion in all directions due to pain. Right shoulder appearance and exam normal.
• CXR: normal
• EKG: sr 100; nl intervals, no acute changes
• WBC 13; hemoglobin 14
• Na 134, k 4.6; creat 2.8 (1.8 baseline 4 m ago); bicarb 24
• LFTs and UA normal
• Vancomycin and Zosyn for now
• Orthopedics to see asap to aspirate shoulder for definitive diagnosis
• If aspiration is consistent with infection, will need to go to Operating Room for wash out.
• Urine electrolytes
• Follow-up on creatinine and obtain renal ultrasound if not improved
• Renal dosing of meds
• Strict Ins and Outs.
• follow exam
• obtain additional input from family to assure baseline is, in fact, normal
• Since admission (6 hours) no change in shoulder pain
• This morning, pleasant, easily distracted; knows he’s in the hospital, but not date or year
• T Current 101F Pulse 100 BP 140/80
• Ins and Outs: IVF Normal Saline 3L/Urine output 1.5 liters
• L shoulder with obvious swelling and warmth compared with right; no skin breaks; pain limits any active or passive range of motion to less than 10 degrees in all directions
• Labs this morning remarkable for WBC 10 (from 13), creatinine 2 (down from 2.8)
• Continue with Vancomycin and Zosyn for now
• I already paged Orthopedics this morning, who are en route for aspiration of shoulder, fluid for gram stain, cell count, culture
• If aspirate consistent with infection, then likely to the OR
• Continue IVF at 125/h, follow I/O
• Repeat creatinine later today
• Not on any nephrotoxins, meds renaly dosed
• Continue antibiotics, evaluation for primary source as above
• Discuss with family this morning to establish baseline; possible may have underlying dementia as well
• SC Heparin for DVT prophylaxis
• Code status: full code/full care.

Outpatient-based presentations

There are 4 main types of visits that commonly occur in an outpatient continuity clinic environment, each of which has its own presentation style and purpose. These include the following, each described in detail below.

• The patient who is presenting for their first visit to a primary care clinic and is entirely new to the physician.
• The patient who is returning to primary care for a scheduled follow-up visit.
• The patient who is presenting with an acute problem to a primary care clinic
• The specialty clinic evaluation (new or follow-up)

It’s worth noting that Primary care clinics (Internal Medicine, Family Medicine and Pediatrics) typically take responsibility for covering all of the patient’s issues, though the amount of energy focused on any one topic will depend on the time available, acuity, symptoms, and whether that issue is also followed by a specialty clinic.

The Brand New Primary Care Patient

Purpose of the presentation

• Accurately review all of the patient’s history as well as any new concerns that they might have.
• Identify health related problems that need additional evaluation and/or treatment
• Provide an opportunity for senior listeners to intervene and offer input

Key features of the presentation

• If this is truly their first visit, then one of the main reasons is typically to "establish care" with a new doctor.
• It might well include continuation of therapies and/or evaluations started elsewhere.
• If the patient has other specific goals (medications, referrals, etc.), then this should be stated as well. Note: There may well not be a "chief complaint."
• For a new patient, this is an opportunity to highlight the main issues that might be troubling/bothering them.
• This can include chronic disorders (e.g. diabetes, congestive heart failure, etc.) which cause ongoing symptoms (shortness of breath) and/or generate daily data (finger stick glucoses) that should be discussed.
• Sometimes, there are no specific areas that the patient wishes to discuss up-front.
• Review of systems (ROS): This is typically comprehensive, covering all organ systems. If the patient is known to have certain illnesses (e.g. diabetes), then the ROS should include the search for disorders with high prevalence (e.g. vascular disease). There should also be some consideration for including questions that are epidemiologically appropriate (e.g. based on age and sex).
• Past Medical History (PMH): All known medical conditions (in particular those requiring ongoing treatment) are listed, noting their duration and time of onset. If a condition is followed by a specialist or co-managed with other clinicians, this should be noted as well. If a problem was described in detail during the “acute” history, it doesn’t have to be re-stated here.
• Past Surgical History (PSH): All surgeries, along with the year when they were performed
• Medications and allergies: All meds, including dosage, frequency and over-the-counter preparations. Allergies (and the type of reaction) should be described.
• Social: Work, hobbies, exposures.
• Sexual activity – may include type of activity, number and sex of partner(s), partner’s health.
• Smoking, Alcohol, other drug use: including quantification of consumption, duration of use.
• Family history: Focus on heritable illness amongst first degree relatives. May also include whether patient married, in a relationship, children (and their ages).
• Physical Exam: Vital signs and relevant findings (or their absence).
• Key labs and imaging if they’re available. Also when and where they were obtained.
• Summary, assessment & plan(s) presented by organ system and/or problems. As many systems/problems as is necessary to cover all of the active issues that are relevant to that clinic. This typically concludes with a “health care maintenance” section, which covers age, sex and risk factor appropriate vaccinations and screening tests.

The Follow-up Visit to a Primary Care Clinic

• Organize the presenter (forces you to think things through).
• Accurately review any relevant interval health care events that might have occurred since the last visit.
• Identification of new symptoms or health related issues that might need additional evaluation and/or treatment
• If the patient has no concerns, then verification that health status is stable
• Review of medications
• Provide an opportunity for listeners to intervene and offer input
• Reason for the visit: Follow-up for whatever the patient’s main issues are, as well as stating when the last visit occurred *Note: There may well not be a “chief complaint,” as patients followed in continuity at any clinic may simply be returning for a visit as directed by their doctor.
• Events since the last visit: This might include emergency room visits, input from other clinicians/specialists, changes in medications, new symptoms, etc.
• Review of Systems (ROS): Depth depends on patient’s risk factors and known illnesses. If the patient has diabetes, then a vascular ROS would be done. On the other hand, if the patient is young and healthy, the ROS could be rather cursory.
• PMH, PSH, Social, Family, Habits are all OMITTED. This is because these facts are already known to the listener and actionable aspects have presumably been added to the problem list (presented at the end). That said, these elements can be restated if the patient has a new symptom or issue related to a historical problem has emerged.
• MEDS : A good idea to review these at every visit.
• Physical exam: Vital signs and pertinent findings (or absence there of) are mentioned.
• Lab and Imaging: The reason why these were done should be mentioned and any key findings mentioned, highlighting changes from baseline.
• Assessment and Plan: This is most clearly done by individually stating all of the conditions/problems that are being addressed (e.g. hypertension, hypothyroidism, depression, etc.) followed by their specific plan(s). If a new or acute issue was identified during the visit, the diagnostic and therapeutic plan for that concern should be described.

The Focused Visit to a Primary Care Clinic

• Accurately review the historical events that lead the patient to make the appointment.
• Identification of risk factors and/or other underlying medical conditions that might affect the diagnostic or therapeutic approach to the new symptom or concern.
• Generate an appropriate assessment and plan
• Allow the listener to comment

Key features of the presentation:

• Reason for the visit
• History of Present illness: Description of the sequence of symptoms and/or events that lead to the patient’s current condition.
• Review of Systems: To an appropriate depth that will allow the listener to grasp the full range of diagnostic possibilities that relate to the presenting problem.
• PMH and PSH: Stating only those elements that might relate to the presenting symptoms/issues.
• PE: Vital signs and key findings (or lack thereof)
• Labs and imaging (if done)
• Assessment and Plan: This is usually very focused and relates directly to the main presenting symptom(s) or issues.

The Specialty Clinic Visit

Specialty clinic visits focus on the health care domains covered by those physicians. For example, Cardiology clinics are interested in cardiovascular disease related symptoms, events, labs, imaging and procedures. Orthopedics clinics will focus on musculoskeletal symptoms, events, imaging and procedures. Information that is unrelated to these disciples will typically be omitted. It’s always a good idea to ask the supervising physician for guidance as to what’s expected to be covered in a particular clinic environment.

• Highlight the reason(s) for the visit
• Review key data
• Provide an opportunity for the listener(s) to comment
• 5-7 minutes
• If it’s a consult, state the main reason(s) that the patient was referred as well as who referred them.
• If it’s a return visit, state the reasons why the patient is being followed in the clinic and when the last visit took place
• If it’s for an acute issue, state up front what the issue is Note: There may well not be a “chief complaint,” as patients followed in continuity in any clinic may simply be returning for a return visit as directed
• For a new patient, this highlights the main things that might be troubling/bothering the patient.
• For a specialty clinic, the history presented typically relates to the symptoms and/or events that are pertinent to that area of care.
• Review of systems , focusing on those elements relevant to that clinic. For a cardiology patient, this will highlight a vascular ROS.
• PMH/PSH that helps to inform the current presentation (e.g. past cardiac catheterization findings/interventions for a patient with chest pain) and/or is otherwise felt to be relevant to that clinic environment.
• Meds and allergies: Typically all meds are described, as there is always the potential for adverse drug interactions.
• Social/Habits/other: as relates to/informs the presentation and/or is relevant to that clinic
• Family history: Focus is on heritable illness amongst first degree relatives
• Physical Exam: VS and relevant findings (or their absence)
• Key labs, imaging: For a cardiology clinic patient, this would include echos, catheterizations, coronary interventions, etc.
• Summary, assessment & plan(s) by organ system and/or problems. As many systems/problems as is necessary to cover all of the active issues that are relevant to that clinic.
• Reason for visit: Patient is a 67 year old male presenting for first office visit after admission for STEMI. He was referred by Dr. Goins, his PMD.
• The patient initially presented to the ER 4 weeks ago with acute CP that started 1 hour prior to his coming in. He was found to be in the midst of a STEMI with ST elevations across the precordial leads.
• Taken urgently to cath, where 95% proximal LAD lesion was stented
• EF preserved by Echo; Peak troponin 10
• In-hospital labs were remarkable for normal cbc, chem; LDL 170, hdl 42, nl lfts
• Uncomplicated hospital course, sent home after 3 days.
• Since home, he states that he feels great.
• Denies chest pain, sob, doe, pnd, edema, or other symptoms.
• No symptoms of stroke or TIA.
• No history of leg or calf pain with ambulation.
• Prior to this admission, he had a history of hypertension which was treated with lisinopril
• 40 pk yr smoking history, quit during hospitalization
• No known prior CAD or vascular disease elsewhere. No known diabetes, no family history of vascular disease; He thinks his cholesterol was always “a little high” but doesn’t know the numbers and was never treated with meds.
• History of depression, well treated with prozac
• Discharge meds included: aspirin, metoprolol 50 bid, lisinopril 10, atorvastatin 80, Plavix; in addition he takes Prozac for depression
• Taking all of them as directed.
• Patient lives with his wife; they have 2 grown children who are no longer at home
• Works as a computer programmer
• Smoking as above
• ETOH: 1 glass of wine w/dinner
• No drug use
• No known history of cardiovascular disease among 2 siblings or parents.
• Well appearing; BP 130/80, Pulse 80 regular, 97% sat on Room Air, weight 175lbs, BMI 32
• Lungs: clear to auscultation
• CV: s1 s2 no s3 s4 murmur
• No carotid bruits
• ABD: no masses
• Ext; no edema; distal pulses 2+
• Cath from 4 weeks ago: R dominant; 95% proximal LAD; 40% Cx.
• EF by TTE 1 day post PCI with mild Anterior Hypokinesis, EF 55%, no valvular disease, moderate LVH
• Labs of note from the hospital following cath: hgb 14, plt 240; creat 1, k 4.2, lfts normal, glucose 100, LDL 170, HDL 42.
• EKG today: SR at 78; nl intervals; nl axis; normal r wave progression, no q waves
• Plan: aspirin 81 indefinitely, Plavix x 1y
• Given nitroglycerine sublingual to have at home.
• Reviewed symptoms that would indicate another MI and what to do if occurred
• Plan: continue with current dosages of meds
• Chem 7 today to check k, creatinine
• Plan: Continue atorvastatin 80mg for life
• Smoking cessation: Doing well since discharge without adjuvant treatments, aware of supports.
• Plan: AAA screening ultrasound

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pre·sen·ta·tion

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cephalic presentation

Compound presentation, face presentation, footling presentation, funic presentation, longitudinal presentation, oblique presentation, pelvic presentation, placental presentation, shoulder presentation, transverse presentation, vertex presentation, patient discussion about presentation.

Q. What are the presenting signs of ALS? Are the upper or lower extremeties affected initialilly? A. The most common presenting sign of ALS is asymmetric limb weakness, usually starting with the hands (problems with pinching, writing, holding things etc.) shoulders (lifting arms above head etc.) or legs (problems walking). Other presenting signs may be problems with speaking or swallowing, although these are less common. You may read more here: www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/amyotrophiclateralsclerosis.html

Q. Iam a bipolar and presently on tegretol medication.I found this to be the best way to get my doubt clarified. I am a bipolar and presently on tegretol medication. My doctor frequently changes the meds and he has tried variety of medicines before prescribing tegretol. He changes the meds every time when I visit him for routine check-up. I am bit confused and obviously cannot question my doctor as I repose faith and confidence in him. I found this to be the best way to get my doubt clarified. A. Are you being treated by your GP? I would suggest if you are having trouble finding the right combinations it might be a good time to ask to be referred to a Psychaitrist. GP's will do their best but like anything specialized they only have a certain amount of knowledge and a specialist in the field could be more help. I also think that other treatments along with The medications like theropy and group theropy, excercise, good diet, plenty of sleep etc helps a lot too... Try to be patient it is a process to get everything in place that will work the best for you... everyone is different and the .mmedications and treatments that work for one may not work for another...

• 21-hydroxylase deficiency
• abnormal presentation
• anterior presentation
• antigen presentation
• asynclitism
• atypical GERD
• bacterial meningitis
• Baudelocque method
• Baudelocque, Jean-Louis
• bimanual version
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• presphygmic
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• pressed juice
• pressor base
• pressor fiber
• Present Worth
• Present Worth of Capital Expenditures
• present you as
• present you with
• present yourself
• Present, The
• present-day
• Present-Day English
• Present-Minded Individualism
• present-worth factor
• presentability
• presentable
• presentablely
• presentableness
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• Presentance Report
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• Presentation Brothers College, Cork
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• Presentation Context Definition List
• Presentation Context Identifier
• Presentation Controller Mediator Entity Foundation
• Presentation Convent Kodaikanal
• Presentation copy
• Presentation Data Value
• Presentation Department
• Presentation Departments
• Présentation des Normes Européennes
• presentation drawing
• Presentation du Systeme de Planification et de Gestion de Frequence
• Presentation Element Parser, YACC
• Presentation Environment for Multimedia Objects
• Presentation File
• Presentation Function
• Présentation Générale Lex Persona
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Ultimate Guide to Medical Presentations: Templates, Tutorials, Tips and Resources

About medical presentations.

Medical presentations are fundamentally different from other presentation types. In fact, they are one of the toughest type of presentations to design.

Medical slides have research facts, data charts, diagrams and illustrations that demand a totally different approach to design. You need a slide creation method that considers the unique problems you face as a medical presenter. In this guide, you will Tips, Tutorials and resources to get your started with making over your Medical slides.

We will start with some general tips and tricks on creating medical slides and then proceed to step by step tutorials. 

Quick Navigation

Tips to create Medical Presentations

PowerPoint Tutorials for Medical Slides

How to Present Lists & Text

How To Showcase Pictures Creatively

How to use animations effectively, creative morph transition ideas, making medical slides easy to understand, powerpoint delivery tips, powerpoint tips & tricks, issue with typical medical slides, medical slides makeover examples, medical powerpoint templates, free medical & healthcare icons, free medical presentation images, more resources for medical presentations, tips to create medical presentations, how to avoid overwhelming audience in technical presentations.

Do you want to improve how you explain concepts in a technical presentation? In this article, you will find a powerful technique called ‘Telescopic explanation’ to make your technical presentations much clearer and more memorable for your audience. To know more, read this post over on PrezoTraining.com

Tips to present Scientific Information

There are two major facets to a presentation: the content and how you present it. Let’s face it, no matter how great the content, no one will get it if they stop paying attention.

Here are some pointers on how to create clear, concise content for scientific presentations – and how to deliver your message in a dynamic way.   Find the tips over on Elsevier connect .

Preparing a Research Presentation

If you have never presented a paper at a scientific meeting,  or would like to polish your research presentations, this post contains information that will improve your presentation.

This article contains a set of guides and checklists to help you in the preparation of your presentation.   Read this post on ACP .

10 Tips for Medical Presentations

Whether you are presenting an audit or a case report at a local meeting, presenting a paper at a conference, presenting a business case to your Trust, or even presenting on a hot topic at your medical interview, you will need to know how to prepare medical slides which attract your audience rather than distract it. This post on ISC Medical provides 10 tips for Medical presentations.

For a 5-Part series on how to make your Medical Slides Clear and Visual , sign up for our Free E-course.

In the following sections, you'll find step by step PowerPoint tutorials & Makeover Ideas to help you makeover different parts of your presentation. 

How To Present Lists and Text

Information presentations use a lot of text and bullet list. In this section, you will find some creative ways to design these type of slides.

PowerPoint Tip: How to Present Long Lists on One Slide

If you have a Long Lists of items on One Slide here is a one-click trick on how to do this. Watch the video below to know more.

PowerPoint Trick to Convert Text to Graphics

Find a useful PowerPoint SmartArt Trick to convert Bullet Point Text to Graphics quickly and easily. Learn how to take the graphics to the next level with some creative ideas from Ramgopal.

For a 5-Part series on how to make your Medical Slides Clear and Visual , sign up for our Free e-course.

Get access to exclusive members-only e-courses & downloads.

Medical presentations usually have a lot of pictures. Especially the training and informational slides. Here are some ways in which you can present the pictures in your presentations in a creative way. 

Right Way to Showcase Pictures

Learn the benefit of showcasing pictures using SmartArt tool in PowerPoint. In the video below we start with a typical picture Showcase slide used by presenters. Though the slide looks quite attractive in the first glance, there are some issues that makes the slide ineffective. Watch the video below to know more:

Cropping Pictures in PowerPoint

Learn a super easy trick to crop a picture in PowerPoint in a step by step way. This trick will help you crop a picture in the shape you want, in a single click.

A PowerPoint slide with too much content can be overwhelming for the audience. If you learn to sequence the way you present your information, you make it easy for your audience to understand your presentation.

Here are different ways you can use Custom Animations and Morph Transition effects to sequence information.

Animation for Process with Pictures

In this tutorial, you will find how to create a useful and practical slide with pictures and text to show a process or a timeline diagram. Learn how to create and present it to make an impact.

Animation for Highlighting Pictures

Learn to create an Animated Picture Reveal Effect in PowerPoint. Present your important picture with this effect. Watch the video to preview the effect and learn how to create it:

Sequential Fading technique in PowerPoint

This trick is super useful for medical presentations where you need to present an image step by step. Since it is an image you cannot break it up and present it in parts. However with this useful technique you can highlight one part of an image at a time with animation. 

For a 5-Part series on how to make your Medical Slides Clear and Visual , sign up for our Free e-course. Get access to exclusive members-only e-courses & downloads.

In PowerPoint for Office 365, Microsoft introduced the Morph Transition. It is an effective way to create animations fast. Here are some ideas on how you can use this feature to create your slides.

Pros & Cons with Morph Transition

Learn how to create an easy animated scales diagram with Morph Transition Effect. This effect is available in PowerPoint for Office 365. You can also sign up & download the original PowerPoint file over at our website .

Morph Transition To Present Pictures

In this video you will find how to use PowerPoint Morph Transition to replace Custom Animations. See how this can be done with this example of a slide with multiple pictures with text.

Convert your boring text-based slides, blog articles or research papers into clear & beautiful visual slides - even if you have zero Design skills, zero PowerPoint skills & very little time - using our ‘4-step Neuro Slide Design System for Medical Presentations’

Watch the video below to learn more:

Ideas to Present Data

Medical presentations also usually contain a component of data. This could be related to statistics or research. In this section, you will find some easy ways to makeover your slides with numbers.

Creating Pie & Donut Charts 

Learn how to create a Pie chart in PowerPoint with this step by step tutorial. This video also covers how to adjust the Pie chart settings and also how to add Donut charts.

How to Animate a PowerPoint Table

Learn a trick to Animate a PowerPoint Table. PowerPoint does not have the feature of animating parts of a table.

[Advanced] Conditional Formatting for Charts

Learn to create a PowerPoint conditional formatting chart that changes color and direction of bar chart automatically for negative values. The positive values are displayed in green color and the negative values in red color. 

Here are some tips for when you are actually delivering your presentation. Present confidently with these ideas!

Use Presenter View in PowerPoint like a PRO

How to use Presenter View in PowerPoint to present your slides like a PRO (Presentation Delivery Tips). This view is for the presenter only - when the slideshow This requires 2 monitors (your laptop and the projector screen). Even if you want to use Presenter View in 1 monitor it is possible.  Learn how with this video.

Use Hidden Slides to Present Confidently

In this video, you will find a PowerPoint Tip on how to use Hidden slides to present confidently. This feature is especially useful when creating business presentations.

PowerPoint Slideshow Shortcuts

Here are some useful PowerPoint Slideshow Shortcuts you can use when delivering your next presentation. Hope you find these PowerPoint tips useful.

If you wish to improve the quality of your medical slides in a reliable way, take a look at the first  video over on this page .

Here are some tips and tricks to reduce time taken to create your slides. 

Setting Up Quick Access Toolbar

In this PowerPoint tips tutorial, you will find how to set up the Quick Access Toolbar. It is a great time-saving tool for any version of PowerPoint.

Autocorrect Trick to Save Time

Learn this trick to use PowerPoint Auto-correct option to save time and effort in creating your presentations. Write complex medical terminology accurately & easily in PowerPoint!

Get access to exclusive members-only e-courses & offers.

Many of the medical slides you may see may look like this:

These slides are taken from various sources online like Slideshare and YouTube and represent various types of presentations. The common issues with such slides include:

• Issue with readability - due to poor color choices and font sizes
• Unprofessional design - with overlapping content, hard to read diagrams etc.
• Too much content - that overwhelms  the audience

It is quite common to see well researched medical content being totally ignored by the audience - because the presentation slides look busy and boring. And… You can’t blame your audience for tuning out of your presentation. 

The quality of your slides makes or breaks your medical presentations.

In this section, we'll makeover usual text filled PowerPoint slides into a visual and interesting slides. 

The original slides are taken from various sources online like Slideshare and YouTube and represent various types of presentations. 

Medical Title Slide

Original title slide:

Title slide after makeover:

Medical Training Presentation Slide

Original training slide:

Training slide after makeover:

Medical Slide With Quote

Original slide with quote:

Quote slide after makeover:

Health and Safety Training Slide

Slide after makeover:

In the  Medical Presentations Bundle with Neuro Slide Design Training, you can watch me make over Text-based slides, a Blog article, a Wikipedia article and a 11-page Research paper. I go through each of the 4 steps to transform these text-based documents to clear and beautiful visual slides.

The Bundle includes 900 Fully Editable PowerPoint Templates. Go over and checkout the bundle .

One of the ways to quickly improve the quality of your slides is to use good quality templates create with the needs of medical presenters in mind. Here are some resources...

Free Medical Title Templates

Leawo website provides free medical title templates for download. These templates are suitable for different type of medical presentations. You can preview and download them here .

FPPT website provides similar free title templates for use as well. You can find title templates related to medical and health fields over here on FPPT .

Premium Medical PowerPoint Templates

While free medical PowerPoint Templates are good enough for student or non-critical presentations, if you are consultant or specialist, you may prefer to use high-quality PowerPoint Templates. 

Preview Medical PowerPoint Templates Bundle

Create Medical Slides You Feel Proud to Present Using the Breakthrough Slide Design System created using proven Brain research principles. You can preview templates from our Medical Templates Bundle below:

Browse more templates and know more about the Medical PowerPoint Templates Bundle here .

Icons are useful to represent ideas on slides. Here are some useful links for downloading Healthcare and Medical Icons online. 

ICONFINDER : This website has a good collection of vector icons without too many ads or links to other websites.. You can search iconfinder by keyword and specifically look for free to use icons. You can also search by types of icons like glyphs, outline, flat, filled outline, 3D and more.

VECTEEZY : This website provides both free and premium icons. The license may require you to provide attribution to the author.  There are lot of popups and ads, and the focus in on their premium icons.

POWERPOINT : If you are using Office 365, you can find a lot of free icons right in PowerPoint. There are icons for people, technology and electronics, communication, business, analytics, commerce, education, signs and symbols, arrows, medical and much more.  You can edit the fill colors of these icons to customize them. 

Make your own icons in PowerPoint

Make your slides look professional and visual with these icons. Icons make it easy for your audience to remember the information you are presenting. Learn the secret to finding icons for free right within PowerPoint.

300+ Editable Icons for PowerPoint

The   Medical Presentations Bundle includes 300+ Medical Icons for PowerPoint. You can break these icons into individual components, mix and match them to create custom icons that meet your specific needs. As one of the doctors using this Bundle said, it is a “ ONE STOP SHOP” for every busy medical practitioner.

Medical presentations can be made more interesting and engaging by the addition of relevant images. If you are looking for high-quality free images, here are some suggestions:

FREEIMAGES.COM :  Images on this website are free for use for personal and commercial purposes. You can find a range of generic medical and healthcare images here.

PICJUMBO.COM :  This site provides free and interesting images for backgrounds. 

WIKIPEDIA is a great source for free images and illustrations. However, there are a couple of things to keep in mind when you use images from Wikipedia.

1) Please check the copyright terms for each image. You may need to provide attribution as per their terms.

2) Images may be of different formats, sizes, color schemes and quality. 

Here is a collection of images from Wikipedia related to Brain:

150+ Medical Illustrations | 170+ Medical Photos | 150+ Silhouettes

In the   Medical Presentations Bundle     we have already done the hard work of putting together a large collection of high quality Medical, Pharma and Science photos & editable illustrations to use in your presentations. 

Remember, these are not the usual photos of smiling Doctors and pretty handshakes. These are practical medical photos you can use in your medical slides to illustrate your ideas.  As one of the doctors using this Bundle said, it is a “ONE STOP SHOP” for every busy medical practitioner.

For a  5-Part series on how to make your Medical Slides Clear and Visual , sign up for our Free e-course. Get access to exclusive members-only e-courses & downloads.

PowerPoint Skills for Medical Professionals Learn the 14 essential PowerPoint techniques that every medical professional needs to know to design clear medical slides. This training is part of Medical Presentations Bundle .

Advanced PowerPoint Video Tutorials Enhance your presentations with these ideas. In this section you will find extensive video tutorials for 2D and 3D Diagrams, Models, Picture Effects, Animations and More… Click here to browse

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Medical Presentations: How to Present Effectively on Urgent Topics

In the face of the pandemic that consumed 2020, we saw an uptick in medical presentations. And rightfully so. The world was in a state of panic over the unknown of a new virus, people were craving information, and organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) were scrambling to provide data and resources to help address questions and concerns. Whether it was news stories, or medical research, the world needed to understand what we were up against with COVID-19. Naturally, presentations helped to deliver that information. But this isn’t the first time a virus or disease has rattled communities, and it’s certainly not the first time professionals have used medical presentations to educate the masses. Medical presentations are a helpful tool for medical professionals, research clinics, and organizations to help inform and educate their communities on a wide variety of urgent topics. This can include patient treatment, clinical trial research and results, training for medical staff, general education, medical research, or important data regarding diseases. 

While medical presentations tend to be fundamentally different from normal presentations in that they include critical and sensitive information, there are still design best practices just like any other deck. That said, what works for a sales pitch might not resonate well with a medical presentation.

Keep these five things in mind when you want to present effectively on urgent medical presentation topics. 

Consider your audience

You may be presenting to a group of doctors within your organization to get the team up to speed on new practices, sharing treatment plans with a patient, or educating the community on new health threats. How you structure your medical presentation is not a one-size-fits-all situation. How you talk to internal staff, versus how you would deliver information to a scared patient is not the same. When you’re crafting your message, consider your audience, and tailor the narrative to their overarching concerns and needs. 

Keep things straightforward

Unless you’re presenting to third year residents, your audience probably won’t be able to digest complicated medical terminology. It’s important to avoid medical jargon, complex definitions, or overcomplicated explanations that will confuse your audience. Instead, break things down in layman's terms and relate the information back to your audience and how it will affect them. Keeping things straightforward, and clear, will help your audience digest and process the information quicker. The end goal is that your audience leaves with clarity, feeling more educated on the topic and its urgency. 

Use icons to reflect the urgency of the situation

The use of visual aids, such as compelling images or meaningful icons, can help paint the picture of urgency in any presentation. Things like clocks, alarms, lightning bolts, or exclamation points can depict emergencies and symbolize something significant in your presentation. The use of impactful visuals will help engage your audience and let them know what they absolutely need to pay attention to. It helps you control the narrative, and highlight any pertinent information or key takeaways. 

Beautiful.ai’s free library of hundreds of thousands of images and icons can help take your presentation to the next level. Our custom icons were thoughtfully created by one of our in-house designers, and are a great way to compliment your data and add urgency to your slide . 

Hit them with the facts

In most medical presentations, factual data carries the slides. Whether it’s a survey, research results, or statistics about a particular disease, numerical data will help people understand the urgency or severity of the topic. For example, it was common for nearly every COVID-19 presentation or article to include statistics of the percentage of the population infected, which regions were seeing the greatest spikes in cases, death tolls by county, and data relevant to high-risk individuals. While the numbers may not always be fun— especially as they pertain to a pandemic— they paint a clear picture of what the audience needs to understand. Seeing scary statistics can put into perspective just how real the situation is. 

Using the proper charts, graphs , or infographics allows you to dictate exactly what information the audience is consuming. Data visualization with infographics can also help the audience understand and retain otherwise complicated data. However, even with the best charts, you can still overwhelm the audience with information. Opt to include only the most relevant info and useful data.

Allow time to process

Regardless of what you’re presenting— big or small— you should leave time at the end for questions. Medical presentations can be paralyzing, and your audience will likely be seeking more answers. Give your audience a minute or two following the presentation to process what they learned, and then give them a chance to ask questions. You may need to elaborate on specific slides, or revisit a piece of data, to help provide clarification. When it comes to urgent topics, you want your audience to leave feeling more knowledgeable and at ease than they were prior to tuning in. 

Jordan Turner

Jordan is a Bay Area writer, social media manager, and content strategist.

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1.2 Components and Categories of Medical Terms

Word components.

Medical terms can be defined by breaking down the term into word components and defining each component. These word components include prefixes, word roots, and suffixes.

• The prefix (P)  appears at the beginning of the medical term and adds meaning to the word root.
• The word root (WR) is the core of many medical terms and refers to the body part or body system to which the term is referring.
• The suffix (S) is at the end of the medical term and usually indicates a procedure, condition, or disease. When defining a medical term, start the definition with the suffix. For example, consider the common medical condition tonsillitis . The word root “tonsil” refers to the tonsils, an anatomical part of the body found in the throat. The suffix “-itis” refers to inflammation. Therefore, the definition of the medical term tonsillitis is “inflammation of the tonsils.”
• Combining vowel (CV) is typically the letter “o” that helps with pronunciation. A combining vowel can connect a word root and a suffix or two word roots. When a word root is combined with a combining vowel, the word part is referred to as a combining form (CF) . See examples of word components in Table 1.2a.

Table 1.2a. Components of Medical Terms

By defining the meaning of each component of a medical term, you can easily construct the full meaning of the term based on the meanings of its components. See an example of defining a medical term by its components in the following box.

Defining a Medical Term by its Components

The medical term arthropathy  contains the following word components:

• The word root “ arthr- ” that refers to a joint
• The combining vowel “ o ” that creates the combining form arthro-
• The suffix “ -pathy ” that refers to a disease

When putting the meaning of these components together, the medical term arthropathy means “ disease of a joint .”

Definitions of common prefixes, word roots, suffixes, and combining vowels will be discussed in greater detail in the following sections of this chapter.

Types of Medical Terms

Medical terms can be divided into three categories of terms, based on the origin of their components:

• Terms built from word components of Greek and Latin origin
• Terms NOT built from word components of Greek and Latin origin
• Terms that look like they are made from word parts but are not easily translated

Definitions of medical terms built from word components of Greek and Latin origin can be easily identified by analyzing the components, defining each component, and then building the meaning of the term based on the meaning of its components.

Medical terms NOT built from word components of Greek and Latin origin, or terms that are not easily translated, must be learned by memorizing and recalling the definitions. See Table 1.2b for examples of these  categories of medical terms.

Table 1.2b. Types of Medical Terms

Defining Medical Terms by Breaking Down Components

Defining medical terms built from word components is easily accomplished by analyzing the components of the term, defining each component, and then building the overall definition of the medical term.

For example, see Table 1.2c for instructions on how the definition of the medical term “osteoarthropathy” can be identified by breaking down its components and defining them.

Table 1.2c. Technique for Defining Medical Terms Based on Their Components

When breaking down medical terms into its components, place slashes between the components and a slash on each side of a combining vowel. Notice how the term is defined by beginning with the meaning of the suffix and then shifts to the beginning of the term with the meaning of the word parts in the order they appear. Additional examples of identifying definitions of medical terms by analyzing their components are provided in the following box.

Additional Examples of Identifying Definitions of Medical Terms by Analyzing Their Components

Example: Osteoarthritis 1. Analyze Components: oste/o/arthr/itis 2. Define Components: oste  is a word root (WR) that means “bone” /o/ is a combining vowel (CV) arthr is a word root (WR) that means “joint” -itis is a suffix (S) that means “inflammation” 3. Build Definition: Inflammation of bone and joint

Example: Intravenous 1. Analyze Components: intra/ven/ous  2. Define Components: intra- is a prefix (P) that means “within” ven  is a word root (WR) that means “vein” -ous is a suffix (S) that means “pertaining to” 3. Build Definition: Pertaining to within a vein

Language Rules

Language rules are a good place to start when building foundational knowledge of medical terminology. Many medical terms are built from word parts and can be translated literally. At first, literal translations sound awkward. However, after you build a medical vocabulary and become proficient at using it, the awkwardness will slip away. Suffixes will no longer be stated and will be assumed. For example, the definition of intravenous can be condensed from “pertaining to within a vein” to “within the vein.” It should be noted that as with all language rules there are always exceptions, often referred to as “rebels.”

By the end of this book, by using these simple rules and processes, you will easily learn hundreds of medical terms.

Pronunciation

Pronouncing complex medical terms can be challenging. When learning how to pronounce medical terms, special marking above vowels indicates the proper pronunciation. When you see a macron (i.e., straight line) above the vowel, that means the vowel sound is long. A u-shaped symbol above a vowel indicates a short vowel sound. Additionally, capital letters indicate where to place the emphasis when pronouncing a word. See examples of pronunciation markings in the Table 1.2d. Try pronouncing each example out loud.

Table 1.2d. Pronunciation Guidelines

Categories of Medical Terms

Medical terms can be classified into the following general categories of terms:

• An example of an anatomical term is medial , which describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body.
• An example of a disease is bronchopneumonia , an infection of the bronchi in the lungs.
• An example of a diagnostic term is transrectal ultrasound , an ultrasound procedure used to diagnose prostate cancer.
• An example of a therapeutic term is nebulizer , which is a device that creates a mist used to deliver medication for respiratory treatment.

These categories will be used to discuss medical terms by body systems throughout the remaining chapters of the book.

Medical Terminology - 2e Copyright © by Open Resources for Nursing (Open RN). All Rights Reserved.

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• ANATOMY Medical Terminology Flashcards
• ANATOMICAL POSITION Terminology Flashcards
• MEDICAL PROCEDURE Terminology Flashcards
• MEDICAL CONDITION Terminology Flashcards
• MEDICAL TERM POTLUCK Flashcards   
• MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS Flashcards
• Decode unfamiliar medical terminology using roots, prefixes and suffixes.
• Develop study techniques for memorizing groups of medical terms.
• Explain why medical professionals use specific terminology sets.
• Recognize and recall anatomy terminology related to body directions and body regions.
• Decoding Medical Terminology  PowerPoint Show
• Decoding Medical Terminology  PDF Printout
• Anatomical Directions  PowerPoint Show
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• Body Regions  Powerpoint Show
• Body Regions  Powerpoint PDF Printout
• Medical Terminology  Practice Test Questions 
• Medical Terminology  Review Questions
• a list of learning objectives 
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Home > Blog > Clinical Words to Use in Progress Notes

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Clinical Words to Use in Progress Notes

Salwa Zeineddine

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Effective documentation is a cornerstone of quality patient care. Progress notes serve as a vital tool for clinicians to communicate and collaborate with colleagues, ensuring continuity and providing a comprehensive understanding of a patient's journey.

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Using clinical words that accurately capture a patient's symptoms, emotions, and behaviors not only improves communication but also contributes to a more nuanced understanding of their condition.

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I will be honest, I must admit that I consistently encounter challenges when it comes to crafting my progress notes. I mean, you’ve been there. You know WHAT to write but HOW to write it?

Drawing upon my diverse background of working across various agencies, I humbly acknowledge that I do not possess absolute mastery. However, through diligent effort, I have managed to enhance my proficiency in composing comprehensive notes.

Each one of you probably has a distinct approach to documenting patients’ records, yet I have come to appreciate the following methods as my personal favorites. Hope this can be of help.

Counselor’s Thesaurus

The Counselor's Thesaurus represents a comprehensive compendium of lexicon and eloquent alternatives, meticulously curated to facilitate the discerning clinician in unearthing the precise verbiage, that is in “finding the right words”.

Clinical Words to Describe Affect (Mood or Disposition):

These are words that describe the patient’s underlying experience of emotion or mood, such as: PLACID, PEACEFUL, RESTFUL, TRANQUIL, PREOCCUPIED, ABSORBED, ENGROSSED, LOST IN THOUGHT, PERSONABLE, FRIENDLY, PLEASANT, AFFABLE, AGREEABLE, AMIABLE, PASSIVE, INACTIVE, INERT, UNRESISTANT, ENTHUSIASTIC, ENTHUSED, ARDENT, ZEALOUS, TEARFUL, WEEPY, TEARY, DEPRESSED, DEJECTED, DISPIRITED, DISHEARTENED, CONTROLLED, DETERMINED, REGIMENTED, DISCIPLINED, FLAT, SHALLOW, DULL, SPIRITLESS, BLUNTED, CURT, ABRUPT, BRUSQUE, DETACHED, INDIFFERENT, IMPERSONAL, EUPHORIC, BOUYANT, ELATED, JOYFUL, JOVIAL, MARRY, LIGHTHEARTED, CAREFREE, CHEERFUL, HEARTY, OPTIMISTIC, SMILING, PLACID, QUIET, SOBER, SEDATE, SERIOUS, HOPELESS, DESPERATE…

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Clinical words to describe behavior:.

RECKLESS, IRRESPONSIBLE, RASH, IMPRUDENT, IMPETUOUS, IMPULSIVE, EXCITABLE, ROUSING, HASTY, HURRIED, ABRUPT, UNEXPECTANT, RESTLESS, UNEASY, SPONTANEOUS, SELF-POSSESSED, OVER-CAUTIOUS, SLUGGISH, LETHARGIC, ORGANIZED…

Clinical Words to Describe Cognition (Thought Process):

These refer to both conscious and unconscious processes used to accumulate knowledge such as perceiving, recognizing, conceiving, and reasoning. Examples of words that can be included in your notes: JUDGEMENT, PROBLEM-SOLVING, DECISION MAKING, GOAL SETTING, COMPREHENSION, MEMORY…

Clinical Words to Describe Orientation:

Orientation refers to one’s awareness of the self, the time, the place, and the person one is talking to. Some clinical words that can be used to describe orientation are: FORGETFUL, CONFUSED, DISORIENTED, ORIENTED, DISTRACTIBLE, DETACHED, DISTANT…

Clinical Words to Describe Speech:

Speech can be characterized by an array of descriptors encompassing its multifaceted nature:

• Quantity of speech: This facet delves into the manner in which an individual engages in communication, encompassing traits such as being talkative, spontaneously expressive, expansively communicative, or experiencing paucity or poverty of speech, where minimal expression is observed.
• Rate of speech: This aspect pertains to the tempo at which speech is delivered, encompassing variations that range from rapid and hurried to leisurely and deliberate, or adhering to a normative cadence or experiencing a sense of pressure during speech.
• Volume (tone) of speech: This dimension relates to the auditory qualities of speech, encompassing a spectrum of attributes such as loudness, softness, monotonousness, weakness, or strength in vocal delivery.
• Fluency and rhythm of speech: This facet delves into the smoothness and rhythmic patterns present in speech, encompassing characteristics such as slurred speech, clarity, the presence of appropriately placed inflections, hesitancy, well-articulated delivery, or instances of aphasia.

More on Terminology… Applied to The SOAP Template

To enhance the precision and clarity of your progress notes , it is crucial to employ a variety of clinical words that capture the nuances of a patient's mental health condition. By incorporating effective clinical words, you can provide a comprehensive description of the patient's symptoms, emotions, cognitive functioning, etc. in each of the four sections of the most commonly used SOAP note template. Let's explore some examples of how this be achieved.

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Examples of clinical words to use in the subjective section:, a. symptom description:.

Agitation : Agitation refers to a state of restlessness, increased motor activity, and difficulty sitting still. It is often associated with conditions such as anxiety , mania, or substance withdrawal. Documenting such symptoms helps convey the patient's level of psychological distress and can inform treatment decisions, such as the need for medications to address underlying anxiety or manic symptoms.

Anhedonia : Anhedonia describes the inability to experience pleasure or a diminished interest in activities that were previously enjoyable. It is commonly observed in depression or certain psychotic disorders. By noting such conditions in progress notes using the proper terminology, clinicians can track the patient's response to treatment interventions and gauge the effectiveness of therapeutic strategies aimed at improving pleasure and engagement in daily activities.

Suicidal Ideation : Suicidal ideation involves thoughts or plans related to self-harm or suicide. Documenting suicidal ideation in progress notes and related signs and symptoms is of utmost importance, as it indicates a need for immediate attention and appropriate intervention to ensure patient safety. This information is vital for collaborative care and can guide treatment decisions, such as hospitalization or adjustments to medication regimens.

b. Emotion and Affect:

Euphoria : Euphoria signifies an exaggerated and elevated mood, often associated with manic episodes in bipolar disorder or substance-induced euphoria. Describing euphoria in progress notes provides insights into the patient's emotional state and can help assess the severity of manic symptoms. It aids in treatment planning, such as considering mood stabilizers or addressing substance misuse.

Dysphoria : Dysphoria represents a profound and persistent state of sadness, dissatisfaction, or unease. It is frequently observed in depression, anxiety disorders, or personality disorders. Properly referring to dysphoria in progress notes helps clinicians assess the severity and chronicity of negative emotions, guide treatment decisions, and monitor the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving mood and emotional well-being.

Flat Affect : Flat affect denotes a reduced range or absence of emotional expression. It is commonly seen in schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders. Properly documenting flat affect in progress notes provides valuable information about the patient's emotional presentation, facilitating accurate diagnostic impressions and guiding treatment strategies , such as antipsychotic medications or psychosocial interventions.

c. Cognitive Functioning:

Disorganized Thinking : Disorganized thinking refers to difficulties in logical reasoning, coherence, or organization of thoughts. It is often observed in conditions such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder with psychotic features. A proper description of disorganized thinking in progress notes helps clinicians assess the patient's cognitive impairment, guide diagnostic evaluations, and tailor treatment interventions that target cognitive deficits.

Impaired Insight : Impaired insight indicates a lack of awareness or understanding of one's own mental health condition. It can impede treatment adherence or decision-making abilities. Properly documenting impaired insight in progress notes helps track the patient's level of awareness regarding their illness and informs treatment strategies aimed at promoting insight and treatment engagement.

Poor Concentration: Poor concentration describes difficulties in focusing, sustaining attention, or completing tasks. It is seen in conditions such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or depression. Appropriately noting poor concentration in progress notes helps clinicians assess the impact of cognitive symptoms on daily functioning and guides treatment decisions, such as prescribing stimulant medications or implementing cognitive-behavioral strategies to improve attention and concentration.

To note is that those are only a few examples rather than an extensive list of clinical words that can be used in your notes.

Examples of Clinical Words to Use in the Objective Section:

Vital signs:.

• Tachycardia : Rapid heart rate, often indicative of physiological stress or certain medical conditions.
• Hypotension : Low blood pressure, suggesting reduced perfusion and potential cardiovascular instability.
• Hyperthermia : Elevated body temperature, commonly associated with infection or systemic inflammation.

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Physical assessment:.

• Pallor : Abnormally pale skin tone, suggesting reduced blood flow.
• Edema : Excessive accumulation of fluid in tissues, typically presenting as swelling.
• Crepitus : Audible or palpable crackling sounds or sensations, indicating the presence of gas or air in soft tissues.

Neurological Findings:

a. Level of Consciousness :

• Alert and Oriented : Fully awake, aware, and able to respond appropriately to stimuli.
• Obtunded : Reduced alertness and responsiveness, often associated with central nervous system depression.
• Comatose : Profoundly decreased level of consciousness, with no meaningful response to stimuli.

b. Reflexes:

• Hyperreflexia : Exaggerated reflex responses, potentially indicating an upper motor neuron lesion.
• Hyporeflexia : Diminished reflex responses, suggestive of a lower motor neuron dysfunction.
• Clonus : Repetitive, rhythmic contractions and relaxations of a muscle, typically seen in certain neurological conditions.

c. Behavior and Speech:

• Psychomotor Agitation : Restlessness and excessive movement, often accompanied by rapid speech, seen in conditions such as anxiety or mania.
• Psychomotor Retardation : Slowed movement and reduced responsiveness, commonly observed in depression or certain neurological disorders.
• Pressured Speech : Rapid and non-stop speech, often difficult to interrupt, characteristic of manic or hypomanic episodes.

Diagnostic Findings (Laboratory Results):

• Leukocytosis : Elevated white blood cell count, indicating an inflammatory or infectious process.
• Hyponatremia : Low sodium levels in the blood, potentially pointing to fluid imbalances or certain medical conditions.
• Hyperglycemia : High blood sugar levels, frequently associated with diabetes or stress-related conditions.

Examples of Clinical Words to Use in the Assessment and Plan Sections:

• acknowledged the client’s need for improvement in…
• allowed the client to openly express…
• asked the client to be mindful of…
• clarified the expectations for…
• collaborated on/with…
• discussed the client’s current behavior, coping skills, triggers, and treatment plan.
• encouraged the client to express/use mindfulness/make alternative behavioral choices about…
• Educate: Provide information about the patient's diagnosis, treatment options, and self-care strategies.
• Teach: Offering guidance and skills training to enhance coping mechanisms or symptom management.
• Inform: Communicating relevant knowledge about the patient's condition, prognosis, or potential treatment outcomes.
• Cognitive Restructuring: Employing cognitive-behavioral techniques to identify and modify negative or distorted thought patterns.
• Interpersonal Therapy: Focusing on improving interpersonal relationships and resolving conflicts to alleviate symptoms.
• Mindfulness-Based Interventions: Incorporating mindfulness practices to enhance self-awareness and reduce emotional distress.
• Validated: Affirming and acknowledging the patient's experiences, emotions, and struggles.
• Empathized with: Demonstrating understanding and compassion towards the patient's challenges and concerns.
• Actively Listened: Providing undivided attention and receptiveness to the patient's thoughts, feelings, and concerns.
• Consult: Seeking advice or expertise from a specialist in a particular field related to the patient's condition.
• Refer: Directing the patient to another healthcare professional or specialty service for further evaluation or treatment.

Final Thoughts:

We, at Mentalyc , strive for excellence. So, here’s a piece of advice if your goals align with ours. Your progress notes should strike a balance between objective observations and subjective experiences. While objectivity provides measurable and observable information, subjectivity acknowledges the patient's individual experience and perspective. Combining both elements enhances the comprehensiveness of progress notes.

Consider the following strategies while crafting notes:

Objective Language:

• Use standardized rating scales or measurement tools to quantify symptom severity, such as the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression or the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.
• Document observable behaviors, such as changes in sleep patterns, appetite, psychomotor activity, or social interaction.
• Incorporate relevant laboratory findings, imaging results, or diagnostic assessments to support clinical assessments and treatment decisions.

Subjective Language:

• Quote the patient's own words or descriptions of their experiences, providing insights into their subjective perspective.
• Use empathetic and validating language to acknowledge and reflect on the patient's emotional struggles.
• Employ descriptive language or metaphors to capture the patient's subjective experiences, facilitating a deeper understanding of their inner world.

Avoid Jargon and Stigma:

While clinical language is essential in psychiatric progress notes , it is crucial to strike a balance and avoid excessive jargon or stigmatizing terminology. Ensure that the language used is accessible and understandable to all healthcare professionals involved in the patient's care. Avoid stigmatizing or judgmental terms that may perpetuate stereotypes or hinder effective communication. Choose language that promotes empathy, respect, and dignity for the patient.

Ask for Help:

Mentalyc offers a sophisticated solution that empowers you to meticulously shape your progress notes by leveraging our extensive range of templates and assessment tools. Renowned as a frontrunner in the field of electronic health records (EHR) for behavioral health specialties, Mentalyc m delivers an intuitive and resilient charting platform designed to fulfill all your requirements while alleviating the weight of documentation. By embracing our innovative system, you can redirect your attention toward what truly holds significance. Embark on this transformative journey by scheduling a demo today or initiating a free trial to witness firsthand how our cutting-edge solutions can enrich your professional practice.

References:

• American Psychological Association. (2010) . Documentation in psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 65(7), 663–673.
• Ward, K. D. (2006) . Documentation: Charting and legal considerations for mental health professionals. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 44(11), 16–19.
• Green, B. E., & Tuerk, P. (2014) . A clinician's guide to clinical words. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 36(3), 240-249.
• Sarmiento, I., Connell, M., & Kesten, K. (2016) . Enhancing the quality of mental health progress notes: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 23(1), 68-80.
• Gibson, K. J., & Rhynas, S. J. (2015) . The use of language in psychiatric nursing practice. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 22(2), 99-108.

About the author

Salwa Zeineddine is an expert in the mental health and medical field. She has extensive experience in the medical field, having worked as a medical researcher at the American University of Beirut. She is highly knowledgeable about therapist needs and insurance requirements. Salwa is passionate about helping people understand and manage their mental health, and she is committed to providing the best possible care for her patients. She is an advocate for mental health awareness and works to ensure that everyone has access to the resources they need.

Learn More About Salwa

All examples of mental health documentation are fictional and for informational purposes only.

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Basic Medical Terminology 1

Sep 11, 2014

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Basic Medical Terminology 1. Introduction. Medical words are used daily media doctors, nurses working life Examples arthritis hepatitis anemia Useful to learn medical terminology. Objectives. Enable you to understand the common medical terms

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Presentation Transcript

Introduction • Medical words are used daily • media • doctors, nurses • working life • Examples • arthritis • hepatitis • anemia • Useful to learn medical terminology

Objectives • Enable you to understand the common medical terms • Allow you to explore and learn the vocabulary of the medical field • Equip you with knowledge useful for daily work in the health care setting

Lecture Schedule • Lecture 1 • Introduction • Word Structure and Analysis • Suffixes • Lecture 2 • Prefixes • Enlarging your medical vocabulary

Introduction to Medical Terminology

Introduction • Most medical terms come from • Greek language • diagnosis, surgery • Latin languages • anatomical names • Many sound mysterious • but can be easily worked out

Word Structure • All words have a word root • eg: trans/port ex/port • Compound words • words with 2 or more roots • eg: grand-father fire-fighter

Word Structure • Vowel • often added to a root word • allows formation of a compound word • makes pronunciation easier • Combining form • word root + vowel • eg: therm/o/meter micr/o/scope

Word Structure • Suffix • attached to root • eg: practition-er • Medical terms • like jigsaw puzzle • divided into several parts • Example • HEMATOLOGY • HEMAT /O/LOGY

Suffix Root (“study of”) (“blood”) Word Analysis • 1st step • look at end of the word • suffix • 2nd step • look at beginning • root word • gives meaning of term • 3rd step • combining vowel • usually consists of vowel “o” HEMAT/O/LOGY Combining vowel

Suffix Root Combining vowel (“study of”) (“blood”) Word Analysis HEMAT / O / LOGY • the study of blood

Root Suffix Root Electr/o/cardi/o/gram • suffix • “gram” - a record • 1st root • “electr” - electricity • 2nd root • “cardi” - heart • combining vowel • “o” -connects roots with suffix

Word Analysis Electrocardiogram • record of the electricity in the heart • combining form • combining vowel + root • eg: cardi/o • heart • eg: electr/o • electricity

Root Suffix Root Gastr/o/enter/o/logy • Suffix • logy • 1st combining form • gastr/o • 2nd combining form • enter/o • study of the stomach and intestines

Word Analysis • Gastr/o/scope • suffix scope • instrument to visually examine • combining form gastr/o • stomach • instrument to visually examine the stomach

Word Analysis • Gastr/ic • suffix • adjective: pertaining to • combining vowel is dropped when suffix begins with a vowel • root • stomach • pertaining to stomach

Word Analysis • Cardi/ac • suffix • adjective: pertaining to • combining vowel dropped • root • heart • pertaining to the heart

Word Analysis • Enter/itis • suffix • inflammation • combing vowel dropped • root • intestines • inflammation of the intestines

Suffixes • attached to the end of root words to further its meaning • 2 groups • those that describe diagnoses • describe condition of patient • those that describe procedures

Diagnostic Suffixes • -algia • pain • eg: neuralgia arthralgia • -itis • inflammation • eg: arthritis carditis

Diagnostic Suffixes • -ia • a state or condition • eg: bradycardia pneumonia • -osis • abnormal condition • eg: neurosis

Diagnostic Suffixes • -iasis • condition, formation of • presence of stone (lith-) • eg: nephrolithiasis • -genic • origin, producing • eg: neurogenic causes pathogenic bacteria

Diagnostic Suffixes • -emia • condition involving blood • eg: anemia septicemia, bacteremia • -megaly • enlargement • eg: acromegaly hepatomegaly, cardiomegaly

Diagnostic Suffixes • -oma • tumor, swelling • eg: breast adenoma • -oid • being like, resembling • eg: uterine fibroid • -lysis • break down, loosening • eg: hemolysis

Procedural Suffixes • describe medical procedures • looking into body parts • types of surgical repair • removal of body part • examples • -ectomy • -otomy • -scopy

Procedural Suffixes • -ectomy • excision of, removal of • may or may not remove entire organ • eg: tonsillectomy hepatectomy • -otomy • a surgical incision • eg: craniotomy, laparotomy

Procedural Suffixes • -centesis • surgical puncture with a needle • eg: amniocentesis thoracocentesis • -scopy • insertion of an instrument to visualize • eg: gastroscopy, cystoscopy

Procedural Suffixes • -plasty • surgical correction, plastic repair • eg: hip arthroplasty • -ostomy • operation to create opening (stoma) • eg: colostomy

Other Suffixes • do not fit into either category • -logy • study of • eg: biology cardiology • -form • shape • eg: deformed

Other Suffixes • -gram, -graph • a written record • eg: • electrocardiogram • polygraph machine • measures several parameters

Other Suffixes • -graphy • process of recording • eg: photography

Review • Root word • gives essential meaning of term • Suffix • word end • Combining vowel • connects root to suffix /other roots • Combining form • combination of root and combining vowel

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1. All words have a A. root B. vowel C. prefix

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 2. The root in the medical term “tonsillitis” is A. itis B. sill C. tonsill 3. “Fasciotomy” is an example of a A. simple word B. compound word C. combining word

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 4. When you analyze a medical term, begin at the A. beginning of the word B. middle of the word C. end of the word 5. Adding a vowel to a root results in a A. prefix B. combining form C. complex word

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 6. Which of the following can be used to divide words into their word parts? A. / B. = C. … 7. Which of the following combinations do not need a combining vowel? A. dermat + itis B. micr + scopy C. dermat + logy

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 8. Combining forms A. are always used to end a medical term B. are never connected to a suffix C. are never used to end a medical term 9. The word gastroduodenoscopy has A. 1 root B. 2 roots C. 3 roots

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 10. In the word “ physiology”, the suffix is A. phy B. physio C. logy

Divide each of the following words into their component parts Word Root wordCombining Vowel Suffix Cardiologist Biology Mammogram Bronchoscopy Arthritis Inguinal Pneumonia Oncologist Cardiologist Biology Mamm o gram Bronch o scopy Arthr - itis Inguin -al Pneumon - ia Onc ologist

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Drug addictions are a difficult condition to treat, but thanks to the investigations and studies conducted by health professionals, new breakthroughs are appearing to help people who suffer them. Speak about it with this visual design for breakthrough news and share the treatment you have discovered with the medical community!...

Korean Film Studies - Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Korean

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Rectal Diseases Medical Center

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Mental Illness Stigma and Discrimination

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National Library of Medicine

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Clinical Case 01-2023

Present your clinical case to the medical community with this dynamic and engaging presentation by Slidesgo. Who said science can’t be creative and fun?

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The following outline provides a high-level overview of the FTC’s proposed final rule :

• Specifically, the final rule provides that it is an unfair method of competition—and therefore a violation of Section 5 of the FTC Act—for employers to enter into noncompetes with workers after the effective date.
• Fewer than 1% of workers are estimated to be senior executives under the final rule.
• Specifically, the final rule defines the term “senior executive” to refer to workers earning more than $151,164 annually who are in a “policy-making position.”
• Reduced health care costs: $74-$194 billion in reduced spending on physician services over the next decade.
• New business formation: 2.7% increase in the rate of new firm formation, resulting in over 8,500 additional new businesses created each year.
• This reflects an estimated increase of about 3,000 to 5,000 new patents in the first year noncompetes are banned, rising to about 30,000-53,000 in the tenth year.
• This represents an estimated increase of 11-19% annually over a ten-year period.
• The average worker’s earnings will rise an estimated extra $524 per year. 

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